Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Relation to Tillage and Cropping Sequences in Some Dry Lands of Punjab,Pakistan

Depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions depends on the efficiency of agro‐technical managements. Information on depth distribution of SOC fractions mostly confined to the plow layer and scant in dry lands of Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, a field experiment was laid out with moldboard plow (MP) (control), tine cultivator (TC), and minimum tillage (MT) as main plots, and cropping sequences fallow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (FW, control), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) wheat (SW), green manure wheat (GW), and mungbean‐chickpea (MC) (Cicer arietinum L.) as sub‐plots. Treatment effects were assessed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially mineralizeable carbon (PMC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), HCl insoluble carbon (HIC), and stratification ratio (SR) in Rawal series: Udic Haplustalf. Alfisols. The MBC concentration was the highest in MT system, at 15 to 30‐cm depth under MW and PMC concentration was highest under SW with MT at 45–60 cm. MP had higher POC in FW sequence. The highest DOC was at 0 to 15‐cm depth under MC with TC and stock of HIC was more under TC with FW sequence. The highest SR of PMC was under MT with FW at 0–15:15–30 and POC was under TC and MP with FW at depths of 0–15:45–60 cm. The highest SR for DOC was under MP with GW at 0–15:45–60 cm and HCl insoluble C was under MT with SW at 0–15:45–60. In broad‐spectrum, labile organic fractions revealed differential sensitivity, and POC stocks are also a sensitive indicator to detect the short‐management effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tillage and cropping sequence impacts on nitrogen cycling in dryland farming in eastern Montana, USA

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1984–1999) followed by spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000–2004) (FSTW-B/P), and spring-tilled spring wheat–fallow (STW-F). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH₄-N, and NO₃-N. Annualized crop grain and biomass N varied with treatments and years and mean grain and biomass N from 1984 to 2004 were 14.3–21.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW-B/P than in STW-F. Soil surface residue N was 9.1–15.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F in 2004. The STN at 0–20 cm was 0.39–0.96 Mg N ha⁻¹, PON 0.10–0.30 Mg N ha⁻¹, and PNM 4.6–9.4 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F. At 0–5 cm, STN, PON, and MBN were greater in STCW than in FSTW-B/P and STW-F. At 5–20 cm, STN and PON were greater in NTCW and STCW than in STW-F, PNM and MBN were greater in STCW than in NTCW and STW-F, and NO₃-N was greater in FSTW-B/P than in NTCW and FSTCW. Estimated N loss through leaching, volatilization, or denitrification at 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing tillage frequency or greater with fallow than with continuous cropping and ranged from 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in NTCW to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in STW-F. Long-term no-till or spring till with continuous cropping increased dryland crop grain and biomass N, soil surface residue N, N storage, and potential N mineralization, and reduced N loss compared with the conventional system, such as STW-F, at the surface 20 cm layer. Greater tillage frequency, followed by pea inclusion in the last 5 out of 21 yr in FSTW-B/P, however, increased N availability at the subsurface layer in 2004.     

Interactions between soil conservation and dryland farming of heterogeneously eroding areas in Loess Hills,China

The unidirectional impacts of soil conservation on dryland farming and local livelihood have been well studied. However, there are gaps in literature regarding the interactions among factors, such as labor force and financial capital, in response to soil conservation, as well as the influence of such interactions on the relationships between environmental projects and agricultural development. By combining the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) model and statistical analyses, this study investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of soil erosion while also identifying the controlling factors that affect crop and livestock farming. The aim was to reveal how these factors interacted to influence agriculture in two case study areas between 2000 and 2017. The results showed that soil erosion substantially declined as a consequence of soil conservation, while the output from crop farming increased, indicating that there was a synergy between soil conservation and dryland farming in both the districts, over time; and factors facilitating crop farming, such as labor force, agricultural machinery, and irrigation, appeared to exert an adverse effect on livestock farming in both areas, implying a tradeoff between livestock and crop farming in the context of programs such as the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in the Loess Hills. Such a tradeoff is a result of the competition for cropland and labor that exists due to grazing prohibition and rural-urban migration. Therefore, policy-related resolutions are required to address the land use conflicts and migration-related rural labor losing due to implementation of the GGP in the Loess Hills.     

Tillage effects on soil properties at different levels of fertilizer application in Punjab, Pakistan

The effects of cropping systems and management practices on soil properties provide essential information for assessing sustainability and environmental impact. Tillage and fertilizer rates were evaluated for their effects on soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and availability of macronutrients on a sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA; Luvic Yermosol, FAO) in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were double-cropped from 1996 to 1998. Tillage treatments were minimum till (MT), conventional till (CT), and deep till (DT). Low, medium and high fertilizer rates were applied to wheat and cotton. BD was affected neither by tillage nor fertilizer rates. Soil penetration resistance was lower for DT than CT and MT. Tillage methods affected soil P concentration but did not affect N and K concentrations. However, fertilizer application significantly increased soil P and K concentrations. Concentrations of N, P, K and SOC were greater in the plough layer than sub-soil. Grain yield of wheat was significantly negatively correlated with penetration resistance and was positively correlated with soil P and K concentrations. Yield of cotton was significantly negatively correlated with soil BD. These data provide an experimental basis to re-evaluate recommendations for fertilizer rates and tillage methods for production of wheat and cotton in Punjab. Further, there is a strong need to establish long-term experiments to study agronomic and environmental effects of tillage methods, fertilizer rates, and cropping systems on productivity and environment quality.     

Salinization,alkalinization and sodification in Punjab (Pakistan): characterization of the geochemical and physical processes of degradation

Evidence of soil degradation impeding soil tillage and irrigation in cultivated soils in Pakistan is identified, described and represented in a general process of degradation. Based on a chemical analysis of soil characteristics, it is shown that a more general geochemical degradation process may occur in these soils. Two paths of salinization, i.e. neutral salinization and alkalinization inducing a process of sodification, are identified. The wide range of chemical properties of soils and corresponding geochemical processes can be explained by the great diversity of quality in irrigation water that is taken either from the canal or from the groundwater. The basic module of a geochemical model AQUA (Vallès and DeCockborne, 1992) is calibrated with the help of a study of the soil geochemical properties (identification of minerals, characterization of exchanges) and then used to assess the effect of four different water qualities on sandy and loamy soils. Based on these scenarios, the salinity, alkalinity and sodicity hazard of irrigation water is assessed by taking into account simultaneously the electrical conductivity and the residual alkalinity (calcite-residual alkalinity, residual sodium carbonates) or irrigation water and the soil cation exchange capacity: these three indicators appear the most relevant in the context of the study. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of different management practices on the soil–water balance and crop yield for improved dryland farming in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different soil management practices on the water balance, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and crop yield (i.e. winter wheat and peanut) on a loess soil near Luoyang (east edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Henan Province, China). Field plots were set up in 1999 including following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SS), no-till with mulch (NT), reduced tillage (RT), two crops per year (i.e. winter wheat and peanut, TC), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The field plots were equipped to monitor all components of the soil–water balance except evapotranspiration, which was computed by solving the water balance equation. The results showed that although soil management had smaller influence on the magnitude of the water balance components than did precipitation variations, small influences of the applied soil management practices on water conservation during the fallow period can greatly affect winter wheat yield. SS increased consistently precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) and PUE over the 5 years compared to CT except during the wettest year. NT also had a noticeable effect on postharvest water storage during the fallow period; however, the influence on yield of NT depended on the amount of precipitation. TC lowered the winter wheat yield mainly due to the unfavorable soil moisture conditions after growing peanut in summer; however, the harvested peanut gained an extra profit for the local farmer. No matter which kind of soil management practices was adapted, PSE never exceeded 41.6%, which was primarily attributed to high evapotranspiration. From data of five consecutive agricultural years between 2000 and 2005, it could be concluded that SS resulted in the highest PSE, PUE and crop yield. TC also showed promising results considering the economic value of the second crop. NT performed slightly less as SS. CT gave intermediate results, whereas RT was the worst alternative.     

Evaluating the merits of climate smart technologies under smallholder agriculture in Malawi

The merits of three climate smart agriculture (CSA) technologies implemented by farmers were assessed in Machinga district of Malawi with respect to their soil quality and maize yield effects. Data were collected from farms implementing the three CSA technologies, namely conservation agriculture (CA), maize–pigeonpea (Maize-PP) intercrops and a local organic and inorganic soil amendment known as Mbeya fertilization (Mbeya-fert), from 2018 to 2019. With respect to resilience and adaptation, particulate organic matter, soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P, K, Ca and Mg all significantly improved while bulk densities were lowered under the three CSA systems. Higher annual biomass inputs and improved water infiltration from the Maize-PP intercrops were observed. With respect to productivity, CA and Mbeya-fert improved maize yields by 51 and 19%, respectively, compared to conventional farmer practices. With regard to climate change mitigation, increases in measured SOC in the top 20 cm depth compared to the conventional farmer practices amounted to 6.5, 12 and 10.5 t C ha⁻¹ for CA, Mbeya-fert, and Maize-PP intercrops, respectively, over a period of 2–6 years. This suggests higher potential for carbon sequestration from CSA technologies. Furthermore, use of drought tolerant varieties, timely weeding and optimum plant populations, increased productivity. Improved gross margins from CSA practices were also apparent. Thus, employing these CSA technologies could enable farmers to be more resilient, productive and adapt better to climate change shocks leading to improved food security and livelihoods.     

Productivity and profitability of maize-legume cropping systems under conservation agriculture among smallholder farmers in Malawi

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 in Malawi to elucidate the short-term effects of maize-legume intercropping and rotation systems under conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) on crop productivity and profitability. Twelve farmers hosted on-farm trials per district, in three districts, with each farmer having six plots. The design of the study was randomised complete block design arranged in a split plot fashion with tillage as main plot and cropping systems as sub-plots, with each farmer acting as a replicate. CA had 1400 and 3200 kg ha^?1 more maize grain yield in the second and third seasons, respectively compared with CT. In the first two seasons, CT had 310, 180 and 270 kg ha^?1 more cowpea, soybean and pigeon pea grain yields in Salima, Mzimba and Mangochi districts, respectively, compared with CA. Similarly, CA had 1100 and 950 kg ha^?1 more groundnut grain yields than CT in Salima and Mzimba districts in the second and third seasons, respectively. Over the three-year study period, partial land equivalent ratio for maize ranged from 0.78 to 1.24. Largest net returns were achieved by intercropping maize with pigeon pea in Mangochi and rotating maize and groundnut in Mzimba and Salima districts.     

基于部分预算法的玉米大田变量施肥经济效益分析

为明确精准农业技术的应用效果和经济效益,促进精准农业技术在中国的推广应用.该研究基于田间50 m×50 m土壤碱解氮测定数据,采用目标产量模型,设计了变量施氮处方进行变量施氮试验,以相邻地块常规均一施肥区为对照.采用部分预算法评价从均一施肥措施改变为变量施肥措施后的经济效益.结果表明:变量施肥比常规统一施肥显著减少了19.4%的氮肥用量,产量增加了1.8%;从常规统一施肥改变为变量施肥后净收益增加了383.23元/hm2,增加投资部分的投资收益率为753%,远大于可接受的最低年收益率105%.综上,在规模农场采用变量施肥相关变量施肥装备和软件进行变量施肥管理可以减少氮肥施用量,增加作物产量,从而提高农场种植的经济效益,具有良好的推广价值,制定变量施肥机的购置补贴政策有利于进一步促进变量施肥技术在大规模农场的推广应用.     

Manure application has an effect on the carbon budget of a managed grassland in southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

The carbon (C) budget of managed grassland in a cool-temperate region of Japan was estimated using a combination of eddy covariance and the biometric method for five years, to evaluate the effect of manure application. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the fertilizer (F) plot at a rate of 79 ± 20 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. In the manure (M) plot, dairy cattle manure was applied at a rate of 10 Mg fresh matter ha^?1 yr^?1 (1923 ± 407 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1, 159 ± 68 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). There was no significant difference in seasonal gross primary production (GPP) and harvest between the treatment plots, indicating that both fertilizer and manure can increase the biomass production. Annual net ecosystem production (NEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) was significantly different between the treatment plots. The difference in RE, and between M and F plots approximates heterotrophic respiration of manure (RHm), which ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1. Average annual RHm was 1.1 ± 0.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1, and accounted for 56% of the total amount of applied manure C. The annual net biome production (NBP) in the M plot (from 0.0 to 1.5 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) was significantly higher than in the F plot (?1.4 to 0.5 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1). The long-term effect of manure application combined with chemical fertilizer did not reduce grass production compared with chemical fertilizer only; however, manure application decreased the NEP throughout manure decomposition, and long-term manure application enhanced the NBP.     

Influence of Zn nutrition on the productivity,grain quality and grain biofortification of wheat under conventional and conservation rice–wheat cropping systems

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate influence of zinc (Zn) application on productivity, grain biofortification and grain quality of wheat planted under plough tillage (PT) and zero tillage (ZT) systems. Zn was delivered as soil application (10 kg ha^?1), foliage spray (0.025 M) and seed priming (0.5 M) in wheat planted under PT and ZT systems. ZT had higher total soil porosity, total soil organic matter, soil organic carbon and soil microbial biomass carbon than PT. Zn application, by either method, improved grain yield, grain Zn and grain quality in both tillage systems. The grain Zn concentration was 72% and 59% higher with soil-applied Zn in ZT wheat during 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, respectively, compared with no Zn. However, Zn seed priming was the most effective in improving wheat grain yield in both tillage systems. Foliage and Zn soil application were better in improving the indices of Zn use efficiency of Zn. In conclusion, Zn seed priming was the most effective method in improving the wheat grain yield, whereas soil Zn application in ZT and foliar applications in PT were the most effective for grain Zn biofortification. However, Zn soil application was the most cost-effective method of Zn application.     

北方旱区免耕对农田生态系统固碳与碳平衡的影响

农田系统对大气CO2库呈碳汇还是碳源效应取决于土壤有机碳的固定和温室气体释放之间的平衡,而耕作措施会改变土壤有机碳含量和储量,影响农田系统的碳循环与碳平衡。该研究以北方旱区山西临汾20 a长期保护性耕作定位试验为基础,田间原位测定土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳含量,确定各类农业投入碳排放参数,利用碳足迹方法综合分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作CT和免耕NT)下农田生态系统碳平衡。结果表明:在化肥、机械等农业投入产生的间接碳排放量方面,化肥投入碳排放量约占系统农业总投入碳排放量的73.5%~77.4%,是农业投入中主要的碳源。由于免耕减少了翻耕、旋耕和秸秆移除3道程序,NT比CT少排放约5.1%,NT产量显著提高28.9%,且碳生产力大于CT。0~60 cm土壤有机碳储量NT(50.86 Mg/hm2)比CT(46.00 Mg/hm2)高10.5%。与CT相比,在小麦休闲期和生育期NT土壤呼吸CO2释放总量高于CT。但根据农田系统碳平衡公式分析得出,NT更有利于农田生态系统固碳,呈碳汇效应,而CT表现为碳源。因此,长期免耕耕作能够提高农田土壤固碳量,减少大气温室气体排放,对于改善北方旱区土壤碳库和减排效果是一个良好的选择。     

旱地基于豆类绿肥不同轮作方式的经济效益分析

【目的】黄土高原旱地土壤贫瘠,传统的夏休闲期雨热资源丰富但利用率不高,评价不同轮作方式的经济效益,为选择一种合理的种植模式、 保证农民获得可靠的收入提供依据。【方法】本研究通过4年定位试验,以夏休闲-冬小麦一年一熟制为对照,测定并分析了豆类绿肥-冬小麦和豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦两种轮作方式及其不同豆类绿肥处理方式条件下的经济效益。【结果】豆类绿肥-冬小麦轮作经济效益最低,而且纯收入的变异系数高达67.69%,与夏休闲-冬小麦轮作方式相比没有优势; 该轮作绿肥不同翻压时间对作物产量、 总收入等指标存在年际差异。豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作,整体收入最高,而且纯收入变异系数最低,为15.42%,其中茎秆覆盖和茎秆翻压处理的作物产量、 总收入、 纯收入等均高于移出处理。【结论】从农民收入的角度来看,豆类绿肥-春玉米-冬小麦轮作很好的平衡了成本与收益的关系,是该地区较为合理的种植制度; 将绿肥籽粒收获后,茎秆覆盖式翻压,可有效提高小麦、玉米的产量,是应推广的技术措施。     

旱作麦田保护性耕作蓄水保墒和增产增收效应

为了揭示渭北旱塬连作麦田不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果和冬小麦增产增收效应。于2007－2009年通过田间试验研究了渭北旱塬夏闲期免耕、深松和翻耕等3种耕作方式对麦田夏闲期蓄水保墒效果,以及3种耕作处理与平衡施肥、常规施肥和低肥等3种施肥处理组合对冬小麦生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响。免耕和深松较翻耕保墒作用好,夏闲期免耕、深松较翻耕0～300 cm土层3 a平均土壤含水率分别增加了0.6和0.5个百分点,平均贮水量分别增加了24.2和21.5 mm;生育期内平衡施肥免耕、深松较翻耕处理0～200 cm土层2 a平均土壤贮水量分别增加了17.7和14.4 mm;以平衡施肥深松处理产量最高,2 a平均产量高达5033.1 kg/hm2,较平衡施肥翻耕和平衡施肥免耕分别增产5.5%和6.3%;以平衡施肥免耕经济效益最高,2 a平均纯收益高达5 553.7元/hm2,较平衡施肥深松和平衡施肥翻耕分别增收3.3%和9.2%。综合考虑各处理土壤蓄水保墒效果和小麦增产增收效应,平衡施肥深松处理是渭北旱塬连作麦田较佳的耕作和施肥处理组合。     

基于空间平滑法的旱作区粮食产量时空变化与影响因素研究

在中国北方水资源约束愈发严峻的情境下,旱作区粮食产量格局及其驱动因素研究具有重要的现实意义。以1995—2015年县域粮食统计数据为基础,结合土地利用栅格数据等资料,应用空间平滑法,对东北及华北平原旱作区粮食产量的空间格局与演化过程进行了研究。在此基础上,分析了不同农业区影响粮食产量的自然及社会经济驱动因素。结果发现:1)近20a东北-华北平原旱作区粮食产量整体稳步提高,高产区范围逐渐扩大,具有明显的空间集聚特征,且华北平原旱作区粮食总产高于东北平原旱作区;2)粮食产量增速以中速增产为主,其次依次为慢速增产、高速增产、绝对减产,且东北平原旱作区粮食增产速率高于华北平原旱作区;3)东北平原旱作区粮食单产整体高于华北平原旱作区,且经过空间平滑处理后粮食单产栅格像元频率分布基本呈高斯分布,与客观规律相契合;而随着时间演替,直方图像元的峰值逐渐右移,且单产栅格呈逐渐分散的趋势,表明耕地生产力水平整体提升的同时差距也随之扩大;4)自然因素中的年均气温与燕山-太行山山麓平原农业区的粮食单产的相关性最高,年降水量及汇流能力与冀鲁豫低洼平原农业区的粮食单产的相关性最高,土壤类型与松嫩-三江平原农业区的粮食单产的相关性最高;5)粮食单产与社会经济因素的分析结果表明,粮食生产由劳动密集型逐渐向技术密集型方向转变,农业机械化的投入对研究区特别是东北平原旱作区的贡献尤为明显,化肥投入对研究区粮食增产始终发挥着巨大作用,而灌溉条件对于华北平原旱作区粮食生产的保障起到重要作用。研究结果可为粮食产量时空格局研究的方法创新方面有所裨益,并对不同农业区保持高产、稳产及耕地保育等方面提供参考。     

保护性耕作与氮肥后移对巢湖流域麦田磷素流失的影响

农田磷素随地表径流向水体迁移可导致磷肥利用率降低、生产成本上升和环境污染风险增加,源头控制农田磷素流失对于治理巢湖水体富营养化具有重要意义。采用野外定位观测结合室内分析的研究方法,对2009—2010年冬小麦生长期间的径流、泥沙和磷素进行了监测与测定分析,研究了保护性耕作和氮肥后移对巢湖流域麦田P素径流损失及其对环境的影响。结果表明,相对于传统耕作处理（T）,传统耕作＋秸秆还田处理（TS）、氮肥后移处理（NFP）和少免耕＋秸秆还田＋氮肥后移（NTS＋NFP）径流量分别减少了20%、10%和22%,泥沙量分别减少了30%、14%和38%,表现出显著的水土保持作用。各处理径流液总磷（TP）浓度范围是0.095～0.360mg·L-1,其中,颗粒态磷（PP）是磷素随地表径流迁移的主要形式,约占TP的51%～69%。长期的保护性耕作提高径流液中溶解态磷（DP）的浓度,降低了PP的浓度,但TP浓度难以看出明显的变化规律,而氮肥后移降低了径流液中各形态磷的浓度。各处理TP流失量在0.060～0.079kg·hm-2之间,约占当季施磷量的0.2%。处理TS、NFP和NTS＋NFP与处理T相比,TP流失量分别减少了20%、21%和24%。作物生长情况显著影响土壤磷素的流失,地上部分生物量、地上部分吸磷量与径流TP的迁移量呈负相关关系。因此保护性耕作和氮肥后移可以作为源头控制农田磷素流失的较好措施加以推广。     

黄土丘陵区不同种植方式水保效益的分析评价

本文以草灌带状间作、草粮带状间轮作6年试验资料为依据,按水保性能的强弱对不同处理的种植方式进行了分类。利用贝叶斯多类逐步判别法验证了经验分类的准确性。最后用模糊聚类法对不同种植方式的水保效益进行了分析与评价。结果表明:它们水保性能由强到弱的顺序为:柠条→柠条+牧草间作→单种牧草→草粮带状间轮作→粮食作物水平沟种植→普种粮食作物。     

Evaluation of the soil carbon budget under different upland cropping systems in central Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

To evaluate the carbon budget in soils under different cropping systems, the carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux from soils was measured in a total of 11 upland crop fields within a small watershed in central Hokkaido over the no snow cover months for 3 years. The CO₂ flux was measured using a closed chamber method at bare plots established in each field to estimate soil organic matter decomposition. Temporal variation in instantaneous soil CO₂ fluxes within the sites was mainly controlled by soil temperature and moisture. Annual mean CO₂ fluxes and cumulative CO₂ emissions had no significant relationship with soil temperature and moisture (P > 0.2). However, there was a significant quadratic relationship between annual mean CO₂ flux or cumulative CO₂ emission and soil clay plus silt content (%) (R² = 0.72～0.74, P < 0.0003). According to this relationship, the optimum condition for soil CO₂ emission is at a clay plus silt content of 63%. The cumulative CO₂ emission during the no snow cover season within each year varied from 1,159 to 7,349 kg C ha^?1 at the different sites. The amount of crop residue carbon retained in the soils following a cropping season was not enough to offset the CO₂ emission from soil organic matter decomposition at all sites. As a consequence, the calculation of the soil carbon budget (i.e. the difference between the carbon added as crop residues and compost and the carbon lost as CO₂ from organic matter decomposition) ranged from –7,349 to –785 kg C ha^?1, except for a wheat site where a positive value of 4,901 kg C ha^?1 was observed because of a large input of organic carbon with compost. The negative values of the soil carbon budget indicate that these cropping systems were net sources of atmospheric CO₂.     

基于潜力衰减模型的东北-华北平原旱作区耕地生产力评价

在中国耕地资源日益紧缺、粮食安全问题愈发严峻的背景下,耕地生产力研究具有重要的现实意义。该研究以东北-华北平原旱作区为研究区域,以主要粮食作物玉米的光温生产潜力空间分布数据及相关县域统计数据为基础,结合土地利用、降水、土壤、社会经济等数据,运用潜力衰减模型,研究评价了东北-华北平原旱作区1995-2015年耕地生产力时空格局及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区光温-水生产力、光温-水-土生产力、光温-水-土-社会经济生产力均整体呈现东北平原旱作区高于华北平原旱作区的空间格局,且在东北平原旱作区和华北平原旱作区内部也均表现出南高北低的宏观趋势;通过分析各环境因子的订正系数发现,人为社会经济投入对当前耕地生产力的保障极为重要,特别是在耕地自然条件逐渐变差的华北平原旱作区表现的尤为显著;水分因子产量差在空间上整体呈现南低北高、东低西高的分布格局,土壤因子产量差明显呈现南高北低的空间格局,社会经济因子产量差呈现明显的北高南低空间格局,这与中国水热条件的地带性分布、东北平原地区优质的土壤条件及较高的自然禀赋等因素有关;研究区社会经济因子产量差>土壤因子产量差>水分因子产量差,且社会经济因子产量差在华北平原旱作区整体较小、土壤因子产量差在东北平原旱作区整体较小,进一步说明了社会经济投入是维系华北平原旱作区耕地生产力的最重要因素,而耕地本身的立地条件是保障东北平原旱作区耕地生产力的最主要原因。潜力衰减模型的应用对大尺度区域耕地生产力研究的方法创新方面有所裨益,评价结果可为不同农业区保持高产、稳产及耕地保育等方面提供科学参考。