INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON GERMINATION,LEAF NITROGEN,NITRATE ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH

The influence of manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mineral fertilizer on germination, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and yield of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) was investigated. Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station at the Upper Kabete Campus during the long rains of March–May in 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out as complete randomized block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), 40 kg N ha^?1 supplied by cattle manure and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at three maturity stages at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting. Results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in germination percentage, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and vegetable yield. Plants that received manure had a higher germination percentage than those that received the same amount of N supplied by the chemical fertilizer DAP. The yields generally increased from week 6 to week 8. The highest yield was recorded in plots receiving 40 kg N ha^?1 from DAP at eight weeks after planting. Plots that were supplied with manure recorded the lowest yield when compared to the fertilizer treated plots at all rates. Leaf nitrogen content increased with increasing rate of N but only when N was supplied by DAP fertilizer. The leaf nitrogen content decreased with increasing age of the plants. The leaf nitrate content increased with increase in DAP application rate. Results indicate that manure application produced quality vegetables in terms of low nitrate levels, but leaf nitrogen and vegetable yields were low. DAP application effected higher yields, but the vegetables had high though acceptable nitrate levels.     

Heterogeneous Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Effects Upon the Nitrate Concentration of Stream Waters in a Forested Mountain Area

Nitrogen compounds generated by anthropogenic combustion deposits in forest watersheds and induce nitrogen saturation of the area. Because excess nitrogen is derived from atmospheric deposition, this action is expected to uniformly affect a wide area of forest soils. Geographically, heterogeneous nitrate concentration of stream water within a small area has been attributed to the tree type, geological setting and tree cut. In this article, we hypothesized that the effect of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the forest watershed may vary within a small area, and that such variation is induced by the degree of air mass containing a high concentration of nitrogen deposition of combustion origin. We measured major ion concentrations, including nitrate, nitrite oxygen and nitrogen stable isotope of nitrate sampled at 24 water streams in the Chichibu region, which is 50?C100 km from the Tokyo metropolitan area. The nitrate concentration showed a wide range (25.6?C237 ??mol L^?1) within 300 km², which was explained sufficiently by the air mass advection path and its contact with the mountain??s surface. The nitrate concentration showed a significant positive correlation with chloride (r?=?0.73; p?<?0.001). As chloride originates outside of the Chichibu region, the positive correlation between two ions showed that the nitrate concentration of the stream water was affected by the nitrogen compound from the Tokyo Metropolitan area as a form of atmospheric deposition. Between the nitrate concentration and the stable isotope ratio of oxygen of nitrate, there was a positive correlation until nitrate concentration of 100 ??mol L^?1. When the nitrate is over 100 ??mol L^?1, ??¹⁸O shows a stable value of ca. 5.7??. This indicates that the nitrification proceeds when the nitrate concentration was low to middle, but the reaction slowed when the nitrate concentration became high. Oxygen stable isotope of nitrate along with a set of nitrate concentrations can be used as a good indicator of nitrogen saturation.     

Nitrogen Availability for Maize from a Rolling Pampa Soil After Addition of Biosolids

Abstract

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of different rates of biosolids on the soil nitrogen (N) availability for maize and its residuality. A field experiment was developed in a typic Argiudol located in the NE of the Buenos Aires Province. Maize was sown for two consecutive years 1997–1999. Biosolids from a sewage treatment plant of Buenos Aires outskirts were superficially applied to the soil and incorporated by plowing. There were eight treatments: Check; 8, 16, and 24 Mg of dry biosolid ha^?1; 8 and 16 Mg of dry biosolid ha^?1 applied one year before, 100 and 150 kg N ha^?1 of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). The sampling and determinations were done during the second maize cycle. At presowing (PS), sowing (S), 6 expanded leaves (V6), 12 expanded leaves (V12), and Flowering (Fl) composite soil samples from 0–40 cm depth were obtained to determine ammonium and nitrate contents. At Fl maize plants were sampled in order to determine total biomass and N content. The N‐nitrate content in the soil was significantly increased by the biosolids application (p < 0.05), and varied for each increment depending on the biosolids rates and the phenological stage. After 30 days from the incorporation the increases of 1.19, 1.34, and 2.05% were observed for N‐nitrates for 8, 16, and 24 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The contribution of mineral N from the biosolids was 2.48, 6.46, and 5.01 kg N Mg^?1 when the rates were incremented from 0–8, 8–16, and 16–24 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The nitrogen mineralization followed a release pattern with a maximum value of 296 kg N‐nitrate ha^?1 at sowing for 24 Mg ha^?1. Since then, the release of mineral nitrogen decreased significantly till Fl. The N‐nitrates values variation with the temperature adjusted to polinomic functions. The mineral N released from the biosolids increased as a response to the increment of soil temperature and then decreased due to the maize nitrogen absorption and the potentially mineralized nitrogen exhaustion. The application of 150 kg N ha^?1 as CAN incremented significantly the soil N‐nitrate content and equalized 16 and 24 Mg of dry biosolids ha^?1 at V6. But, no synchronism between the high nitrate releasing from biosolids and the increment in the nitrogen absorption by maize was observed. This fact generates a surplus of nitrate that incremented the potential of nitrogen loss by lixiviation. We observed a residual effect from the biosolids that were applied the previous year. This contribution represented the 35% of the maize requirements and was similar to the nitrate content observed in Bio 16. The biosolids might be a valuable source of nitrogen for maize crop if the synchronism between the soil supply and maize demand is observed in order to avoid nitrates surplus.     

Effect of Raw and NH4+-enriched Zeolite on Nitrogen Uptake by Wheat and Nitrogen Leaching in Soils with Different Textures

Leaching of nutrients in soil can change the surface and groundwater quality. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of raw and ammonium (NH₄⁺)-enriched zeolite on nitrogen leaching and wheat yields in sandy loam and clay loam soils. The treatments were one level of nitrogen; Z₀: (100 kg (N) ha^?1) as urea, two levels of raw zeolite; Z₁:(0.5 g kg^?1 + 100 kg ha^?1) and Z_2: (1 g kg^?1 + 100 kg ha^?1), and two levels of NH₄⁺-enriched zeolite; Z₃: (0.5 g kg^?1 + 80 kg ha^?1) and Z₄: (1 g kg^?1 + 60 kg ha^?1). Wheat grains were sown in pots and, after each irrigation event, the leachates were collected and their nitrate (NO₃^?) and NH₄⁺ contents were determined. The grain yield and the total N in plants were measured after four months of wheat growth. The results indicated that the amounts of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? leached from the sandy loam soil were more than those from the clay loam soil in all irrigation events. The maximum and minimum concentrations of nitrogen in the drainage water for both soils were observed at control and NH₄⁺-zeolite treatments, respectively. Total N in the plants grown in the sandy loam was higher compared to plants grown in clay loam soil. Also, nitrogen uptake by plants in control and NH₄⁺-zeolite was higher than that of raw-zeolite treatments. The decrease in the amount of N leaching in the presence of NH₄⁺-zeolite caused more N availability for plants and increased the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and the plants yield.     

Combined Effects of Water and Nitrogen on Growth,Biomass, and Quality of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea Linn.)

Water scarcity and nitrate contamination have caused considerable attention to environmental matters. Water and nitrogen interactions have critical impacts on their use efficiency, plant growth, and quality. In a field experiment, a combination of three water treatments and three nitrogen rates was applied to determine their interactive effects on the growth of spinach. Soil water supply that was too low [W₃N₁ (the combination of water treatment 3 and nitrogen treatment 1), W₃N₂] could cause an increase in nitrate content. Oxalate contents would increase when water and nitrogen were either inadequate (W₃N₀, W₃N₁) or too high (W₂N₂). The most profit from spinach was obtained in plots that received water treatment 2 and nitrogen fertilizer 78 kg N ha^?1. However, considering nitrogen treatments could affect the nitrate and oxalic acid, application of water treatment 2 and 39 kg N ha^?1 nitrogen fertilizer could get better spinach quality.     

Preliminary Assessment of the Riverine Nitrogen Concentration and Load in an Agroforestry Basin in NW Spain

In this study, the concentrations and loads of different forms of nitrogen [nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total nitrogen (TN)] in the headwater catchment of the Mero River (NW Spain) were analyzed. The TN concentrations were relatively low (mean: 2.57 mg L^?1). Nitrate was the predominant form of N in the Mero catchment, accounting for 76.65 percent of the TN concentration. Measured NO₃-N concentrations were always lower than the maximum allowed drinking water concentration. An annual TN load of 61.2 Mg was computed, representing an export of 0.94 Mg km^?2 y^?1, whereas annual exports NO₃-N and TKN were of 0.79 and 0.15 Mg km^?2 y^?1, respectively.     

Aboveground biomass response to increasing nitrogen deposition on grassland on the northern Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

The fragile ecosystem of China's Loess Plateau is being exposed to increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition but little information about the response of the region's natural vegetation is currently available. We studied the responses of aboveground biomass (AGB) to simulated nitrogen deposition in a field experiment conducted on natural grassland on sunny and shady slopes. Three levels of simulated nitrogen deposition were applied, and two treatments with phosphorus were included to test for secondary phosphorus limitation. For the same level of nitrogen deposition, grass generally grew better on the shady slope than on the sunny slope. Compared to a control treatment with no additional nitrogen, we found: (1) the 2.5 g N m^?2 yr^?1 treatment significantly increased biomass only on the sunny slope; (2) the total AGB increased significantly in the 5 g N m^?2 yr^?1 treatment on both the shady slope (by 31%) and the sunny slope (by 25%); and (3) for 10 g N m^?2 yr^?1, AGB was also significantly increased, however, phosphorus limitation became more apparent, and soil nitrate N levels increased significantly, suggesting nitrogen saturation and the potential for nitrate pollution. The AGB of Stipa bungeana (the dominant grass) was significantly increased by nitrogen, but not by phosphorus. The biomass of the second dominant species Lespedeza davurica Schindl., was not affected by increased nitrogen but addition of phosphorus had some positive impact. Therefore, nitrogen deposition was proven to have effects on plant growth in our study area on the Loess Plateau of China, but high level of nitrogen deposition would result in P limitation. Furthermore, increasing nitrogen deposition is likely to induce diversity change.     

Nitrate,arsenic, cadmium,and lead concentrations in leafy vegetables: expected average values for productive regions of Chile

High arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nitrate (NO₃^?) concentrations in soil pose a risk for the human population and compromise food safety. The goal of this study was to obtain preliminary approximations for the expected mean values of As, Cd, Pb, and N-NO₃ in three leafy vegetables (lettuce, spinach, and chard) grown in the central farming regions of Chile. Representative samples (n = 148) of these crops were collected from the Coquimbo, Valparaíso, and Metropolitana Regions. Water extraction and an ion-selective electrode were used to determine NO₃^? contents, while total As, Cd, and Pb contents were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The recorded values were 23.8%, 59.2%, and 97.9% below detection limits for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, As and Cd intake by leafy vegetables reached 0.26 and 2.30% of the daily intake levels estimated by Chilean authorities. The daily NO₃^? intake by leafy vegetables was 0.44 mg per kg of bodyweight per day (kgbw^?1day^?1), or 12% of the WHO-recommended intake. No analyses were performed for Pb due to highly left-censored data. While the recorded NO₃^?, As, and Cd concentrations in lettuce, spinach, and chard do not apparently pose a health risk, further detailed studies are suggested.     

凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用研究

[目的]通过田间试验,研究酿酒葡萄对不同氮肥施用量及施用深度的响应,为甘肃省凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥合理施用提供依据。[方法]在凉州区设置酿酒葡萄氮肥施用量及施用深度试验,研究不同氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量的影响。[结果]10和30cm施肥深度之间酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量差异不显著。氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄产量和叶柄含氮量的影响达到显著水平,对果实和叶片含氮量的影响不明显,其中高氮(300kg/hm~2)和中氮(240kg/hm~2)处理之间酿酒葡萄产量、果实含氮量、叶片含氮量、叶柄含氮量差异不明显,但是高氮和中氮处理与低氮(180kg/hm~2)处理相比,产量增加28.6%和24.1%,叶片含氮量增加17.4%和11.3%,叶柄含氮量增加了40.7%和33.0%,而对于收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量,高氮处理相对于中氮和低氮处理增加了53.8%,94.4%和41.8%,76.1%,氮肥施用量和施用深度的交互效应,仅叶片含氮量达到显著水平。[结论]受土壤质地和传统沟灌影响,氮肥施用深度对酿酒葡萄影响效果不明显,240kg/hm~2为酿酒葡萄较为合适的氮肥施用量,但氮素也存在损失风险。所以,凉州灌区酿酒葡萄合理施肥应该和灌水方式进行结合来确定合理的施肥量和施肥方式。     

AMMONIUM AND NITRATE IN SOIL AND RATOON SUGARCANE GROWN IN FUNCTION OF NITROGEN ON OXISOL

After harvest, sugarcane residues left on the soil surface can alter nitrogen (N) dynamics in the plant-soil system. In Oxisols, the nitrogen fertilizer applied had its effects on the levels of ammonium and nitrate in the soil, N concentration in the plant leaves, and on the growth and productivity of second ratoon plants. The N rates tested were of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha^?1. Each treatment was replicated four times. Four months after the experiment was started, ammonium and nitrate concentration in the soil, N levels in plant leaves, and plant growth were evaluated. Productivity was evaluated 11 months after the experiment was set. By increasing the content of mineral N in soil, plant growth variables reflected differences in the production of stems; however, it did not affect foliar N. The use of leaf analysis was not important to assess the nutritional status of nitrogen in the ratoon sugarcane. Nitrogen concentration in soil was affected by nitrogen fertilization, but not the N content in leaves. The rate of 138 kg N ha^?1enabled greater production of sugarcane stalks (140 t ha^?1).     

Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Dairy Manure on Winter Wheat Yield,Soil Physical Health,and Nitrate Leaching

ABSTRACT

The effect of deficit irrigation (DI) on wheat crop yield, soil physical parameters and on nitrate nitrogen movement in soil profile was evaluated under application of dairy manure and nitrogen fertilizer. Two levels of DI were taken as I_0.6 (60% FC) and I_0.8 (80% FC) along with two dairy manure levels (20 and 25 Mg ha^?1) and three nitrogen levels (80, 100, and 120 kg ha^?1). The grain yield was high under I_0.8 than I_0.6, whereas the irrigation level has no significant effect on soil organic carbon contents. Dairy manure, irrigation, and nitrogen indicated strong interaction with each other for all yield-related parameters during both years of study, however, results for 2nd year were highly positive. Soil nitrate nitrogen movement was significantly affected under I_0.8 with high rate of dairy manure (25 Mg ha^?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha^?1). Results concluded that combined application of dairy manure (25 Mg ha^?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha^?1) under DI level I_0.8 resulted in high grain yield. To overcome water scarce conditions, further experiments can be designed by addition of various organic matters in different combination that enhances the yield and soil health.     

Sequential Injection Determination of Nitrate in Vegetables by Spectrophotometry with Inline Cadmium Reduction

Abstract

A sequential injection system for the determination of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) in vegetables was developed to automate this determination, allowing for substantially reduced reagent consumption and generated waste using low‐cost equipment. After extraction with water and filtration, the extracted nitrate is reduced inline to nitrite in a copperized cadmium (Cd) column and determined as nitrite. According to the Griess–Ilosvay reaction, nitrate is diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with N‐(1‐naphtyl)‐ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a purple‐red azo dye monitored at 538 nm.

Nitrate can be determined within a range of 1.35–50.0 mg L^?1 of NO₃ ^? (corresponding to 0.270–10.0 g of NO₃ ^? per kg of vegetable), with a conversion rate of nitrate to nitrite of 99.1±0.8%. The results obtained for 15 vegetable extracts compare well with those provided by the classical procedure, with a sampling throughput of 24 determinations per hour and relative standard deviations better than 1.2%.     

Leaf chlorophyll readings as an indicator of nitrogen status and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown in soils amended with Luecaena leucocephala prunings

A field study was conducted to evaluate the nitrogen status and yield of spinach grown in soils amended with prunings of Leucaena leucocephala, (applied at a rate of 3, 5, 7 or 11 t ha^?1). A ‘no fertilizer’ 0 nitrogen (N) and 150 kg N ha^?1 (recommended) were the control treatments. SPAD readings were recorded for the top six leaves. Nitrogen sufficiency indices were used to indicate the N status of plants. Application of L. leucocephala prunings increased spinach yields (8.98–13.86 t DM ha^?1) relative to the 0N treatment (1.35 t DM ha^?1) and yields increased with increasing rate of pruning application. SPAD readings showed a linear increase with the increase in applied prunings. There was preferential distribution of N to upper leaves. The relationship between shoot N concentration and SPAD readings was linear and strongest for the top three leaves (r² = 0.84–0.92). The results indicate the potential of chlorophyll meter readings in assessing N status of leafy vegetables grown on soils amended with different levels of legume tree prunings.     

Physiological Indices of Spring Maize as Affected by Integration of Beneficial Microbes with Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and their Levels

This study was designed to observe physiological indices of a spring maize response with the integration of beneficial microorganism, organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and N levels. Field experiments were conducted in three replications during 2014 and 2015 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Different beneficial microbes (BM) (with BM and without BM), organic (farm yard manure, FYM) and inorganic (ammonium nitrate) N ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0), and nitrogen levels (N) (100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1). Beneficial microorganism, 50:50 ratio of organic and inorganic N, and 200 kg N ha^?1 seem better in terms of improving SPAD value, plant height (cm), leaf rea (cm²), and leaf area index (LAI) of spring maize. Therefore, the application of BM, 50:50 ratio of organic and inorganic N, and 200 kg N ha^?1 were recommended for enhancing crop physiology in agro-climatic condition for Peshawar, Pakistan.     

Characterization of nutrients uptake and enzymes activity in Khatouni melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus) seedlings under different concentrations of nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus of nutrient solution

A nutrient solution experiment was done to evaluate effects of different concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on leaf mineral concentrations and some enzymes activity of melon seedlings (Cucumismelo var. inodorus subvar. Khatouni). Different levels of these nutrients including 0, 53, 105, 158 and 210?mg L^?1 N; 0, 8, 16, 23 and 31?mg L^?1 P; 0, 59, 118, 176 and 235?mg L^?1 K, all corresponding to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of their concentrations in Hoagland nutrient solution, were applied to plants. The results showed that the highest leaf nitrate reductase (NR) activity was observed at highest N and P levels, whereas the three highest K levels showed the highest NR activity. The highest leaf peroxidase activity was observed at 8?mg L^?1 P, 59?mg L^?1 K and 158?mg L^?1 N. The leaf catalase activity was highest at zero concentration of P, 158?mg L^?1 N and 176?mg L^?1 K; however, catalase activity was decreased by increasing P levels. Leaf protein content showed an increasing trend with increasing N, P and K levels of nutrient solution, while there was no significant difference between 158 and 210?mg L^?1 N. The highest leaf concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were observed at highest nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels of nutrient solution, whereas the highest leaf concentration of Ca were obtained at 53 or 105?mg L^?1 N, 176?mg L^?1 K and 23–31?mg L^?1 P. The highest iron concentration of leaves was obtained from 23 to 31?mg L^?1 P, 176?mg L^?1 K and 210?mg L^?1 N.     

Quantitative Caloric Energy Distribution and Variations in Two Rice Varieties Related to Different Nitrogen Application Levels in Paddy Field

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. of China in 1999 to investigate the quantitative caloric energy characteristics of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), early crop rice Jia yu 948 and late crop rice Jia yu 93390 were grown in different nitrogen levels and climate conditions. The two cultivars were grown with 0, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer and in ample water and farming management activities. Analysis of caloric energy showed that significant differences occurred among treatments and plant organs in both rice cultivars. However, no significant differences occurred among same organs under different nitrogen treatments in both cultivars except for the panicles. The mean caloric energy of both cultivars increased with nitrogen fertilizer application. However, no optimal level of nitrogen fertilizer treatment with caloric energy was established, as there was still an increase in caloric energy even at 200 kg N ha^?1 fertilizer treatment. Cultivar Jia yu 948 had a higher mean caloric energy of 4172 cal g^?1 compared to 4117 cal g^?1 of cultivar Jia yu 93390. There were significant differences in caloric energy among the plant organs. The ascending order of energy distribution was as follows; root, stem, husk, leaf, grains, and panicles. Of great interest is the relatively high amount of energy invested in the husks. This amount was similar to that of the leaf. There was a linear relationship between caloric energy and nitrogen application levels. The basic rice caloric values are 4058 cal g^?1, an increase in 1 kg N ha^?1 of nitrogen (pure) resulted in an increase of 0.41 cal g^?1 and 0.29 cal g^?1 of dry weight in the cultivar Jia yu 948 and cultivar Jia yu 93390 respectively. Thus Jia yu 948 had a better utilization efficiency of nitrogen nutrient than Jia yu 93390 considering the caloric value increase.     

Nitratgehalte tieferer Bodenschichten bei unterschiedlichen Fruchtfolgen auf intensiv genutzten Ackerbaustandorten

Influence of rotation upon nitrate content of deep soil layers in intensiv cropping systems Soil samples were taken down to a depth of 10 m during winter 1985/86 in some fields in Lower Bavaria with and without vegetable production. Each core was cut into 50 cm increments and soil nitrate-N and exchangeable ammonium-N determined. The results can be summarised as follows:

• 1 The content of exchangeable ammonium in 0–10 m soil depth was much less than the amount of nitrate nitrogen. Effects of different supply of inorganic fertilizer upon the NH₄-content have not been observed.
• 2 In rotations without vegetables with high supply of mineral nitrogen much nitrate-N was concentrated in the root zone. However in a depth of 4–6 m the nitrate concentration was less than 50 mg/l.
• 3 In one field only the nitrate concentration in 2,8–3,8 m was 2 to 3 times higher than in comparable cases. This seems to be the result of much nitrogen mineralized but not used, because of fallow effects (winter killing without fertilization) in 1982.
• 4 The nitrate concentration in soil cores of arable land decreased generally with sampling depth. In fields with vegetable production soil layers of high nitrate content alterated with soil layers of low nitrate content.
• 5 Because of the strong correlation between the number of soil layers with high nitrate content and the frequency of vegetables in the rotation, it can be assumed that the soil layers with much nitrate are caused by unused inorganic fertilizer applied to vegetables. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact of high nitrogen efficiency (> 70%) of agricultural plants and low nitrogen efficiency (48–13%) of vegetables, caused by high amounts of fertilizer and only low nutrient requirement of vegetables.
• 6 The total amount of nitrate-N found in 0–10 m soil depth was in vegetable rotations 2 to 4 times higher than in fields without vegetable production. The nitrate concentration of the nitrate peaks found in fields with vegetable production decreased with sampling depth, but strongly differing gradients of nitrate decrease with soil depth were observed between the fields.

     

Effects of Bentonite Application and Urea Fertilization Time on Growth,Development and Nitrate Accumulation in Spinach (Spinacia oleraceae L.)

Under excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, vegetables can accumulate high levels of nitrate in their vegetative body and, when consumed by living organisms, pose serious health-related risks for humans. Regarding such problems, it is necessary to minimize the accumulation of nitrate in leafy vegetables. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate bentonite levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 g/kg soil) application and urea fertilization times (25, 50, 75 days after sowing; at the rate of 0.2 g per pot) on the growth, development and nitrate accumulation of spinach. Results showed that urea fertilization on 25 days after sowing date had the highest effect on the quality, while application of 60 gr bentonite had the highest effect on the improvement of growth parameters of spinach. The lowest nitrate and nitrite accumulation rate was observed at urea fertilization on 50 days after planting and lack of bentonite application, whereas the lowest oxalic acid content was obtained at urea fertilization on 25 days after planting in a soil without bentonite application. The results showed that implementing an appropriate rate of bentonite and urea fertilization times may bring about favorable results for spinach production.     

Nitrogen application effects on forage sorghum production and nitrate concentration

Abstract

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important annual forage crop but prone to high nitrate concentration which can cause toxicity when fed to cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Two field experiments were conducted over six site-years across Kansas to determine the optimum nitrogen (N) rate for no-till forage sorghum dry matter (DM) yield and investigate the effect of N fertilization on sorghum forage nitrate content. A quadratic model described the relationship between sorghum DM and N rate across the combined site-years. Maximum DM yield of 6530?kg ha^?1 was produced with N application rate of 100?kg N ha^?1. The economic optimum N rate ranged from 55 to 70?kg N ha^?1 depending on sorghum hay price and N fertilizer costs. Crude protein concentration increased with N fertilizer application but N rates beyond 70?kg N ha^?1 resulted in forage nitrate concentrations greater than safe limit of 3000?mg kg^?1. Nitrogen uptake increased with N fertilizer application but nitrogen use efficiency and N recovery decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. In conclusion, forage sorghum required 55–70?kg N ha^?1 to produce an economic optimum DM yields with safe nitrate concentration.     

FLOWER ABSCISSION IN PEPPER PLANTS GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT REGIMES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on flower abscission in pepper was studied under different growth regimes. The pepper plants were irrigated with 4, 9, and 14 meq L^?1of nitrate (N4, N9, and N14). The plants were grown in winter under a low level (639 mol m^?2) of cumulative photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (L_PAR), and in spring under a high level (1074 mol m^?2) of cumulative PAR (H_PAR). The number of flowers and flower abscission were higher under H_PAR than under L_PAR. Flower abscission was higher in response to treatment N4, than in response to treatments N9 and N14, while the flower number was significantly lower. Flower abscission was strongly correlated with growth-related parameters as well as with the carbon or nitrogen contents in plants. Neither the sucrose fluxes nor the amino acid fluxes through the flower pedicels were affected by nitrogen supply. The sucrose fluxes were strongly correlated with air temperature.