Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality

To evaluate the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield and quality, an experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010. Experimental factors were the irrigation regimes including: FI, providing 100% of the water requirement of potato; IR1, providing 70% of the water requirement of potato by reducing the applied irrigation water between planting and tuber initiation by 30%; and IR2, providing 70% of the water requirement of potato by reducing the applied irrigation water during the whole growing season by 30%; and three potato cultivars Agria, Almera and Sinora. The results indicated that cultivars Agria and Almera were much better than Sinora in terms of tuber yield under all irrigation regimes. For Agria and Almera, the experiments show that the full irrigation regime had the highest yield and water productivity. For Sinora, however, deficit irrigation yields higher water productivity than the full irrigation regime. Consequently, deficit irrigation IR1 and IR2 should be applied to Sinora, but not to Agria and Almera.     

Soil and tuber calcium affecting tuber quality of processing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars grown in Hokkaido,Japan

Calcium (Ca) nutrition for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is important to increase tuber Ca concentration and improve potato tuber yield and quality. High tuber Ca content among other benefits mitigates incidence of blackspot bruise through maintenance of membrane health and regulation of biochemical reactions that leads to potato tuber discoloration. However, growers avoid application of Ca fertilizer in potato production in the belief that it causes potato common scab in Hokkaido, Japan. This study was conducted in Hokkaido to determine the current status of soil Ca and tuber Ca content levels, and its effect in mitigating incidence of potato bruise. Soil and tuber samples were collected from 90 and 80 fields in Tokachi and Kamikawa districts, respectively, in 2013 and 2014. Soil samples were analyzed for base saturation, Ca saturation, and exchangeable Al. Tuber Ca content and susceptibility of tubers to bruising were also evaluated. This study found that (1) 81% and 76% of soils collected from Tokachi and Kamikawa district, respectively, were deficient in Ca level, (2) tuber Ca content was lower than the reported value (250 mg kg^?1) considered to mitigate incidence of bruise, and (3) incidence of bruise were influenced by both tuber specific gravity and Ca content. There is urgent need to apply Ca fertilizer to attain increased soil Ca levels and improve quality of tubers.     

Potato tuber yield and quality in response to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates under two split doses in an irrigated sandy loam soil

Abstract

Management strategies to minimize nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere and water bodies from potato production fields while maintaining tuber yields and quality relies on good N management. A 2-year (2016–17 and 2017–18) field trial with ‘Symphonia’ potato was completed on a sandy loam soil irrigated with flood irrigation in Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the effect of N fertilizer rate on vegetative, yield and tuber quality parameters. The N fertilizer treatments comprising six N rates from 0 to 300?kg ha^?1 were applied at 50?kg N increments. Number of stems and tubers plant^?1 showed a quadratic response while other parameters revealed cubic trends in response to N fertilizer rates. Applying more than 250?kg ha^?1 of N fertilizer did not increase vegetative growth and yield. In conclusion, the optimal N-application rate of 250?Kg ha^?1 has great potential to improve yield and quality of potato in the sub-tropical region of Punjab, Pakistan. These findings, besides improving productivity can minimize the risk of N fertilizer loss to the atmosphere.     

营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育中激素、产量和品质的影响

以台湾红皮（Cardinal）为试验材料,研究了不同营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中内源激素行为的影响及对产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,过低、过高的营养供给,降低了块茎发育前期细胞分裂素（ZT）的含量,中期细胞生长素（IAA）的含量以及促进块茎发育的脱落酸（ABA）、茉莉酸（JA）含量,增加了各时期促进匍匐茎发生的赤霉素（GA）含量,导致在块茎形成和膨大的关键时期,GA/ABA和GA/JA比值失衡,抑制了块茎的正常发育。而合理营养水平供给,保持了前期较高水平的ZT含量,中期较高的ABA、IAA、JA含量和较低的GA含量,保证了块茎发育各时期对重要激素的需要,GA/ABA和GA/JA在块茎发育各时期也保持在合理的水平。结果还表明,过低、过高的营养供给,有利于马铃薯可溶性糖的形成,但不利于后期淀粉的形成,同时缩短了块茎快速增长期的时间。     

深旋松耕改善耕层结构促进马铃薯增产

为了探究深旋松耕提升马铃薯产量与质量的可行性。在山东省胶河地区以常规旋耕为对照,研究深旋松耕对土壤物理性质、马铃薯根系及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与常规旋耕相比,深旋松耕能打破犁底层,显著降低20~40 cm土层的容重和穿透阻力,提高0~50 cm土层的贮水量25.67%,促进作物生长,其中马铃薯根系生物量显著提高26.61%,中、下层叶片净光合速率分别增加20.82%、37.13%,进而提高花后光合产物积累量,促进花后干物质向块茎的转运,使得单块薯重量提高29.82%,马铃薯增产38.68%。     

Soil ridge geometry for green control in French fry potato production on loamy clay soils in The Netherlands

Green potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers are rejected by the processing industry. Therefore their amount should be reduced to minimum. The objective of this study was to assess the reduction of greening of new French fry varieties in experiments conducted from 1998 to 2001 on ridge qualities like geometry and the compression and crumbling degree of the loose soil in the ridge.The experiments were mainly carried out on the experimental husbandry farm Westmaas on a Calcaric Fluvisol having a clay content of ca. 200 g kg⁻¹. French fry potato varieties used were Agria and Fambo, whereas Bintje was used as a reference. Row spacings were 0.75 m (30 in.) and 0.90 m (36 in.). Net ridge size was determined by the internal height (distance between the plate and the top of the ridge) and by the width of the top of the ridge combined with planting near the surface of the plate.For the traditional French fry variety Bintje a reduction in greening was achieved by ridges having a gross size of 0.06–0.07 m². New French fry potato varieties like Agria and Fambo, however, are characterized by higher yields, larger cluster widths and longer tubers than Bintje. These properties favor the greening of tubers and require adjustment of the ridge geometry.Increase of the internal height and of the top width were found to be crucial to reduce greening of tubers to minimum. An increase of the top width of standard 0.75 m ridges from 0.15–0.18 to 0.25 m combined with an internal height of 0.18–0.20 m was realized by the so-called plateau ridges. This ridge type required ca. 0.04 m deeper seedbed than the depth of the seedbed for standard 0.75 m ridges. Without deeper loosening of the seedbed such larger ridges could also be realized by an increase of row spacing to 0.90 m. Net yields of new French fry varieties of plateau and 0.90 m ridges were generally similar or higher than the yields of standard 0.75 m ridges with the same internal height. With 0.90 m ridges over-sizing occurred sometimes.Greening of new varieties of French fry potatoes was reduced to minimum by the new knowledge on ridge geometry: an increase of the internal ridge height to 0.18–0.20 m, a top width to 0.25 m and reduction of cracking by relatively coarse, non-compressed ridges.     

水氮耦合对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量、品质及水分利用的影响

该文通过田间试验,研究在西北旱区对膜下滴灌条件下水氮耦合效应及其对马铃薯产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,从而确定马铃薯适宜的水氮用量,以求达到节水、节肥和高产优质的目的。试验设置2个土壤湿润比水平:40%(P1)和70%(P2),5个施氮水平:90(N1)、135(N2)、180(N3)、225(N4)、270kg/hm2(N5),共10个处理。试验结果表明:相同水分条件下,马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率都随施氮量的增加而呈抛物线趋势变化,块茎蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势。相同氮肥条件下,湿润比P2处理的马铃薯块茎质量、块茎淀粉含量、块茎维生素C含量、块茎蛋白质含量均高于湿润比P1,湿润比P2处理的耗水量比湿润比处理P1高11%,湿润比P2处理的产量比湿润比处理P1高5%,但是湿润比P1处理的水分利用效率比湿润比P2处理高5.4%。其中,P2N3处理的马铃薯单株块茎质量、块茎维生素C含量表现最好,P1N5处理的马铃薯块茎蛋白质含量最高,P2N2处理的马铃薯块茎淀粉含量和产量表现最优,产量最高为54187kg/hm2,P1N2处理的水分利用效率最高为12.86kg/m3。P2N3处理的马铃薯高产优质,且水分利用效率较高,是西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下马铃薯生产中适宜的水氮组合。     

The effect of autumn ridging and inter-row subsoiling on potato tuber yield and quality on a sandy soil in Denmark

Autumn ridging is a modified version of the ridge tillage system. Instead of setting up ridges during the growing season, they are established in autumn and left for the winter. Previous studies have documented positive effects of autumn ridging on potato yield and we hypothesized that subsoiling could enhance these effects. To determine the effect of autumn ridging and inter-row subsoiling on potato yield and quality a field experiment was conducted on sandy soil from 2001 to 2003. Autumn ridging resulted in an average total and marketable tuber yield of 25.6 and 9.2 t ha⁻¹, which was not significantly different from the average total and marketable yield of 25.6 and 8.9 t ha⁻¹ with ploughing. However, autumn ridging significantly reduced the incidence of black scurf from 2.5% to 2.2%. Inter-row subsoiling in the growing season significantly increased marketable potato tuber yield from 8.4 to 9.6 t ha⁻¹ and reduced the occurrence of malformed potatoes from 9.3% to 7.5%, irrespective of tillage treatment and irrigation level. There was no significant interaction between autumn ridging and subsoiling. The beneficial effect of subsoiling on marketable yield was driven by a 48.5% increase in the dry year of 2001. Subsoiling reduced the incidence of common scab from 7.8% to 6.9% when irrigation was reduced. It is concluded that at least three factors may modify the effects of subsoiling: Soil water status in the growing season, precipitation immediately before and after the subsoiling operation, and crop growth stage at the time of subsoiling.     

不同滴灌量和施氮量对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

本试验采用裂区设计方案,对"大西洋"马铃薯的水、氮二因素进行了研究,试验结果表明:马铃薯的产量、单株薯重、商品薯率和淀粉含量都随施氮量的增加而呈抛物线趋势变化;其中小水量多次灌水的灌水方式下氮水平为180kg/hm2的处理,其产量、商品薯率和淀粉含量都表现最好,分别为:46216 4kg/hm2、87 56%和17 71%;在小水量多次灌水的灌溉方式下,马铃薯在低氮水平就能达到高产优质,是一种较为理想的滴灌方式。     

Effects of ridge‐furrow and plastic mulching planting patterns on microflora and potato tuber yield in continuous cropping soil

Planting patterns have distinctive effects on the soil micro‐ecological environment and soil quality. To explore the effects of film mulch ridge‐furrow (FMRF) cropping on soil microbial properties and potato yield, a study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a continuously cropped field under nonfilm‐mulched flat plot (CK), half‐mulched flat plot (T1), fully mulched ridge cropping (T2), fully mulched furrow cropping (T3), half‐mulched ridge cropping (T4) and half‐mulched furrow cropping (T5) planting patterns. Our results indicate that T3 increased the average bacteria/fungi (B/F) ratio by 253% compared to CK. On average, half‐mulched ridge cropping increased the bacteria population and aerobic Azotobacter by 9 and 19%, respectively, compared with CK. On average, T3 had the greatest inhibitory effect on fungi populations. Half‐mulched furrow cropping had the most anaerobic Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria. The study showed that FMRF increased soil bacteria, especially Azotobacter but reduced fungi and actinomycetes. Treatment T2 gave the greatest potato yield, followed by T4, whereas the greatest biomass yield was recorded in T4. Full‐mulch furrow cropping methods produced the greatest nutrient use efficiency. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of soil microbe and plant responses to plastic mulch and planting patterns under semi‐arid conditions.     

Interaction matters: Synergy between vermicompost and PGPR agents improves soil quality,crop quality and crop yield in the field

Organic amendments not only promote soil quality and plant performance directly but also facilitate the establishment of introduced microbial agents. A field experiment with a fully factorial design was conducted using three levels of vermicompost (without vermicompost, low dose of 15 Mg ha⁻¹ and high dose of 30 Mg ha⁻¹), with and without plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to investigate their effects in a tomato – by spinach rotation system. Our results demonstrated that applying PGPR alone had no effect on soil properties and crop performance. Vermicompost enhanced the beneficial effects of PGPR on both soil and crop, with the extent of promotion depending on the dose of vermicompost and crop types. In the presence of vermicompost, PGPR significantly (P < 0.05) reduced soil carbon and nitrogen but increased soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. PGPR also significantly increased the yield of tomato and spinach under the low dose of vermicompost, but only significantly increased tomato yield under the high dose of vermicompost. There were strongly synergistic effects between vermicompost and PGPR on crop quality, with crop nitrate concentration being significantly decreased, while the vitamin C in tomato and soluble protein in spinach was significantly increased. Our results revealed the high potential of integrating vermicompost and microbial agents to substitute for regular chemical fertilization practices.     

钾肥不同用量对马铃薯产量及品质的效应

以“克新一号”马铃薯品种为试验材料,研究了不同钾肥用量对马铃薯产量及其品质的影响。结果表明:钾可以促进马铃薯的营养生长,提高生物产量,促进地下块茎膨大,从而提高经济产量和商品率;但过量钾则表现为一定的负效应。适量钾可提高马铃薯淀粉含量,而Vc含量则呈下降趋势。     

立式深旋耕作对西北半干旱区马铃薯水肥利用和产量的影响

[目的]立式深旋耕作能提高土壤供水能力和促进作物根系发育,有利于作物对养分的吸收利用.[方法]在西北黄土高原半干旱区于2016-2018年布设马铃薯定位试验,设计立式深旋耕作40 cm(VRT)、深松40 cm(SS)和旋耕15 cm(TT)3个处理.在马铃薯播期、盛花期和收获期测定土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含...     

硝基复合肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同硝基肥品种对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在氮磷钾等量的条件下,施用硝硫基复合肥和硝氯基复合肥较氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥能明显地促进马铃薯生长发育,增加单薯重、单株重以及肥料利用率。与硝氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥和氯基复合肥处理相比,施用硝硫基复合肥处理的马铃薯增产率分别为2.96%~3.06%、5.19%~5.51%和10.05%~10.37%;同时能够改善马铃薯的果实品质,增加果实的淀粉、可溶性糖和Vc含量,是较为理想的复合肥。     

氮肥用量对襄阳地区马铃薯产量、品质和经济效益的影响

为明确湖北襄阳马铃薯适宜的氮肥用量,通过田间试验研究了氮肥用量对马铃薯块茎产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:N180处理的产量最高,达24 030.7 kg/hm2,施氮量超过180 kg/hm2时显著下降;马铃薯产量与氮肥用量符合一元二次方程y=-0.083 5N2+45.88N+17 333.9(F=38.40**,R2=0.865**),马铃薯最佳施氮量为261.7 kg/hm2。施氮量为180~360 kg/hm2时可显著促进地上部生长,提高商品薯率;且其淀粉、Vc和可溶性糖含量高于其他处理,而施氮量为540 kg/hm2时显著下降,达最小值;N360处理时蛋白质含量显著高于其它处理;块茎的硝酸盐含量与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关(R2=0.969**)。N90与N180处理的氮肥农学利用率较高,但两处理间无显著差异,而N180处理的纯增收入最高,为13 143.8元/hm2。建议襄阳地区马铃薯较适宜的氮肥用量为180~261.7 kg/hm2。     

Evaluation of White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) genotypes for arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization,leaf nutrient concentrations and tuber yield under NPK fertilizer application

Yield decline in yam may not only be due to soil nutrient depletion but also to the activity of soil microflora. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis helps in plant nutrition but may be affected by the application of fertilizer. The effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on the AM colonization, leaf nutrient concentrations, and tuber yields of eleven genotypes of Dioscorea rotundata were investigated at Ibadan, Nigeria. The soil was ferric luvisol. Eleven genotypes were selected from the previously conducted screening of 75 genotypes of D. rotundata for fertilizer response. Four application rates: 0, 200, 400, and 600 kg ha^?1 of NPK 15-15-15 were applied in a split plot design with four replications. Fertilizer rate was the main plot and variety was the sub plot. Percentage AM colonization was significantly reduced at 600 kg ha^?1 but not at lower rates when compared to zero rate and it was negatively correlated with leaf N, P, and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Leaf N concentrations were significantly increased at 200 kg ha^?1 in five genotypes and at 600 kg ha^?1 in two genotypes compared to zero application. Leaf P and K concentrations were decreased with the application of fertilizer in most of the genotypes. The NPK fertilizer of 15-15-15 at the rate of 200–400 kg ha^?1 gave yield response in eight genotypes of D. rotundata, with minimal or no effect on their AM colonization when compared to zero application. Long term study on the effect of fertilizer application on AM symbiosis in yam is recommended.     

Soil quality and other factors influencing maize yield in northern Ghana

Food security is a crucial issue in sub‐Saharan Africa as a consequence of unreliable rainfall, marginal soil fertility and a low level of inputs leading to declining crop yields. As a case study, we investigated the most important variables affecting maize yield in northern Ghana. We combined a soil quality index on a continuous scale with a social data set to model maize yield using linear multiple regression. Five significant variables have been identified (P < 0.05): soil quality index, fertilizer use, household size, distance from main market, and the interaction between fallow length and soil quality index. The effect of the interaction between soil quality and fallow on maize yield is negative, suggesting the influence of litter quality and N immobilization in the soils. Research and policy should focus on the development of site‐specific, legume‐based cropping, and the integration of crop and livestock farming in Northern Ghana and similar areas in sub‐Saharan Africa.     

生物有机肥对生姜生长及产量、品质的影响

试验结果表明，生物有机肥可以显著促进生姜植株的生长，使茎秆变粗，分枝数增多，茎叶生长量提高，产量增加。同等养分的生物有机肥与化肥配施处理生姜植株的茎粗、分枝数分别比纯施化肥处理增加13．6％和18．58％，茎、叶鲜重分别增加16．67％和32．52％，产量提高23．46％；等养分的普通有机肥与化肥配施处理的生姜长势也优于纯化肥处理，虽然其产量达60192kg/hm^2，较纯施化肥增加12．63％，但却比生物有机肥处理的生姜产量低8．77％。不仅如此，生物有机肥还可显著改善生姜品质，提高根茎干物质和挥发油等的含量，降低硝酸盐含量。     

钾锌锰配合施用对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

采用三因素二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法，研究了山西石灰性褐土上施用氯化钾、硫酸锌、硫酸锰对马铃薯产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明：钾、锌、锰肥的合理配合施用能使马铃薯产量明显提高，品质得到显著改善。在本试验条件下，马铃薯高产、优质高效的配方施肥方案是：氯化钾297．9～396．0kg／hm^2，硫酸锌69．70～109．1kg／hm^2，硫酸锰92．54～126．27kg／hm^2。钾、锌、锰肥配施可显著增加块茎中的淀粉、粗蛋白含量，降低NO3-N含量。     

不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响

以油研9号、10号为材料,研究不同氮肥施用水平对优质杂交油菜8个品质性状的影响,结果表明:氮肥对优质杂交油菜的含油率、芥酸、硫甙、种子蛋白质产生极显著的影响,对油酸影响不显著。对亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸的影响因品种而显著程度不同。含油率与施氮量间呈极显著的负相关,芥酸、花生烯酸与施氮量间呈极显著正相关,亚麻酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著正相关,硫甙、亚油酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著负相关,油酸与施氮量间呈不显著或显著正相关;各品质性状与施氮量间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关显著程度不同。各品质性状间含油率与硫甙呈极显著正相关,与种子蛋白质呈极显著负相关。芥酸与种子蛋白质、亚麻酸、花生烯酸间均呈极显著正相关。硫甙与种子蛋白质、花生烯酸呈极显著负相关,与亚油酸呈显著正相关。种子蛋白质与花生烯酸呈极显著正相关。其它品质性状间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关的显著程度不同。在本试验的土壤肥力条件和施氮水平范围内,获得最高产量和油产量的施氮量分别为210.kg/hm2和195.kg/hm2,且在获得高产时完全可保证油和饼粕的品质优良。