Diversity and abundance of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) in soil under 90-year potato monoculture in relation to crop rotation

The monoculture cropping system causes significant changes within the soil ecosystem, which constitutes a habitat for soil-dwelling springtails. Focusing on the response of soil fauna to 90 years of potato cultivation in monoculture the study investigates the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling springtails, considering changes in the soil environment in relation to five-crop rotation. Another point was the soil quality evaluation using Collembola as bioindicators (QBS-c index). A long-term monoculture experiment was established in Poland in 1923 and has continued uninterruptedly to the present time. Soil samples were taken over a period of three years (2011–2013) to determine collembolan abundance and composition, as well as physical and chemical soil properties.

The study demonstrated that there were greater numbers of Collembola in the long-term monoculture of potatoes, especially before planting time, compared to numbers in a five-field crop rotation. At the same time apparently greater species diversity was found in potato culture within crop rotation. The biological indicator of soil quality based on the occurrence of springtails (QBS-c) has proved useful in assessing changes in soil caused by agrotechnical activities. This index indicated better biological soil quality in the five-field rotation system compared to monoculture.     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

红壤调理剂的改土培肥及作物增产研究

在南方红壤地区,土壤酸化加剧、养分贫瘠化严重,研发红壤改良的技术和物化产品,对作物均衡增产和红壤可持续利用有重要意义。红壤旱地连续3年定位种植油菜-花生,花生品种为赣花5号,油菜品种为丰油730。调理剂为自行研制的专利产品,已经实现了产业化。研究了红壤调理剂对土壤微结构、物理性状、养分和pH值的影响,并对花生、油菜的产量进行了分析。结果表明:1)施用调理剂后,从微观结构来看,红壤的致密性降低、孔隙度增加,土壤颗粒直径4μm;2)施用调理剂的土壤容重显著降低,孔隙度增加到59%以上,大颗粒水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量增加幅度为1.6%~14.0%,分形维数显著降低,并且与0.25mm粒径的团粒结构含量间呈极显著线性相关;3)施用调理剂的土壤电导率、有机碳、矿质态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均提高,提高幅度在4.3%~143.7%之间;4)施用调理剂还降低了红壤的酸性,pH值从对照处理的5.28提高到5.82,差异显著;5)施用调理剂,花生和油菜增产幅度分别在13.1%~24.8%、10.3%~21.6%之间;6)应用笔者研制的红壤调理剂,可有效改善红壤旱地的理化性质,提高油菜和花生产量,其用量在2 250~3 000 kg/hm~2时较佳。     

A minimum data set for soil quality assessment of wheat and maize cropping in the highlands of Mexico

The objective was to establish a minimum soil quality dataset for a long-term tillage, residue management and rotation trial for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production systems. Based on this soil quality evaluation, sustainable management practices could be selected for transferring technologies to farmers in the region. A long-term experiment was conducted with 16 different crop management practices varying in: (1) rotation (continuous maize or wheat and both phases of the rotation of maize and wheat), (2) tillage (conventional and zero) and (3) crop residue management (full retention or removal for fodder). Superior soil quality was considered to represent the maintenance of high productivity without significant soil or environmental degradation. The pertinent, minimum soil quality data set included the following physical indicators: time-to-pond, aggregate stability, permanent wilting point, and topsoil penetration resistance. Chemical indicators were: soil C, N, K and Zn concentrations, measured in the 0–5 cm topsoil and C, N concentration in 5–20 cm. Multivariate analysis grouped the treatments into clusters: (1) zero tillage with retention of residue, (2) zero tillage with residue removal and (3) conventional tillage. Zero tillage combined with crop residue retention improved chemical and physical conditions of the soil. In contrast, zero tillage with removal of residues, led to high accumulation of Mn in the topsoil, low aggregate stability, high penetration resistance, surface slaking resulting in low time-to-pond values and high runoff. Finally, soil quality under conventional tillage was intermediate (irrespective of residue management), especially reflected in the physical status of the soil. The results provide a strong justification to promote zero tillage technology combined with appropriate residue management to farmers in the volcanic highlands of Central Mexico and other similar regions. The minimum data set and associated tools for careful monitoring and observation, will be essential for evaluating soil quality in farmer's fields.     

不同施肥制度对作物产量及土壤磷素肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上连续进行18年的定位试验, 研究了不同施肥制度对作物产量和土壤磷素肥力的影响.结果表明: 与对照处理相比, 施用磷肥有明显的增产和稳产作用.不施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支赤字, 土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显下降, 且土壤磷收支的盈亏值与土壤速效磷的增减量呈显著直线相关; 施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支盈余, 18年间耕层土壤全磷含量均明显提高, 提高幅度为0.02～0.04 g·kg-1, 土壤速效磷含量亦明显增加, 特别是在试验的后几年, 土壤速效磷含量似有加速上升的趋势.施氮肥对玉米有明显增产作用, 施磷钾肥对玉米增产作用不明显; 大豆则相反, 施氮肥增产作用不明显, 施磷钾肥有显著增产作用.     

热带农业生态系统土壤肥力与植物养分综合管理研究进展

The greatest challenge for tropical agriculture is land degradation and reduction in soil fertility for sustainable crop and livestock production.Associated problems include soil erosion,nutrient mining,competition for biomass for multiple uses,limited application of inorganic fertilizers,and limited capacity of farmers to recognize the decline in soil quality and its consequences on productivity.Integrated soil fertility management(ISFM) is an approach to improve crop yields,while preserving sustainable and long-term soil fertility through the combined judicious use of fertilizers,recycled organic resources,responsive crop varieties,and improved agronomic practices,which minimize nutrient losses and improve the nutrient-use efficiency of crops.Soil fertility and nutrient management studies in Ethiopia under on-station and on-farm conditions showed that the combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly increased crop yields compared to either alone in tropical agro-ecosystems.Yield benefits were more apparent when fertilizer application was accompanied by crop rotation,green manuring,or crop residue management.The combination of manure and NP fertilizer could increase wheat and faba bean grain yields by 50%–100%,whereas crop rotation with grain legumes could increase cereal grain yields by up to 200%.Although organic residues are key inputs for soil fertility management,about 85% of these residues is used for livestock feed and energy;thus,there is a need for increasing crop biomass.The main incentive for farmers to adopt ISFM practices is economic benefits.The success of ISFM also depends on research and development institutions to provide technical support,technology adoption,information dissemination,and creation of market incentives for farmers in tropical agro-ecosystems.     

Tillage effects on soil properties and maize productivity in western Turkey

Information regarding the evaluation of long-term tillage effects on soil properties and summer maize growth after winter vetch in western Turkey is not available. Therefore, this study was conducted for 5 years with three types of tillage including conventional (mouldboard plough) and conservation (rototiller and chisel). Results indicated that tillage had no significant effect on penetration resistance, except at the bottom of 20 cm soil depth where it was higher in mouldboard plough than in rototiller and chisel. Bulk density in the topsoil of 10 cm decreased with the degree of soil manipulation during tillage practices. Rototiller caused significantly higher root, leaf and stems biomass and plant height than the other systems. The root dry weight was higher in the topsoil of 10 cm than at the bottom of this soil depth for all systems. The highest root dry weight was found in fourth year of chisel, but the lowest was recorded in the same year of plough, especially at the bottom of 20 cm due to higher penetration. Rototiller improved soil properties and maize growth compared to other systems in 2 of 5 years. We concluded that using rototiller for maize after winter vetch will be more effective compared with other systems.     

贵州喀斯特山区旱地绿肥聚垅秸秆还土的培肥增产效应研究

在贵州喀斯特山区黄壤和石灰土上进行定位试验 .研究结果表明 ,绿肥聚垅、秸秆还土和绿肥聚垅 +秸秆还土均能在一定程度上提高土壤有机质及养分含量 ,改善土壤物理性状 ,提高土壤肥力 ;促进作物 (特别是玉米 )生长发育 ,改善作物经济性状 ,提高产量 ,各处理的年平均粮食复合产量比对照增加36 .3～ 1 1 7.0kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,增加 5.6 8%～ 2 0 .97% .其培肥增产作用明显     

Stone bunds for soil conservation in the northern Ethiopian highlands: Impacts on soil fertility and crop yield

In the Ethiopian highlands, large-scale stone bund building programs are implemented to curb severe soil erosion. Development of soil fertility gradients is often mentioned as the major drawback of stone bund implementation, as it would result in a dramatic lowering of crop yield. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to assess soil fertility gradients on progressive terraces and their influence on crop yield, in order to evaluate the long-term sustainability of stone bunds in the Ethiopian Highlands.

The study was performed near Hagere Selam, Tigray and comprises (i) measurement of P_av, N_tot and C_org along the slope on 20 representative plots and (ii) crop response measurement on 143 plots. Results indicate that levels of P_av, N_tot and C_org in the plough layer are highly variable between plots and mainly determined by small-scale soil and environmental features, plot history and management. After correcting for this “plot effect” a significant relationship (p < 0.01) was found between the position in the plot relative to the stone bund and levels of P_av and N_tot, which are higher near the lower stone bund, especially on limestone parent material. For C_org and on basalt-derived soils in general no significant relationship was found. Although soil fertility gradients are present, they are not problematic and can be compensated by adapted soil management. Only in areas where a Calcaric or Calcic horizon is present at shallow depth, care should be taken. Crop Yields increased by 7% compared to the situation without stone bunds, if a land occupation of 8% by the structures is accounted for. Yield increased from 632 to 683 kg ha⁻¹ for cereals, from 501 to 556 kg ha⁻¹ (11%) for Eragrostis tef and from 335 to 351 kg ha⁻¹ for Cicer arietinum.

No negative effects reducing stone-bund sustainability were found in this study. Soil erosion on the other hand, poses a major threat to agricultural productivity. Stone bund implementation therefore is of vital importance in fighting desertification and establishing sustainable agriculture in the Ethiopian highlands.     

土壤地力和长期施肥对潮土区小麦和玉米产量演变趋势的影响

为潮土区合理施肥管理提供依据,对32个长期定位点、24年（1987～2010）不施肥和化肥配施秸秆（农民常规施肥）处理的小麦和玉米产量及其与土壤地力和施肥量间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:潮土区土壤地力对小麦和玉米产量的平均贡献率分别为51.4%和54.0%,变异系数分别为39.0%和41.2%。不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量每年分别下降4.1 kg/hm2和96.6 kg/hm2;常规施肥处理的小麦和玉米每年分别增产61.5 kg/hm2和26.8 kg/hm2。施化肥量与作物增产量（常规施肥产量－不施肥产量）呈显著正相关。通过通径分析进一步证明,施氮量对小麦产量具有显著直接作用。同时,磷肥对提高小麦和玉米的产量具有重要作用。总之,在农民习惯耕作施肥管理水平下,潮土区不施肥处理的产量下降缓慢（含品种对产量的贡献）,常规施肥区产量表现出缓慢增加的趋势。     

Assessment of cowpea and groundnut contributions to soil fertility and succeeding sorghum yields in the Guinean savannah zone of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Atmospheric biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) was evaluated using a 2-year (2000–2001) experiment with different fertilizer treatments. The ¹⁵N isotopic dilution method with a nonfixing cowpea as test reference crop was used. The effects of the two legumes on soil N availability and succeeding sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yields were measured. Groundnut was found to fix 8 to 23 kg N ha-1 and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere varied from 27 to 34%. Cowpea fixed 50 to 115 kg N ha⁻¹ and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere varied from 52 to 56%. Compared to mineral NPK fertilizer alone, legumes fixed more N from the atmosphere when dolomite or manure was associated with mineral fertilizers. Compared to soluble phosphate, phosphate rock increased BNF by cowpea. Significant correlation (p<0.05, R ²=0.94) was observed between total N yields of legumes and total N derived from the atmosphere. Compared to monocropping of sorghum, the soils of cowpea–sorghum and groundnut–sorghum rotations increased soil mineral N from 15 and 22 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. Cowpea–sorghum and groundnut–sorghum rotations doubled N uptake and increased succeeding sorghum yields by 290 and 310%, respectively. Results suggested that, despite their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, N containing fertilizers (NPK) are recommended for the two legumes. The applications of NPK associated with dolomite or cattle manure or NK fertilizer associated with phosphate rock were the better recommendations that improved BNF, legumes, and succeeding sorghum yields.     

褐土耕地肥力质量与作物产量的变化及影响因素分析

对26个20多年长期定位试验的褐土土壤肥力质量和产量变化进行了分析。结果表明,从1986年到2006年,褐土区土壤有机质含量由11.50 g/kg上升到15.75 g/kg; 全氮由0.73 g/kg上升到1.07 g/kg; 碱解氮含量由73.5 mg/kg 上升到94.6 mg/kg,20年增加了21.1 mg/kg; 有效磷含量1998～2006年增加幅度较大,由18.1 mg/kg上升到28.7 mg/kg,年增加1.3 mg/kg; 速效钾含量也随时间呈一定的增加趋势。总之,褐土肥力总体呈稳中有升的趋势。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量的上升趋势较土壤速效钾明显,土壤酸碱度保持基本稳定,作物产量也呈现了一定上升趋势。     

玉米秸秆炭还田对黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响

【目的】探索玉米秸秆炭对东北黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响,可为东北玉米集约化生产区秸秆资源利用和培肥土壤提供理论和实际应用基础。【方法】本研究以东北典型黑土区春玉米种植体系为研究对象,通过连续两年的田间原位试验,研究了添加500℃厌氧条件热解的玉米秸秆炭对土壤养分含量、 微生物和酶活性的影响及玉米秸秆炭对作物产量和氮素农学效应的影响。试验设三个处理: 1)PK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田(CK); 2)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田; 3)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田+2 t/hm2秸秆生产秸秆碳,在玉米成熟期取020 cm土壤样品和植株样品,采用常规方法进行相关项目的测定。【结果】 1)土壤养分分析结果。与秸秆还田相比,秸秆炭处理在2013和2014年土壤碱解氮含量(AN)分别提高了10.1%和9.7%,均达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤速效磷含量(AP)分别提高了13.7%和27.3%,在2014年达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤微生物量碳含量(SMBC)分别提高了13.5%和26.9%,土壤脲酶活性(URE)分别提高了22.3%和31.8%,2014年SMBC和URE升高均达显著(P0.05)。秸秆炭对土壤有机质(OM)、 全氮(TN)、 速效钾(AK)、 土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)和蔗糖酶活性(SUC)的提升效果在两年试验中均没有达到显著水平, 2)氮素农学效应影响结果。与处理2相比,处理3肥料氮偏因子生产力(PFPN)分别提高了3.3%和9.6%,肥料氮经济效益(EBN)分别提高了12.9%和27.5%,均在2014年表现出显著提高(P0.05); 而两年间处理3的玉米产量分别提高3.3%和9.5%、 肥料氮利用率(UEN)分别提高了3.9%和14.0%、 肥料氮农学效率(AEN)分别提高了11.6%和23.9%,但均未达显著水平。【结论】2年试验初步表明施用玉米秸秆炭可以提高土壤微生物活性和土壤酶活性,调节土壤与作物之间的养分供需,改善土壤养分状况,对提升氮素农学效应有作用。因此,玉米秸秆炭可作为秸秆资源高效利用的有效形式,其长期效果还需进一步试验。     

Influence of agricultural traffic and crop management on collembola and microbial biomass in arable soil

Collembola and microbial biomass C were investigated in a field experiment with controlled agricultural traffic and crop rotation over a period of 27 months. The wheel-induced compactive efforts were applied according to management practices within the crop rotation of sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley. Increasing wheel traffic produced increasing soil compaction, mainly due to a reduction in surface soil porosity. Increasing soil compaction was accompanied by a decrease in microbial biomass C and the density of collembola. The influence of soil compaction on microbial biomass C was smaller than that of the standing crop. However, for collembola, especially euedaphic species, a reduction in pore space appeared to be of more importance than the effects of a standing crop. Within the crop rotation, microbial biomass C and the density of collembola increased in the order sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley.     

不同秸秆还土方式对旱地土壤培肥和玉米产量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了秸秆还土方式对旱地土壤培肥和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆翻压与覆盖均有明显培肥土壤,提高玉米产量的作用,但两种还土方式之间的差异不明显。     

耕作侵蚀及其对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究进展

在坡耕地景观内,由于农耕工具和重力作用而引起的耕作位移使土壤发生向下坡运动或向上坡运动(依赖于耕作方向),导致净余土壤量向下坡传输、堆积,重新分配,从而形成耕作侵蚀。试验研究表明耕作侵蚀是坡耕地的主要侵蚀形式之一,耕作侵蚀发生最严重的区域是坡度较大、坡体短的坡耕地。该文就耕作侵蚀的概念、发生机理、典型的耕作侵蚀模型的发展,以及耕作侵蚀对土壤肥力和作物产量影响的研究现状作了简要论述,特别总结了针对中国的地貌和耕作工具特征而进行的耕作侵蚀的研究成果。指出在一定的景观范围内,耕作侵蚀是十分严重的,甚至其严重程度已经超过了水蚀。但是相对于水蚀而言,耕作侵蚀研究还很少,因此加强耕作侵蚀的研究是十分必要的。只有这样才能正确评价农耕地侵蚀状况,准确制定土壤保持措施和采用减少耕作侵蚀力的耕作工具,从而有效地控制土壤侵蚀。     

我国南方秸秆还田的培肥增产效应

分别在安徽、湖南、湖北、广西和江苏布置定位试验2年,研究秸秆还田对水稻土的培肥增产效应。结果表明,相比对照(常规施肥,无秸秆还田),秸秆还田(常规施肥+秸秆腐熟剂+秸秆还田)2年来,各试验区域土壤结构疏松,肥力提高,产量增加。总体表现为:土壤容重平均下降2.69%;有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾和缓效钾分别平均增加6.20%、4.45%、3.68%、6.21%、3.48%、8.42%和4.20%;pH值变化不明显;作物平均增产7.5%(2.2%～18.5%),增幅为水稻(7.2%)<油菜(8.1%)<小麦(11.9%),增产效应均为第1年最明显,且随秸秆还田年限的延续而减缓。在我国应更大面积推广秸秆还田。     

小麦/玉米免耕处理对产量及土壤水分和风蚀的影响

通过3年田间定位试验,研究在小麦、玉米间作条件下,免耕高留茬、免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖+播前耙地、传统耕作4种耕作处理对小麦/玉米产量、土壤含水率、土壤风蚀的影响.结果表明:1)免耕处理小麦玉米间作混合产量比传统耕作产量增产2.6％～6.6％,其中玉米产量比传统耕作处理增产8.6％ ～ 13.2％,小麦产量比传统耕作降低5.2％～8.8％;2)免耕处理可增加耕作层土壤蓄水量13.4％～15.9％,降低土壤风蚀量55.6％～100.0％.说明小麦秸秆高茬收割覆盖、玉米秸秆立地过冬的间作免耕技术可在甘肃河西、沿黄地区及国内同类型的小麦玉米间作地区进行示范推广.     

Long‐term effects of tillage,nutrient application and crop rotation on soil organic matter quality assessed by NMR spectroscopy

Crop and land management practices affect both the quality and quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) and hence are driving forces for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The objective of this study was to assess the long‐term effects of tillage, fertilizer application and crop rotation on SOC in an agricultural area of southern Norway, where a soil fertility and crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1953 and a second experiment on tillage practices was initiated in 1983. The first experiment comprised 6‐yr crop rotations with cereals only and 2‐yr cereal and 4‐yr grass rotations with recommended (base) and more than the recommended (above base) fertilizer application rates; the second experiment dealt with autumn‐ploughed (conventional‐till) plots and direct‐drilled plots (no‐till). Soil samples at 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths were collected in autumn 2009 and analysed for their C and N contents. The quality of SOM in the top layer was determined by ¹³C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The SOC stock did not differ significantly because of rotation or fertilizer application types, even after 56 yr. However, the no‐till system showed a significantly higher SOC stock than the conventional‐till system at the 0–10 cm depth after the 26 yr of experiment, but it was not significantly different at the 10–30 cm depth. In terms of quality, SOM was found to differ by tillage type, rate of fertilizer application and crop rotation. The no‐till system showed an abundance of O‐alkyl C, while conventional‐till system indicated an apparently indirect enrichment in alkyl C, suggesting a more advanced stage of SOM decomposition. The long‐term quantitative and qualitative effects on SOM suggest that adopting a no‐tillage system and including grass in crop rotation and farmyard manure in fertilizer application may contribute to preserve soil fertility and mitigate climate change.     

有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

以24年(19812～004年)的肥料长期定位试验为基础,分析探讨了有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。研究结果表明,除增施秸秆外,增施化肥也能提高土壤有机质的含量,但同时增施化肥和秸秆更有利于土壤有机质的积累。在提高有机质复合量方面,施用化肥的效果好于施用秸秆,而有机-无机肥结合效果较单一施用秸秆或化肥都要高;随秸秆或化肥施用量的增加有机质的复合度逐渐降低,但有机-无机肥结合施用可以提高有机质的复合度。有机-无机结合有利于改善土壤的物理性状,降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤田间持水量和饱和含水量,增加了土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙。单施秸秆肥和单施化肥均有显著的增产效应,而化肥的增产幅度远远大于秸秆肥,有机-无机结合的增产幅度在同等施肥量下较单独施用秸秆或化肥的产量都要高。结果表明,有机-无机结合较单一施用秸秆肥或化肥能更有效地提高潮土的土壤肥力,提高作物产量。