Integration of ANP and Fuzzy set techniques for land suitability assessment based on remote sensing and GIS for irrigated maize cultivation

Land suitability assessment can inform decisions on land uses suitable for maximizing crop yield while making best use, but not impairing the ability of natural resources such as soil to support growth. We assessed the suitability of maize to be produce in 12,000 ha land of Dasht-e-Moghan region of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. Suitability criteria included soil depth, gypsum (%), CaCO₃ (%), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), slope (%) and climate data. We modified and developed a novel set of techniques to assess suitability: fuzzy set theory, analytic network process (ANP), remote sensing and GIS. A map of suitability was compared a map created using a traditional suitability technique, the square root method. The coefficient of determination between the land suitability index and observed maize yield for square root and ANP-fuzzy methods was 0.747 and 0.919, respectively. Owing to greater flexibility to represent different data sources and derive weightings for meaningful land suitability classes, the ANP-fuzzy method was a superior method to represent land suitability classes than the square root method.     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

山东省土地适宜性空间分析及其优化配置研究

基于山东省自然、社会、经济统计资料及图形资料,运用GIS地理空间分析方法,对山东省土地适宜性进行评价,同时对区域土地资源自然质量指数、土地资源综合适宜度、相对适宜度进行研究。通过对适宜评价图和利用现状图的空间叠加,计算、分析了待调整土地资源的多度及重要值。以土地资源空间分析为基础,多度、重要值为依据,进行土地资源空间优化配置。结果表明,优化后农用地减少10994.82 hm²,林牧用地增加13083.56 hm²,未利用地减少1438.83 hm²。     

Purification and characterization of a mannan-binding lectin specifically expressed in corms of saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.)

Despite the economical interest of Crocus sativus, its biochemistry has been poorly studied. Herein, we have isolated a lectin present in saffron corm by gel-filtration, anion-exchange, and reversed-phase chromatography. One- and two-dimensional PAGE, MALDI-MS, and N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses indicated that the native protein forms noncovalently linked aggregates of about 80 kDa apparent molecular mass, mainly composed of two charged heterogeneous (pI's, 6.69-6.93) basic subunits of approximately 12 kDa. Their N-terminal sequences shared 25% similarity and were homologous to the N- and C-terminal domains of monocotyledonous mannose-binding lectins, respectively. An additional polypeptide of around 28 kDa apparent molecular mass was also detected, probably corresponding to a precursor processed into two mature subunits. In addition, the N-terminal domain subunit exhibited 56% similarity with curculin, a sweet protein with taste-modifying activity. The native lectin specifically interacts with a yeast mannan and is a major corm protein specifically expressed in this organ.     

Rapid determination of crocetin esters and picrocrocin from saffron spice (Crocus sativus L.) using UV-visible spectrophotometry for quality control

The aim of this work was the development of multivariate models able to determine the content of the main crocetin esters and picrocrocin from spectrophotometric data that could be used for routine quality control of saffron. These compounds were determined with HPLC in Spanish saffron, and their absorbance spectra from 190 to 700 nm were simultaneously monitored. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models have been obtained and applied to the determination of individual crocetin esters, to the sum of crocetin esters, and to picrocrocin. A modification of the Kennard-Stone algorithm was used to divide the pool of samples into calibration and validation subsets. The best predictions were obtained with the sum of crocetin esters model, followed by the model for cis-crocetin (beta- D-glucosyl)-(beta- D-gentiobiosyl) ester, trans-crocetin di-(beta- D-gentiobiosyl) ester, and trans-crocetin (beta- D-glucosyl)-(beta- D-gentiobiosyl) ester, whereas the worst predictions were found with the picrocrocin and trans-crocetin (beta- D-gentiobiosyl) ester models. These models may enhance quality control in saffron enterprises.     

基于AHP和GIS的广西秋旱灾害风险等级评估

为增强对广西秋季干旱灾害的风险评估和应急管理能力,该文利用气象、基础地理信息和社会经济数据,从广西省秋旱灾害致灾因子的危险度、孕灾环境的脆弱度、干旱承灾体的易损度和抗灾能力等4个方面选取因子,构建秋旱灾害风险评估的指标体系,通过层次分析法确定因子权重,以此构建评估模型并计算广西秋旱灾害风险指数,再基于GIS绘制广西秋旱灾害风险等级分布图。结果表明,高风险区主要分布在桂中盆地和桂西部分山区;较低风险区主要分布在桂西北和桂北的山区,桂南沿海和桂东南部分地区。利用广西干旱灾情数据验证表明,广西秋旱灾害风险等级分布结果与干旱灾情损失空间分布情况基本一致。该研究为灾害风险管理和灾前防御提供决策依据。     

云南山区宜耕未利用地开发适宜性评价与潜力分区

为更好地引导云南山区宜耕未利用地的开发,该文以云南省典型的山区县―弥渡县为例,将GIS（geographical information system,GIS）空间分析技术、层次分析法（analytical hierarchy process,AHP）及特尔菲法（Delphi）相结合,分别构建宜耕未利用地开发适宜性评价模型、新增耕地指数及补充耕地潜力模型、宜耕未利用地开发潜力分区评价模型,对云南山区宜耕未利用地开发适宜性与潜力分区进行了分析。结果表明,研究区宜耕未利用地开发适宜性分为4个等级：最适宜、中等适宜、勉强适宜、不适宜,面积分别为71.21、1177.39、1681.00和62.00 hm2,分别占研究区总面积的2.38%、39.36%、56.19%、2.07%。研究区宜耕未利用地实际开发潜力为1248.60 hm2,预计新增耕地面积977.45 hm2。潜力分区结果表明,研究区可划分为5个潜力区和1个非潜力区。其中,Ⅰ级潜力区实际开发潜力164.97 hm2,可新增耕地144.21 hm2;Ⅱ级潜力区实际开发潜力53.38 hm2,可新增耕地46.66 hm2;Ⅲ级潜力区实际开发潜力210.64 hm2,可新增耕地164.01 hm2;Ⅳ级潜力区实际开发潜力773.93 hm2,可新增耕地590.11 hm2;Ⅴ级潜力区实际开发潜力45.68 hm2,可新增耕地32.46 hm2。研究结果的应用表明,该种方法得出的适宜性评价结果、新增耕地测算结果及潜力分区结果与当地实际较为吻合。     

基于GIS和改进灰色关联模型的土壤肥力评价

运用在山东省禹城市开展的系统土壤调查采样和室内化验分析获得的土壤肥力各要素数据信息基础上,在GIS技术支持下,综合利用采样点肥力要素和空间信息数据,通过运用层次分析法、模糊评价等方法改进灰色关联模型,实现了土壤肥力综合评价定量化、自动化。评价获取了研究区土壤肥力等级面积及其分布信息,与实地调查分析结果相符,表明运用该技术方法对土壤肥力评价的可行性和科学性。该法开展的肥力评价对土壤资源的科学管理和可持续利用具有积极意义,并可为研究区提升土壤质量提供科学参考。     

江西省农用地分等信息系统设计与开发

开发农用地分等信息系统旨在对空间信息和属性信息进行统一管理，提高农用地分等的科学化和自动化水平。该文运用组件式地理信息系统(GIS)和计算机技术，利用MapObjects和Visual C++，研制开发了江西省农用地分等信息系统(LandFD)。通过在江西省分宜县农用地分等中的应用表明，该系统符合规程要求，运行可靠，可以大大提高农地分等工作效率。     

西藏高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型

生境胁迫条件下高寒河谷不同类型沙地植被恢复潜力定量评价,是开展青藏高原退化沙化生态系统植被恢复急需解决的瓶颈问题和决策依据。笔者选择河滩流动沙地、河岸流动沙地和山坡流动沙地3种类型试验样地作为研究对象,结合不同类型沙地的植被演替阶段划分和生境特点,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法,通过构建植被恢复潜力评价指标与标准体系,建立了高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型。结合2008-2014年的植被恢复试验结果,验证与探讨了该模型的评价精度与适用性。结果表明,山坡流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为强,河滩流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较强,河岸流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较弱。气象条件、地形条件和土壤状况决定了生境胁迫条件下植被恢复具备的先天条件,恢复措施则决定了其具备的后天条件。通过强有力的人工促进植被恢复措施即可直接提高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力,亦可间接改变土壤状况,从而提升植被恢复效果。     

Land evaluation and conservation of semiarid agrosystems in Zaragoza (ne Spain) using an expert evaluation system and GIS

In the area around Zaragoza, agrosystems are very fragile. Water is the main limiting factor for cultivation. Annual rainfall does not exceed 350mm, and the occurrence of convective storms with short and intense periods of very heavy rainfall greatly increases the danger of water erosion. Also, the mostly squeletic soils in this sparsely vegetated area are prone to erosion. In this semiarid environment, soil essentially constitutes a non-renewable resource, and therefore conservation of these agrosystems is an important issue and a serious environmental concern. Effective land management and soil conservation strategies require a variety of information and maps. In this paper, an expert land evaluation system (MicroLEIS) along with a geographic information system (IDRISI) are used to develop a computerized spatial database in order to suggest suitable land management strategies for environment conservation.     

Analysis of regulation site and manner of abundant nodulation in a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar,kitantusunte, using grafting techniques

To characterize the regulation site and manner of the abundant nodulation in the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Kitamusume, three grafting eperiments were carried out as follows: reciprocal wedge grafting and inter-cultivar approach grafting between Kitamusume and a normal nodulating cultivar, Toyosuzu, as well as wedge grafting of scions of the supernodulating mutant En6500 onto either Kitamusume or Toyosuzu rootstock. In the reciprocal wedge grafting, the number of nodules per shoot dry weight and average weight per nodule in the grafted plants were consistent with those exhibited by the genotype of their rootstocks. Approach grafting did not affect the number of nodules per shoot dry weight on either side of the inter-cultivar approachgrafted plant. Although grafting of the mutant scion resulted in the loss of the autoregulatory response from the roots of both cultivars, difference in the number of nodules per g shoot dry weight still remained between the two cultivars. These results suggested that the abundant nodulation in Kitamusume is controlled by the root in a non-systemic manner and is independent of the autoregulation mechanism.     

Estimation of a reliable evapotranspiration model and crop coefficient in red gram ( Cajanus cajan L .) for semi-arid environments in India

The study aims to compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by six standard methods such as Penman Monteith, Modified Penman, Hargreaves, Radiation Balance, Blaney Criddle and Pan Evaporation by using the meteorological data of the All India Coordinated Research Project on Water Management at Rahuri, India (long. 74° 18′, lat. 19° 45′). These methods were compared with lysimeter crop evapotranspiration (ETc) by statistical tools. The results revealed that the total lysimeter ETc of red gram in 132 days' growing period (sowing to harvest) was 494?mm and the ETo in the above-mentioned models were 485.2, 486.9, 544.6, 547.6, 563.9 and 485.2?mm, respectively. Out of six models, ETo of Modified Penman and Pan Evaporation methods were very much close to lysimeter ETc, but the coefficient of variation was very high, i.e., 43.05% and 23.91%, respectively. But in the Hargreaves and Blaney Criddle methods, the coefficient of variation was low, i.e., 15.97% and 12.6%, respectively. Besides low coefficient of variation, these two methods require limited meteorological parameters such as minimum and maximum temperature, radiation. For generating these parameters even at regional level, minimum expenditure is involved. The crop coefficient (Kc) estimated by Hargreaves (Kc 0.90) and the Blaney Criddle (0.87) model for the entire growing season was very much close to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 56 model, and this can be used for estimating the irrigation requirement of red gram.