Influence of irrigation and growth stage on element concentrations of soybean plant parts

Abstract

A three‐year field study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation on the nutrition of the “Lee 74” cultivar, a determinate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The objectives were to measure seasonal concentrations of N, K, Ca, and Mg in steins, leaves, and pods for soybeans grown on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) and a Kobel clay (Vertic Fluvaquent) under irrigated and nonirrigated moisture regimes. Fluctuations in element concentrations in relation to plant growth stage for irrigated and nonirrigated leaves and stems were modeled using multivariate regression. Elements in the pods as effected by irrigation and growth stage were also compared.

During 1974, a wet year, element concentrations of the leaves, stems, and pods were unaffected by irrigation. In the dry years of 1975 and 1976, significant differences in the concentration of N, K, Ca, and Mg in the plant component parts were found due to irrigation. Generally, element concentrations of stems, leaves, and pods of irrigated plants were greater than those of water‐stressed stems, leaves, and pods at several growth stages. Element concentrations in stems and leaves that were significantly affected by irrigation also were reflected in the pods, Regression models generally accounted for the majority of the seasonal element variation. Irrigation improved the predictability of the K and Ca regression models.     

Comparative studies of the changes in enzymatic activities in hardy and less hardy cultivars of winter wheat in late fall and in winter under snow

Abstract

The synthetic activity of protein and changes in the activity profiles of enzymes during cold acclimation were studied in leaves, stems, and crowns of a hardy winter wheat cultivar ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Horoshirikomugi) and a less hardy winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norin 61). The results showed that one of the genetic differences between the two cuitivars is found in the activities of protein synthesis under low temperatures. The profiles of the changes in enzymatic activities showed that the adjustment of enzymatic activities was a tissue-specific event to accommodate environmental changes. The synthesis of the enzymes involved in a peroxide scavenging system such as hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, and so on started at the acclimation stage, while the phosphoglucose isomerase, which appears to be a maintenance-type enzyme in the wintering wheat, showed a small increase in the activity at later stages of acclimation period in their stems of both cuitivars. When the field was covered with snow, the catalase activity in the leaves started to decrease abruptly, while catalase activities in the stems and crowns did not exhibit appreciable changes during the life under snow. The life-cycle dependent changes in enzymatic activities appear to occur in late March or early April under snow.     

Boron deficiency symptoms and dry matter production of sesame under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Boron (B) deficiency symptoms, dry matter production, and B critical values in sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Boron deficiency showed a yellowing of plant tops and of the youngest leaves. Upper leaves became dark green, coriaceous, with edges curved down. Boron‐deficiency symptoms was related to 21 μg B/g in the 30‐day‐old youngest fully expanded leaf. Dry matter production of leaves, stems, pods, and roots were severely decreased when B in the leaf tissue was below 21 μg/g; however seed dry weight and seed oil content were associated to less than 39 μg/g of B in the leaf tissue.     

Nutrient Distribution and Stem Length in Flowering Stems of Protea Plants

A study of nutrient distribution in the flowering stem of proteas was carried out in commercial protea plantations of each of the cultivars ‘Scarlett Ribbon’, ‘High Gold’, ‘Veldfire’, and ‘Sunrise’ of Leucospermum cordifolium, and of the species L. patersonii located in a subtropical zone (La Palma Island, Canarian Archipelago). Flowering stems were cut into different parts: flower bud, leaves from half proximal stem to the flower bud, leaves from half distal stem to the flower bud, half proximal stem to the flower bud, and half distal stem to the flower bud. Nutrient content of the different parts of the flowering stems of the cultivar and the species gave significant differences in some cases, depending on the nutrient and the cultivar. Occasional dissimilarities among the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were determined in comparisons among half proximal stems and half distal stems, independent of the cultivar. The same trend was observed when nutrient contents of the leaves from the half distal and the half proximal stems were compared. Phosphorus exhibited the lowest concentrations of all macronutrients in the different organs. Flower buds presented the smallest levels of macro-and micronutrients, while the leaves of the half distal and half proximal stems showed the highest values. The influence of nutrients of leaves from the half proximal stems on the stems length varied among cultivars.     

Comparison of Growth,Pod Distribution and Canopy Structure of Old and New Cultivars of Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.)

Growth, canopy structure and yield components of four selected spring-type cultivars of oilseed rape (Derby, Cyclone, Gulle and Christa) were studied in a field experiment conducted in 1993. Growth analysis was carried out by taking six samples at two-weekly intervals. Area indices of leaves, stems and pods as well as dry matter of plant components were measured. The cultivars showed two different patterns of development and were classified into two groups: old and new cultivars. The first group (Derby and Cyclone) was characterized by short plants, bearing more branches that started branching earlier and on a low position on the stem, while the second group (Gulle and Christa) were characterized by tall plants with thick stems and few branches, starting higher on the stem. Yield could not be directly related to differences in the canopy structure between old and new types. The highest yielding cultivar (Cyclone) belonged to the new category, but the second highest yielding cultivar (Gulle) was of the old type. The study of canopy structure revealed that the pods were distributed evenly on the uppermost branches of the cultivar Cyclone, while for the other cultivars most of the pods were on the main stem, especially in cultivars Gulle and Christa (old group). The cultivars differed significantly in most yield components. In addition to stem and pod development, number of branches and leaf area after anthesis were important characteristics for yield improvement. There were significant differences between cultivars in oil and protein content.     

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 4. Chromium and lithium in Yolo loam soil

Abstract

Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of Cr and Li and possible interactions with other metals. The Cr at 100 μg/g soil had no adverse effects on either cultivar studied. A Cr increase was not observed in either stems or leaves. Both cultivars tolerated 25 and 50 μg Li/g soil. The 50 μg Li/g soil resulted in leaves of Acala SJ‐2 with 432 μg Li/g leaves and 720 in Giza 45. The 100 μg Li/g soil resulted in 74% and 87% leaf yield reductions in Acala SJ‐2 and Giza 45 respectively. Leaf concentrations of Li respectively were 1950 and 1850 μg/g. Except at the highest level of Li, leaves had higher concentrations of Li than did roots. The Cr and Li resulted in some plant metal interactions.     

Salinity and Irrigation Method Affect Mineral Ion Relations of Soybean

Abstract

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] is moderately salt tolerant, but the method of irrigation used for crop production under saline conditions may influence the uptake and distribution of potentially toxic salts. This field study was conducted to determine the effects of application of saline waters by different methods, namely, drip and above‐canopy sprinkler irrigation, on the ion relations of soybean cultivar “Manokin”. Salinity was imposed by adding NaCl and CaCl₂ (1:1 by weight) to nonsaline irrigation waters. Saline treatments with electrical conductivity (EC _i ) of 4 dS m^?1 were compared with nonsaline controls (EC _i  = 0.5 dS m^?1). Ion concentrations in leaves, stems, roots, and when present, pods were determined at four stages of growth: vegetative, flowering, podding, and grain filling. Both Na⁺ and Cl^? were excluded from the Manokin leaves and stems when plants were drip‐irrigated and the uptake of these ions occurred solely via the root pathway. However, when saline water was applied by sprinkling, the ions entered leaves by both foliar absorption and root uptake and their concentrations in the leaves were about 9‐fold higher than in those under saline drip irrigation. Regardless of treatment, leaf‐K was highest during the vegetative stage, then decreased with plant age as K⁺ was mobilized to meet nutrient demands of the developing reproductive structures.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and Partitioning in Canola (Brassica Napus L.) In Saline Environment

ABSTRACT

Environmental stress strongly affects the fundamental processes of plant biology. This study was to investigate the growth, yield, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) assimilation and partitioning of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Qinyou 10 and Ningza 1838) under low and high soil salt-ion concentration levels (LSSC and HSSC) of 2.512 and 4.722 g kg^?1, respectively. There was no cultivar effect on agronomic traits other than the 1000-seed weight which was not affected by soil salinity. The increase of soil salt-ion concentration greatly reduced plant height, the numbers of primary branches, pods per plant or per hectare and the resultant seed yield. The C and N accumulations for whole plant and in different organs decreased significantly as soil salinity increased. The suppressive effects of high soil salinity were more strongly on C accumulation than N accumulation, and more obviously in shells and seeds than in roots, stems and leaves. As soil salinity increased, the C and N partitioning in vegetative organs of roots, stems, and leaves was enhanced greatly, while the C partitioning in shells and seeds and the N partitioning in seeds decreased significantly, suggesting an inhibition of C and N transporting from vegetative organs to reproductive organs. Our study revealed the high soil salinity profoundly suppressed canola growth and yield formation, by reducing C and N accumulations in all organs and alleviating C and N partitioning in reproductive organs.     

Effect of chemical fumigation on soil fungal communities in Spanish strawberry nurseries

Strawberry runners are a high-value cash crop in Spain that requires vigorous transplants free of pathogens. Pre-plant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB), or with mixtures of MB and chloropicrin (Pic), are standard practices for controlling soil-borne diseases. However, use of MB will be forbidden in European Union countries by the year 2005; for this reason several soil fumigants have been tested as chemical alternatives to MB in Spanish strawberry nurseries. Because of the known broad activity of these compounds, their effects on strawberry soil fungal communities were studied. Experiments were conducted over a 5-year period, with pre-plant applications at two different locations each year. Soil fungal populations were estimated in each plot before and after treatments on potato-dextrose agar amended with 0.5 g l⁻¹ streptomycin sulphate and selective media for Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., Verticillium spp., Phytophthora spp., and Rhizoctonia spp. Soil fungal populations in Spanish strawberry nurseries were clearly reduced in number and composition after pre-plant soil fumigation. Differences in the level of reduction was obtained with some treatments. Penicillium sp., following by Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Morteriella sp., Cladosporium sp., Pythium sp., and Verticillium spp. were usually presented in Spanish nursery soils from March to April, whereas Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. were only sporadically isolated. All the fumigants reduced the soil fungal population quantitatively, but only MB:Pic and dazomet caused a clear change in their fungal genera composition. A total reduction was observed on Pythium and Morteriella populations after application of all the fumigants, except for DMDS. Populations of Verticillium spp. were also reduced by the applied fumigants in the strawberry nursery soils tested; the lowest reductions were obtained with 1,3-D:Pic + Virtually Impermeable Film, metam sodium, metam potassium and DMDS.     

新疆灰霉病菌多态性及其致病力分化分析

灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)是引起植物病害的重要病原。本研究将来自新疆3个主要生态区域的12个灰霉病菌菌株, 经人工接种于7个寄主的离体叶片上测定病原菌的致病性, 并采用RAPD技术分析了12个菌株的遗传多态性。研究结果表明, 12个灰霉菌株的致病力存在明显差异, 可分为强、中、弱3种致病型, 其中来自和田的黄瓜灰霉菌和伊犁特克斯的番茄灰霉菌致病力最强; 阿克苏番茄灰霉菌的致病力最弱。根据在不同寄主上的致病反应, 12个菌株被划分为4个菌群。RAPD分析结果表明, 在0.65阈值下, 12个灰霉菌株可分为4个菌群, 说明供试灰霉菌株间有高度的遗传分化。灰霉病菌致病力强弱与菌株寄主、地理位置均无直接相关性, 但灰霉菌株的遗传距离与菌株来源存在明显相关性。     

Copper Stress Alters Physiology and Deteriorates Seed Quality of Rapeseed

ABSTRACT

To observe the effects of deficiency and excess of copper (Cu) on rapeseed (Brassica napus L. cv ‘T44’), plants were raised in refined sand at variable levels of Cu (as copper sulfate): 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 100, and 200 μM, representing a range from acute deficiency to excess. In rapeseed, excess Cu (200 μM) induced chlorosis on young leaves similar to iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms and appeared earlier (day 30) than symtoms of Cu deficiency (day 40). Foliar symptoms of Cu deficiency (0.01 μM) were initiated on young leaves as interveinal chlorosis, later leading to necrosis. The margins of the affected leaves curled inward and leaves hung down due to loss of turgor. The deficiency (< 1 μM Cu) and excess (100 and 200 μM Cu) of Cu lowered the biomass, pod, and seed yield, concentration of chlorophylls (a and b), Hill reaction activity, activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase, and increased the activity of ribonuclease and acid phosphatase in leaves. The activity of peroxidase decreased and the concentration of copper in leaves (young and old) and seeds increased with an increase in Cu from low to excess. The accumulation of Cu was greater in old than in young leaves. The seed quality of rapeseed was poor both in deficiency (< 1 μM) and excess (> 1 μM) of Cu, which was reflected in reduction in size and number of pods and seeds, oil content, concentration of protein, carbohydrate fractions (sugars and starch), protein nitrogen (N), and methionine, and increased concentration of phenols and non-protein N in seeds. The values of Cu deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity, and toxicity were, respectively, 3.8, 6.6, 32, and 54 μg Cu g^?1 dry matter in young leaves and 2.2, 5.8, 20, and 28 μg Cu g^?1 dry weight in seeds of rapeseed.     

Water extraction of plant tissues for analysis by ion chromatography

Abstract

High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐grade water was evaluated as an alternative extraction reagent to acid extraction of plant tissue. Green and red bell pepper fruit (Capsium annuum var. annuum L.), cultivar Pip; sweet corn internodes (Zea mays L.), cultivar Florida Staysweet; cabbage wrapper leaves (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group), cultivar Solid Blue 770; peach leaves [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], cultivar Coronet; and mixed leaves and stems of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivar Delta Pine 51; or okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], cultivar Spineless Green Pod were extracted with HPLC‐grade water or 5 mM hydrochloric‐ (HCl), acetic‐, or citric‐acids. Ashed and fresh ground tissues were used for extraction with HCl. Cations and anions were determined by ion chromatography. In about 95% of occurrences, concentrations of ions in tissues extracted with HPLC‐grade water were equal to, or greater than, those extracted with acids. Therefore, extraction of plant tissues with HPLC‐grade water is recommended. Fewer waste disposal problems will also occur with water extraction of plant tissues.     

Bragg soybeans grown on a southern coastal plains soil i. dry matter distribution,nodal growth analysis,and sample variability

Yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are affected by the manner in which available resources are partitioned into component plant parts. Little is known about these partitioning processes and much of what has been reported describes indeterminate cultivars or comes from other than field studies. A field investigation was conducted, therefore, on a Goldsboro loamy sand (Aquic Paleudult) to characterize in detail the growth and development of a determinate soybean cultivar ‘Bragg’. Soybean were grown in well watered field plots in four replications from each of which 4 nested samples of 0.3 m² each were combined at each sampling. Leaf area, dry matter production, internode length, and sample variability were determined nodally at 10‐ to 14‐day intervals from 7 July to 17 October. Plant components at each node were separated into stems, leaf blades, pods, and petioles. Primary and secondary branches were combined in the petiole fraction.

Maximum above ground plant dry weight achieved was 1027 g/m² and maximum combined nodal dry weight was 92 g/m² (at node 8), both occurring at the R7 growth stage. Canopy dry weight distribution over time was unique for each plant part. Growth analyses showed that RGR, NAR, LAR, and LWR declined with plant age at a rate that could be described with either linear or exponential models. A maximum CGR of 16.24 g/m²/day occurred at mid‐podfill and declined thereafter due to maturity. Leaf area per node peaked between nodes 7 and 12, decreasing uniformly toward the top of the canopy. Maximum nodal LAI was 0.79 at node 7 on 31 August.

Distribution of dry weight among parts varied with plant age and node position. Maximum dry weights of stems (276 g/m²), petioles (253 g/m²), and leaves (263 g/m²) were found during mid‐podfill. During mid‐August, the dry weights of the stems, petioles, and leaves were similar and approximately 250 g/m². Stem dry weights had the lowest coefficients of variation of all plant fractions once maximum dry weight was achieved. Internode length varied along the stem with the maximum at node 12. By bloom, expansion of the internodes lower than 12 had ceased; expansion of the eight higher internodes ceased three weeks later. During vegetative growth, the ratio of stem internodal dry weight to internodal length had peak values at the lowest and highest internodes. During reproductive growth, the ratio decreased linearly with internode number. Coefficients of variation (CV) for the combined weight of plant parts, and for stems, petioles, leaves, and pods were relatively constant during the season and were 24.8, 23.4, 38.2, 25.5, and 26.8%, respectively. The CV's for the combined weight of plant parts were somewhat higher at the lowest and uppermost nodes. This variability resulted from the abscission of petioles and leaves in the lower nodes and the initiation of leaves, petioles, and pods in the upper nodes where rapid growth and development was occurring. Time from node initiation to achievement of lowest stable CV was determined for each node and plant part. Plant node position and morphological part with the lowest CV was identified for each sampling date (and growth stage).     

Citrus Seedling Growth and Susceptibility to Root Rot as Affected by Phosphite and Phosphate

The growth of ‘Ridge Pineapple’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] seedlings and their susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot were studied under contrasting supplies of phosphate (Pi) or Phosphite (Phi). After 10 weeks of repeated applications of nutrient solutions, Phi concentrations were barely detectable in soil. Soil Pi was higher in Phi treatments than in pots that received Pi alone. Seedling growth was greatest when supplied with Pi or Phi separately, but when Pi and Phi were combined, growth was reduced to levels comparable to plants that received no P. Phi was found in both stems and leaves after it was applied to soil supporting the mobility of Phi within the plant. In addition, a small amount of Phi was found in roots after applications of Phi in foliar sprays. Different sources of soil-applied P did not affect the amount of Pi in roots, while the amounts of Pi in leaves were higher in plants that received Phi and Pi combined. Root resistance to Phytophthora root rot of citrus seedlings treated with Phi alone or in combination with Pi was greater than in plants treated with Pi alone, confirming the antifungal effect of Phi.     

Genetic variation in leaf and stem glucosinolates in resynthesized lines of winter rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.)

Glucosinolates are secondary components characteristic for the Brassicaceae with complex biological functions. Glucosinolates in the seeds are anti-nutritive when feeding animals and their inheritance have been extensively investigated. Much less is known about the genetics of glucosinolates in leaves and stems, which may attract some insects, while repelling others. They may also inhibit bacterial processes of importance when using green biomass for the production of biogas. The objective of this study was to analyse the genetic variation of total and individual glucosinolates in the green material of rapeseed. For this 28 resynthesized winter rapeseed lines were tested at two locations. There was a large variation in leaf glucosinolate content between 0.10 and 4.75 μmol/g dry matter. The predominant leaf glucosinolates are the alkenyle glucosinolates progoitrin, gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin. The line R53 is exceptional, while combining a relative high content of the indole glucosinolate glucobrassicin with low alkenyle glucosinolates in the leaves. The total glucosinolate concentration in the stems and leaves is not correlated with the seed glucosinolate concentrations. Heritabilities are above h2 = 0.60 for progoitrin, h2 = 0.65 for gluconapin, h2 = 0.30 for glucobrassicanapin and h2 = 0.52 for total glucosinolate content in the leaves. In conclusion, resynthesized rapeseed is an important genetic resource to modify the leaf glucosinolate content and composition of rapeseed.     

Acetylene reduction,hydrogen evolution and nodule respiration in Phaseolus vulgaris

Summary In an experiment performed under greenhouse conditions, four cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Venezuela-350; Aroana; Moruna; Carioca) were inoculated with three Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains (C-05; C-40 = CIAT 255; C-89 = CIAT 55) and were fertilized with an N-free mineral nutrient solution. The plants were harvested 25, 40, and 55 days after emergence and the following paramenters were evaluated: Nitrogenase activity of nodulated roots, H₂ evolution by the nodules; relative efficiency of nitrogenase; respiration rates of nodulated roots and detached nodules; dry weight and total N of stems, leaves, pods, roots, and nodules. Generally the bean cultivar, Rhizobium strain, had an effect and there was an interaction effect with both symbiotic partners, on all parameters. On average, nodules represented 23% of total root respiration but the best symbiotic combinations showed lower ratios of C respired to N fixed. The maximum N-assimilation rate (between 40 and 55 days after emergence) of 11.93 mg N plant^–1 day^–1 occurred with the symbiotic combination of Carioca × C-05, while the poorest rate of 0.55 mg N plant^–1 day^–1 was recorded with Venezuela-350 × C-89. The best symbiotic combinations always showed the highest relative nitrogenase efficiency, but the differences in N₂-fixation rates cannot be explained solely in terms of conservation of energy by recycling of H₂. This requires further investigation.     

Use of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to assess nitrogen concentration in different plant tissues of rapeseed

Abstract

An evaluation of the performance of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in the analysis of nitrogen (N) concentration in different rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) tissues was made. A total of 228 samples from an N‐efficiency study corresponding to leaves and stems at flowering, fallen leaves, mature stems, and mature pod walls were oven dried, ground, and then analyzed by NIRS. The N concentration was determined by Dumas combustion. Two different calibration strategies were followed: (i) separate calibration equations were developed for each type of tissue, resulting in r² above 0.95 in crossvalidation for all tissues with the ratio of the standard error of crossvalidation (SECV) to the standard deviation of the population (SD) ranging from 0.10 to 0.22, and (ii) a NIRS calibration equation was developed from a set integrating 149 samples from the five groups of tissues. External . validation with a set containing 79 further samples from all the groups resulted in an r² of 0.99 and a ratio of the standard error of performance (SEP) to the SD of 0.08. External validation for each group separately resulted in r² from 0.91 to 0.99 and SEP/SD from 0.10 to 0.27. It was concluded that a universal NIRS calibration equation integrating samples from all the types of tissues is an adequate approach for the accurate analysis of N concentration in rapeseed. Based on our results, the NIRS technique can reliably replace the Kjeldahl or Dumas methods to determine the N concentration in investigations of the N efficiency in rapeseed.     

机器学习结合高光谱植被指数与SPAD值估算冬小麦氮含量

冬小麦叶片氮含量与叶片光合作用和营养状况密切相关,直接影响植株生长发育,而茎秆中的氮含量与茎秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的比例和含量密切相关,直接影响茎秆质量及植株的抗倒伏能力。然而,有关对冬小麦茎秆氮含量估算研究较为有限,限制了从氮含量角度判断茎秆质量及对倒伏的预测能力。为精准估算冬小麦不同器官（叶片、茎秆）氮含量,该研究通过2年田间试验,获取冬小麦4个关键生育期（拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期）和3种施氮水平条件下（N1、N2和N3）的冠层光谱反射率、叶片、茎秆氮含量及叶片SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development, SPAD)值。分析了不同生育期和施氮水平条件下高光谱植被指数对叶片和茎秆氮含量的敏感性,并结合5种常用的机器学习算法：随机森林回归（random forest regression,RFR）、支持向量回归（support vector regression,SVR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）、高斯过程回归（gaussian process regression,GPR）、深度神经网络回归（deep neural networks,DNN）构建冬小麦叶片和茎秆氮含量估算模型。结果表明：高光谱植被指数对叶片和茎秆氮含量的敏感性受到生育期和施氮水平的影响。在灌浆期,最佳植被指数双峰冠层植被指数 DCNI（double-peak canopy nitrogen index）对叶片氮含量的敏感性最高,R²为0.866。对茎秆氮含量,在抽穗期的敏感性最高,最佳植被指数归一化叶绿素比值指数 NPQI（normalized phaeophytinization index）与氮含量相关系数R²＝0.677。施氮水平的提升增加了光谱植被指数对茎秆氮含量的敏感性。结合SPAD值的机器学习算法提升了氮含量的估算精度,对叶片氮含量,在不同生育期和施氮水平条件下估算精度提升了1%～7%,其中在全生育期的归一化均方根误差NRMSE从0.254提升到0.214,抽穗期的NRMSE提升最大,从0.201提升到0.128。对茎秆氮含量,全生育期的NRMSE从0.443提升到0.400,抽穗期的NRMSE提升最大,从0.323提升到0.268。在全生育期,结合SPAD值的DNN模型对叶片（R²=0.782、NRMSE=0.214）和茎秆（R²=0.802、NRMSE=0.400）氮含量的估算精度最佳。研究说明,SPAD值与光谱植被指数结合有利于提升冬小麦不同生育期和施氮水平条件下叶片和茎秆氮含量的估算精度。     

Effect of sulphur on biochemical parameters of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) in grey terrace soil

An experiment was conducted to study the biochemical response of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) to sulphur (S) fertilization at grey terrace soil. There were five treatments: S₀ (control), S₁ (20 kg S ha^?1), S₂ (40 kg S ha^?1), S₃ (60 kg S ha^?1) and S₄ (80 kg S ha^?1). Chlorophyll content in the leaf was determined at 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after emergence (DAE). The biochemical properties were found responsive to S. The highest chlorophyll content of mustard leaves was found in 60 kg S ha^?1 at 50 DAE. The same treatment also showed the maximum N content in the leaves at 45 DAE. The highest oil content was recorded in 60 kg S ha^?1. Other chemical characters such as acid value, peroxide and saponification values were lowest in 60 kg S ha^?1 while iodine value was found highest in the same S level. Non-essential fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic and erucic acid were increased in the rapeseed with decrease in S level, whereas essential fatty acids were maximum in 60 kg S ha^?1. Therefore, 60 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended to produce quality rapeseed in grey terrace soil of Bangladesh.     

大麦不同氮利用效率品种筛选及GS2基因的表达分析

为探明大麦品种的不同氮利用效率差异及质体型谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的表达差异,以48份大麦品种为材料,并利用不同氮水平营养液水培8周,研究其在低氮(0.4 mmol·L~(-1))、中氮(2.0 mmol·L~(-1))及高氮(5.0 mmol·L~(-1))下根、茎、叶的相关性状,筛选氮高效利用和氮低效利用的大麦品种,并利用qRT-PCR对筛选到的大麦氮高效和氮低效品种的GS2基因表达特性进行分析。结果表明,中氮下,除根干重和根含氮量外,其余的大麦苗期根、茎、叶各生物性状在品种间差异极显著,根据不同氮处理下的48份大麦品种苗期性状以及氮利用效率,筛选到1个氮高效品种(Z0099001)和2个氮低效品种(ARr-91和甘啤7号)。3个氮处理水平下,氮高效品种GS2基因的相对表达量高于氮低效品种,并且氮高效品种和氮低效品种根、茎、叶中GS2基因的相对表达量也各不相同,其中,叶中最高,茎中次之,根中最低。低氮条件下,根茎叶中,Z0099001的GS2基因的相对表达量高于甘啤7号,ARr-91最低。中氮条件下,根、茎、叶中均表现为氮高效品种高于氮低效品种,但在根中差异不显著,茎和叶中差异显著。高氮条件下,3个品种在根中GS2基因的相对表达量较低;在茎和叶中,Z0099001的相对表达量显著高于ARr-91和甘啤7号,且Z0099001叶中GS2基因的相对表达量在所有性状中最高。本研究结果为进一步解析大麦氮高效利用率奠定了基础。