黄牛热证的血液动力学初探

首次应用ＸＸＧ－Ａ型心血管功能测试仪对２９头健康成年黄牛和２８头热证黄牛部分血液动力学指标进行了无创检测和分析。与正常黄牛相比，热证组ＣＯ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＣＩ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＰＲ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＶＰＥ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＷＫ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＨＯＩ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＬＶＷＩ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＰ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＢＬＫ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＡＣ，ＢＶ，ＭＨＲ（Ｐ＜０．００１）等指标均有不同程度的升高；而ＴＰＲ（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＭＲＴ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＭＳＴ（Ｐ＜０．０１）都有明显的下降。结果表明，血液循环的高切变态和心血管机能兴奋是热证黄牛的重要特征。     

仔猪断奶应激对血液和生化的影响

随机选取 １０ 头健康的４２～４５ 天断奶长白仔猪,分别于断奶时、断奶后７ 天、１４ 天上午采血,检验血液学、血清生化等多项指标,结果如下：仔猪血清 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ 活性在断奶后 ７ 天时都升高,其中 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ活性与断奶时相比差异极显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１）;血清 Ａ Ｍ Ｙ Ｌ 活性,断奶后均比断奶时高,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）;血清 Ｔ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｌ Ｏ Ｂ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｂ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ Ｌ 含量在断奶后极显著或显著降低（ Ｐ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ＜ ００５）; Ｇ Ｌ Ｕ、 Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ Ａ、 Ｔ Ｃ Ｏ２ 含量降低,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞ ００５）。血液 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｈ Ｇ Ｂ、 Ｈ Ｃ Ｔ、 Ｍ Ｃ Ｖ 断奶后极显著降低（ Ｐ＜００１）, Ｍ Ｃ Ｈ Ｃ 断奶后极显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ００１）; Ｗ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｐ Ｌ Ｔ 等断奶后虽有变化,但均无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）。结果表明,仔猪在断奶后一段时间,处于营养缺乏性单纯小红细胞性贫血状态。     

四物汤和归脾汤对小白鼠补血效果的试验观察

复制小白鼠血虚模型后，分别给试验组小向鼠灌服四物汤和归脾汤制剂，对照组小白鼠灌服生理盐水，７天后测定小肉鼠红细胞（ＲＢＣ）和血红蛋白（ＨＢ）含量。结果：四物汤组和归脾汤组ＲＢＣ和ＨＢ含量分别恢复到８．９６７±０．７４．１２４．７±９．９和９．３７８±１．０２、１２５．７±１０．２，均有很好的补血作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）；四物汤和归脾汤的补血作用基本一致，二者间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

~(60)CO-γ射线辐照和高压熏蒸对SPF鸡饲料营养成分的影响

采用３．０Ｍｒａｄ６０ＣＯ＿γ射线辐照和高压熏蒸（１２１℃，２０ｍｉｎ）ＳＰＦ鸡饲料，并对处理后饲料营养成分于试验后７天进行分析。辐照后７天粗蛋白、ＶＡ、ＶＤ３、ＶＥ、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＢ６、ＶＢ１２、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ的损失率（％）依次为１．１、４．４、２．３、５．３、５．０、６．７、１０、０、０、０、０、０。辐照后ＶＢ６、ＶＢ１２含量与对照组比较，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。熏蒸后粗蛋白、ＶＡ、ＶＤ３、ＶＥ、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＢ６、ＶＢ１２、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ的损失率（％）依次为９．７、１１．５、１５．３、２６．７、２０、１０、１３．３、２０、０、０、０、０、０。熏蒸后粗蛋白、ＶＡ、ＶＤ３、ＶＥ、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＢ６、ＶＢ１２含量与对照组比较，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

维生素ADE和孕马血清促性腺激素分别结合前列腺素对母黄牛同期发情和受胎效果的试验

应用孕马血清促性腺激素（ＰＭＳＧ） 和维生素ＡＤＥ（Ｖｉｔ．ＡＤＥ） 分别结合前列腺素（ＰＧ） 对１２９ 头母黄牛进行同期发情定时输精试验。试验分组比较了ＰＭＳＧ＋ ＰＧ、Ｖｉｔ．ＡＤＥ＋ ＰＧ 和ＰＧ 处理组母牛之间的同期发情率和受胎率。结果表明三个处理组中采用ＰＭＳＧ 结合ＰＧ 促使母黄牛同期发情效果最好,明显高于采用Ｖｉｔ－ＡＤＥ 结合ＰＧ（Ｐ＜０－０１） 和ＰＧ（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 处理组;相对于ＰＧ 处理组,采用Ｖｉｔ－ＡＤＥ 结合ＰＧ 并没有提高母黄牛的同期发情率（Ｐ＞ ０－０５） ;三个试验组母牛的受胎率都比较低,没有显著差异（Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。     

不同月龄鸵鸟38项血液生化参数比较

比较了 １～３ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）和 ４～６ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）鸵鸟血液的 ３８ 项生化参数。结果，１～３ 月龄和 ４～６ 月龄鸵鸟之间血清 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｔ Ｇ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ／ Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ、 Ｕ Ａ、 Ｍ ｇ、 Ｐ含量差异极显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００１）；血清 Ｔ Ｂ Ａ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｌ Ｃ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｔ Ｔ、 Ｎａ、 Ｋ 含量的组间差异显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００５）；其他指标 ２ 组间差异不显著。该结果提示，不同月龄鸵鸟的营养物质代谢过程存在一定差异。     

山羊红细胞膜表面CD58的制备与鉴定

应用胰蛋白酶消化、三氯乙酸沉淀、透析等方法,提取山羊ＲＢＣ同ＣＤ５８。玫瑰花环抑制试验表明,８．０ｇ／Ｌ提取物对猪淋巴细胞的Ｅｔ花环抑制率达到 ６８．６％,且该活性可被ＣＤ２封闭;淋巴细胞转化试验证明,提取物能刺激活化猪ＰＢＭＣ,与绵羊ＲＢＣ源ＣＤ５８的作用间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,经ＰＢＬ吸收后,其活性显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

BFF,rbGH对牛卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后发育的影响

利用屠宰黄牛卵巢，对２～５ｍｍ卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟（ＩＶＭ）、体外受精（ＩＶＦ）、受精卵的体外培养（ＩＶＣ）进行了系列研究。结果表明，在成熟培养液中单独添加１０％Ｄ０ＥＣＳ（发情当天牛血清）获得了卵泡卵母细胞受精后较高的卵裂率（６４．７％）、桑椹胚发育率（３９．９％）和囊胚发育率（２４．８％），说明在成熟培养液中单独添加Ｄ０ＥＣＳ是可行的；在含１０％Ｄ０ＥＣＳ的成熟培养液中再添加１０％或２０％ＢＦＦ（牛卵泡液），均能提高受精卵的卵裂率以及桑椹胚和囊胚的发育率，以添加２０％ＢＦＦ效果较好，其囊胚发育率（３５．０％）显著高于对照组（２４．８％，Ｐ＜０．０５）；在卵泡卵母细胞成熟培养系统和受精卵共同培养系统中添加１０μｇ／Ｌ重组牛生长因子（ｒｂＧＨ），虽对体外受精卵的卵裂率无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），但能显著提高卵裂胚的囊胚发育率（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

苜蓿替代乳牛日粮中部分粗饲料的效益评估

４０头泌乳荷斯坦牛随机等分为４组，其中１组饲喂基础日粮作为对照，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别以１、２、３ｋｇ苜蓿干草替代等量的秸秆，于试验初期和末期测定血液学指标（ＲＢＣ、ＷＢＣ、ＭＣＶ和ＭＣＨ）、乳脂率、乳比重和乳干物质含量，记录每头乳牛日产奶量。结果表明，Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的日增奶量明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），乳脂率略有增高（Ｐ〉０．０５），各组血学指标、乳比重和乳干物质含量无明显变化。每头日添加２ｋｇ苜蓿干     

牛轮状病毒性腹泻的研究

从安徽、河南两地黄牛犊腹泻粪样中分离出了３株能在ＭＡ－１０４细胞上稳定繁殖、继代的轮状病毒（标号为ＢＲＶ００７、ＢＲＶ０１４及ＨＮ－７）。中和试验表明，该３株黄牛分离毒与北京奶牛毒ＢＲＶ６５５５及国外参考毒株ＮＣＤＶ之间抗原性无差异，同属轮状病毒血清６型（或牛轮状病毒血清１型），在亚组抗原特异性上均为第Ⅰ亚组。用ＢＲＶ０１４高代次（５０代以上）细胞培养物（ＴＣＩＤ５０＝１０－６．５）于孕母牛产前３个月和１个月经肌肉免疫注射２次，可明显提高母牛初乳中的轮状病毒抗体，在产后２０ｄ，抗体滴度仍能维持在１∶６４；临床观察，免疫母牛所产犊牛的腹泻发生率较对照组降低８３．８％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -