新型滴鼻灭活鹦鹉热衣原体疫苗的免疫效力评价

【目的】探究由霍乱弧菌菌影(Vibrio cholerae ghosts, VCG)和纳米壳聚糖凝胶(Gel)组合制作的一种新型灭活衣原体疫苗复合佐剂是否可增强鹦鹉热衣原体原体(elementary body, EB)灭活抗原诱导动物机体产生的免疫应答。【方法】将60只7日龄SPF鸡随机分为4个组,分别为：EB+VCG+Gel组、EB+VCG组、Gel组和EB组。通过滴鼻途径免疫鸡群,免疫2次,每次间隔14 d,免疫后检测鸡血清中IgG抗体水平、淋巴细胞增殖指数、CD4⁺/CD8⁺T细胞比例、细胞因子(白介素-4(IL-4)、IL-10、IL-12和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ))含量及攻毒后鸡喉头排菌量和肺脏的病理损伤程度。【结果】与Gel和EB组相比,EB+VCG+Gel和EB+VCG组IgG抗体水平、淋巴细胞增殖指数、IFN-γ含量和CD4⁺/CD8⁺T细胞比值显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01)。此外,与Gel和EB组相比,攻毒后第12天,EB+VCG+Gel组喉头排菌量极显...     

猪轮状病毒VP4基因重组腺病毒的构建及抗体水平评价

【目的】构建猪轮状病毒（Porcine rotavirus,PoRV）流行株PoRV G9P[23]型的VP4基因重组腺病毒,为开发PoRV候选基因工程疫苗奠定基础。【方法】参考GenBank中流行株PoRV G9P[23]型的VP4基因序列（登录号：MH898990.1）合成PoRV VP4基因,将得到的目的基因与腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV进行重组,转化大肠杆菌Top10感受态细胞,构建腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV-VP4;腺病毒穿梭载体经过Pme Ⅰ内切酶线性化处理后与含有腺病毒骨架pAdEasy-1的大肠杆菌BJ5183感受态细胞进行同源重组获得重组质粒pAd-VP4,对重组质粒进行Pac Ⅰ酶切鉴定,并转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞。将重组质粒转染HEK293A细胞获得重组腺病毒rAd-VP4,对该重组腺病毒进行扩大培养并测定重组腺病毒的半数组织培养感染剂量（TCID₅₀）;通过RT-PCR检测其体外表达情况,Western blotting检测其反应原性;将制备的重组腺病毒用不同病毒滴度和不同免疫次数对小鼠进行腹腔免疫,收集血清通过ELISA法测定IgG抗体水平。【结果】RT-PCR扩增出1条大小为2 343 bp的rAd-VP4重组腺病毒条带,测序结果正确,表明重组腺病毒rAd-VP4构建成功,测得rAd-VP4病毒滴度为10^6.5 TCID₅₀,Western blotting结果表明,重组腺病毒rAd-VP4在蛋白水平上得到了正确表达,蛋白的分子质量约为87 ku。小鼠IgG抗体检测结果表明,在用10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4免疫后的第35和42天,小鼠血清中的IgG抗体水平显著高于10^5.3 TCID₅₀ TGE-PED-PRV三联活疫苗IgG抗体水平（P<0.05）;10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4在免疫后第35和42天产生的抗体水平显著高于10^5.5和10^4.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4（P<0.05）,而10^5.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4在免疫后第28天产生的抗体水平显著高于10^6.5和10^4.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4（P<0.05）。10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4的2次免疫和3次免疫产生的IgG抗体在不同免疫时间均差异不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】本研究成功构建了重组腺病毒rAd-VP4,其病毒滴度为10^6.5 TCID₅₀。10^6.5和10^5.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4分别在第42和28天产生较高的IgG抗体水平,2次免疫和3次免疫对产生IgG抗体水平均无显著影响。试验结果可为开发PoRV重组腺病毒候选疫苗提供参考。     

Induction of systemic immune responses in sheep by topical application of cholera toxin to skin

Cholera (and related) toxins (CT) when applied topically on unbroken skin induce systemic immune responses in mice, a procedure called transcutaneous immunization (TCI). The current study examined the capacity for TCI to induce systemic immune responses in sheep. Three groups (n=5 per group) were immunized at day 0 (priming) and day 28 (boosting) with 250 microg of CT in water by TCI, with 25 microg of CT in alum by intramuscular injection, or not immunized. Serum samples were taken at days 0, 28, 42, 56 and 70 after immunization for measurement of CT-specific IgG as well as CT-specific IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM antibodies by ELISA. After immunization, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 antibody in immunized groups were significantly higher than in the control group, and boosting further increased these titres. IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 in the injection group were significantly higher than in the TCI group. There was a preponderance of IgG1 antibody, relative to IgG2, in both immunized groups. CT-specific IgA and IgM were detected in both immunized groups. Lymphocyte proliferation to CT was measured at day 90. A CT-specific lymphocyte proliferative response (stimulation index>2) was detected in all sheep from the injection group, in two sheep from the TCI group and in none of the controls. Results demonstrated that TCI induces primary and secondary antibody responses and specific proliferative responses to CT in sheep.     

Preparation of Cathepsin L1 Monoclonal Antibody Against Fasclala gigantica and Establishment of Double Antibody Sandwich ELISA

【Objective】 This study was intend to obtain cathepsin L1(rFgCat L1) specific monoclonal antibody and construct the double antibody sandwich ELISA.【Method】 Five BALB/c mice were immunized with 1 mg/mL rFgCat L1 protein for four times.Mouse splenocytes were isolated and fused with SP2/0 cells to construct hybridoma cells.Strong positive hybridoma cell lines were screened, 1×10⁶ cells were injected intraperitoneally per mouse to prepare monoclonal antibodies.Antibody titer and antigenic epitope were detected using ELISA method, antibody subtype and specificity were identified using Western blotting method.The double antibody sandwich ELISA was constructed by combining the anti-rFgCat L1 polyclonal antibody, and its sensitivity and specificity were tested.The positive and negative critical value was screened by 20 negative sera with positive control, and the constructed double antibody sandwich ELISA was verified by 47 goat positive sera and 47 dairy cow positive sera.【Result】 After immunization, the antibody titers in serum of 4 mice were all more than 10⁴.After isolated mouse with the highest immune response spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 cells total of 8 of them were positive cell lines were obtained after selective culture.5D5 and 7G6 were identified as strong positive strains with stable antibody secretion.After multiple subcloning screens and subcultures, the antibodies secreted in the cell supernatant were stable, with titers of 2⁹ and 2¹⁰ respectively, with ascites titers of 10⁷ and 10⁸.Western blotting and antibody subtype identification kits identified that the two antibodies were IgG1 type and the light chain was kappa type, both of which could specifically bind FgESP.According to the same antigen site was recognized by the two kinds of antibodies, the antigen titer of the two monoclonal antibodies were comparied, 7G6 was used as the coating antibody, and anti-rFgCat L1 was used as the enzyme-labeled secondary antibody.The optimized condition of method was that 7G6 was coated at a concentration of 2 μg/mL, the dilution concentration of anti-rFgCat L1 polyclonal antibody was 25 μg/mL, the dilution of Don-HRP-conjugated was 1∶4 000, 5% skimmed milk powder was selected as the blocking solution and the color development time was 25 min.The method was proved that could recognize the lowest antigen concentration of 0.625 μg/mL, also could specifically recognize antigen of Fasciola fasciatus.The constructed sandwich ELISA method was used for antigen detection of 47 dairy cow positive serum and 47 goat positive serum infective samples kept in the laboratory and the positive antigen rate were 72.3% and 78.7%, respectively.【Conclusion】 Anti-rFgCat L1 monoclonal antibody was successfully prepared and the double-sheet sandwich ELISA method for fascioliasis was constructed, which provided a good theoretical basis and material basis for the development of low-cost and rapid diagnostic kits.     

抗κ-酪蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其特性鉴定

To obtain the anti-kappa casein monoclonal antibody and complete the identification of the antibody characteristics. The BALB/c mice were immunized with kappa casein using foot-pad immunization. Popliteal lymph node cells from the immunized mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells in the presence of PEG. Three hybridoma strains (1C4, 3G3, 3E6) which secreted the antibody specific for kappa casein were obtained．The sub-class of the antibodies were IgG1. The ascites were purified by Protein G affinity layer absorption column. The antigenic epitope of 3G3 and 3E6 were different and it was close between 1C4 and 3E6.The titer of purified ascites(1C4) was 1.28×10⁶ and the affinity constant was 2.89×10⁸ mol/L. A anti-kappa casein monoclonal antibody with good affinity had been achieved，which provided foundations for the rapid detection of casein in bovine milk samples.     

牛支原体HB0801株VspX蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为获得牛支原体（Mycoplasma bovis,M.bovis）VspX蛋白单克隆抗体,将编码该蛋白的基因克隆、表达并纯化,作为免疫原,以QuickAntibody-Mouse 5W为免疫佐剂,免疫BALB/c小鼠。经3次免疫后,将小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,经3次亚克隆筛选后,共获得5株能稳定分泌抗VspX蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1A8、3A3、3C12、3H9及4D11。亚型鉴定表明,3C12重链为IgG2b,其余4株为IgG1,轻链均为κ链。间接ELISA结果表明,5株细胞培养上清的抗体效价在1：1×10⁴~1：2×10⁵,腹水效价在1：1×10⁵~1：8×10⁵。选其中两株杂交瘤细胞株3H9和4D11的腹水纯化,进行亲和力测定,解离常数分别为6.3×10⁹和7.8×10⁹,属高亲和力抗体。Western blotting结果显示,5株单抗均能与牛支原体发生特异性反应,而单抗4D11与羊无乳支原体标准株PG2和丝状支原体丝状亚种标准株PG3均不反应。流式细胞术结果表明,单抗4D11与牛支原体表面的VspX的结合呈剂量依赖性。间接免疫荧光结果表明,单抗4D11可以识别黏附到胚胎牛肺细胞上的重组VspX蛋白。本试验成功制备的单克隆抗体为VspX蛋白功能的研究奠定基础。     

表达铜绿假单胞菌保护性抗原基因F1I2重组鼠伤寒沙门菌在水貂上的免疫原性研究

本试验旨在研究携带铜绿假单胞菌保护性抗原基因F_190-342（F1）和I_21-83（I2）的重组鼠伤寒沙门菌株ΔasdLH430（pYA-F1I2）在水貂上的免疫原性。将9只7月龄健康水貂随机分为3组，每组3只：对照组，皮下注射无菌生理盐水；LH430菌株免疫组，皮下注射菌株2.0×10⁸ CFU/只；ΔasdLH430（pYA-F1I2）菌株免疫组，皮下注射菌株2.0×10⁸ CFU/只。首免后第15天各组加强免疫一次。分别于第1次免疫后第15、30及45天断指采集水貂血液，测定血清中IgG水平。在第1次免疫后第45天分离外周血单核细胞，Eli-Spot检测F1I2特异性抗体分泌细胞数量和沙门菌特异性抗体分泌细胞数量。同时，取脾脏分离淋巴细胞，MTT法检测F1I2和沙门菌特异性的淋巴细胞增殖情况。结果表明，ΔasdLH430（pYA-F1I2）组血清中F1I2特异性IgG抗体和沙门菌特异性IgG抗体滴度在取样点逐渐升高，同时在第45天达到最大值；免疫后第45天，ΔasdLH430（pYA-F1I2）组F1I2特异性IgG分泌细胞的数量极显著高于对照组及LH430组（P < 0.01），沙门菌特异性抗体分泌细胞的数量极显著高于对照组（P < 0.01），与LH430组差异不显著（P > 0.05）。同时，F1I2抗原和沙门菌抗原刺激组极显著增强了水貂脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖（P < 0.01）。本研究可为开发防控水貂出血性肺炎和沙门菌感染的实用新型双价基因工程疫苗提供理论依据。     

Preparation and Identification of the Monoclonal Antibodies against VspX Protein in Mycoplasma bovis strain HB0801

To obtain the monoclonal antibody (McAb) against VspX protein of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis),VspX gene was amplified, expressed and purified. Then, BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously three times with the purified recombinant VspX (rVspX) mixed with QuickAntibody-Mouse 5W adjuvant. Three days after the last injection, spleen cells were collected aseptically, and fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol. By the clone selection, five stable hybridomas against VspX protein were obtained, separately named as 1A8, 3A3, 3C12, 3H9 and 4D11. Antibody titers in cell supernatant were from 1:1×10⁴ to 1:2×10⁵, while from 1:1×10⁵ to 1:8×10⁵ in ascites of mice by indirect ELISA. The subtypes were determined to be IgG1 and IgG2b class, and all light chains were κ chain. The affinity constant of McAb 3H9 and 4D11 were 6.3×10⁹ and 7.8×10⁹, respectively, and they belonged to high-affinity antibodies. Western blotting results showed that all of five McAbs could specifically react with M.bovis, however, McAb 4D11 could not react with Mycoplasma arginini PG2 and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. PG3. Flow cytometry showed that McAb 4D11 reacted with surface VspX of M. bovis in a dose-dependent manner. Indirect immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that 4D11 McAb was able to detect rVspX protein binding to embryonic bovine lung cells. In the present study, McAbs against rVspX protein had been successfully prepared, which provided a basis for future researches about the function of VspX protein and the pathogenesis of M. bovis.     

猪乳中抗猪瘟IgA、IgG、IgM抗体动态变化规律研究

以猪瘟弱毒疫苗免疫空怀母猪,待母猪分娩后,分别收集10 d内的乳汁,以建立的间接ELISA方法检测猪瘟IgA、IgG、IgM水平,并观察各种抗体动态变化规律。试验结果表明,猪初乳中的IgA、IgG、IgM抗体效价均在分娩当天达到最高值,随后迅速下降,7 d后抗体水平与常乳基本一致。对照组母猪仅在分娩当天检测到较低的抗体水平。     

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies against the cOmpT Protein of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Epitopes Recognized by Monoclonal Antibodies

To development monoclonal antibodies against cOmpT of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), the recombinant cOmpT of APEC origin expression plasmid pET-28a-compT was employed, and cOmpT protein with a molecular weight about 36 kD in the form of inclusion bodies was obtained after induction with IPTG, and then renatured by urea gradient dialysis. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified cOmpT. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was developed, the optimal coating concentration of the antigen was 0.625 μg·mL^-1 and the optimal serum dilution was 1:6 400. After the fourth immunization, the spleen of immunized mice was collected for cell fusion, three monoclonal hybridomas that can secrete antibody specific to cOmpT were obtained after multiple screenings, named 1G8, 2C3 and 2G3 respectively. And all of their immunoglobulin subclasses were IgG2b. The titers of monoclonal antibodies in the cell culture supernatant were 1:200, 1:3 200 and 1:3 200 determined by iELISA, respectively. All three monoclonal antibodies were confirmed to react with cOmpT in Western blot, without cross reaction with other tested bacteria. The antigenic epitopes recognized by the three monoclonal antibodies were identified by using a series of E. coli strains harboring expression plasmids recombined with truncated fragments from compT gene. The results revealed that the antigenic epitope required for reactivity with the 1G8 was ⁸³DQDWMDS⁸⁹, and ⁹⁰SNPGTW⁹⁵, ¹⁹⁷TFKYSGW²⁰³were recognized by 2C3 and 2G3, respectively. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies against cOmpT were successfully developed and the antigenic epitopes recognized by the antibodies were identified. The cOmpT specific monoclonal antibodies obtained in this study are potentially useful tools for both the functional study of cOmpT and the development of APEC epitope vaccines.     

禽致病性大肠杆菌cOmpT单克隆抗体的研制及其识别抗原表位的鉴定

旨在制备禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）染色体编码外膜蛋白（cOmpT）的特异性单克隆抗体，本研究利用实验室已构建的APEC cOmpT重组表达质粒pET-28a-compT，经IPTG诱导表达后，获得以包涵体形式存在的约36 ku的重组蛋白cOmpT，利用尿素浓度梯度透析复性获得纯化蛋白cOmpT，并以此免疫BALB/c小鼠。建立间接ELISA检测方法，最适抗原包被浓度为0.625 μg·mL^-1，最适血清稀释度为1：6 400。4次免疫后取小鼠脾进行细胞融合，采用有限稀释法多轮筛选后得到3株能稳定分泌针对cOmpT蛋白的单克隆抗体，分别命名为1G8、2C3和2G3，均为IgG2b亚类。3株杂交瘤细胞上清ELISA抗体效价分别为1：200、1：3 200和1：3 200。Western blot结果显示，3株单抗均能与cOmpT发生特异性反应，而不与其他受检菌发生交叉反应。运用原核表达系统对compT基因进行截短表达，对单克隆抗体针对的cOmpT抗原表位进行鉴定，结果显示单抗1G8、2C3和2G3识别的抗原表位分别是⁸³DQDWMDS⁸⁹、⁹⁰SNPGTW⁹⁵和¹⁹⁷TFKYSGW²⁰³。本研究成功制备了3株抗cOmpT蛋白的单克隆抗体，并对其识别的抗原表位进行了鉴定，为cOmpT蛋白功能研究和APEC新型表位疫苗研发奠定了基础。     

Efficacy of maternal Salmonella antibodies and experimental oral infection of chicks with Salmonella enteritidis

Distribution of maternally transmitted Salmonella antibodies and their protective effects were studied in the progeny of broiler breeder birds which had been vaccinated with live S. Typhimurium and inactivated S. Enteritidis vaccines. Vaccination resulted in a significant increase of the antibody concentration in yolk of hatching eggs and in serum and jejunum of the progeny of immunized breeder birds. Higher antibody titres for isotypes IgG and IgA were still seen on day 21 of age. Antibody production of isotypes IgA and IgM by the chickens themselves was found between 14 and 21 days of age. Two challenge models (10(2) cfu/bird on day 1 of age and a seeder bird model, respectively) were used to evaluate the efficacy of maternal antibodies against challenge with S. Enteritidis. Using both models numbers of challenge organisms were lower in the caeca of the progeny of immunized parent birds between day 7 and day 21 of age (maximum about 1.5 log10 units) compared with control chicks. The results indicate the efficacy of maternally transferred antibodies but it remains the question of their practical relevance. The effects of acquired maternal antibodies on an active immunization of the progeny of immunized breeder birds with live Salmonella vaccines are discussed.     

Safety,immunogenicity, and efficacy of two Escherichia coli cya crp mutants as vaccines for broilers

Attenuated derivatives (delta cya delta crp mutants) of an O2 and an O78 avian septicemic Escherichia coli strain were used to immunize broiler chickens by spray to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the derivatives in single- and double-dose regimens. In the safety and immunogenicity studies, groups of 10 chickens were vaccinated by spray (droplet size approximately 20 microm) with the parent E. coli, the mutant organisms, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 14 days of age and euthanatised 21 days later. There was no deaths or gross pathologic finding in any of the chickens immunized with the vaccine strains. Compared with the levels in chickens exposed to PBS, there were significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody in serum and air sac washings and of IgA antibody in air sac washings in response to the virulent parent strains than to the vaccine strains. In efficacy studies, chickens were immunized with the O2 or the O78 vaccine strain or PBS at day 14 and with the O2 vaccine strain or PBS at days 10 and 14 and challenged with the parent strain 10 days after the last vaccination. There was no significant difference in local IgA and IgG and serum IgG responses between vaccinated and control groups. Chickens vaccinated with the O2 strain, but not the O78 strain, had significantly lower air sac lesion scores compared with those of the unvaccinated groups in both single- and double-dose regimens. We conclude that the mutant O2 strain provided moderate protection against airsacculitis.     

大肠杆菌对奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞炎性损伤的研究

试验旨在研究大肠杆菌（E.coli）对奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞（bovine endometrial epithelial cells,BEECs）的体外炎性损伤,探究大肠杆菌引发炎性反应的最佳浓度、作用时间及机制。首先,用不同浓度的大肠杆菌（5×10⁴、5×10⁵、1×10⁶、2.5×10⁶、5×10⁶ CFU/mL）诱导刺激细胞3、6和9 h,通过倒置显微镜观察细胞形态、CCK-8法测D_{450 nm}值,检测大肠杆菌对细胞活性的影响;其次,用不同浓度的大肠杆菌（5×10⁴、5×10⁵ CFU/mL）处理细胞3、6和9 h,用ELISA方法检测细胞上清液中白介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的分泌量;最后,用不同浓度的大肠杆菌（5×10⁴、5×10⁵ CFU/mL）处理细胞6和9 h,用Western blotting检测核因子κB抑制蛋白α（IκBα）和p65蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,大肠杆菌感染细胞9 h后,1×10⁶、2.5×10⁶和5×10⁶ CFU/mL大肠杆菌组细胞活性均极显著降低（P<0.01）,5×10⁵ CFU/mL大肠杆菌组显著降低（P<0.05）;大肠杆菌感染细胞9 h后,5×10⁵ CFU/mL大肠杆菌组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α极显著升高（P<0.01）;大肠杆菌感染细胞6 h后,5×10⁵ CFU/mL大肠杆菌组IκBα、p65蛋白磷酸化水平和IL-6均极显著升高（P<0.01）,5×10⁴ CFU/mL大肠杆菌组IκBα和p65蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.05）。结果表明,大肠杆菌可以刺激奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞产生炎性反应,且当细胞与5×10⁵ CFU/mL大肠杆菌作用6 h或与5×10⁴ CFU/mL大肠杆菌作用9 h为最佳。     

Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation on Inhibition of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Kunming Mice

This study was aimed to explore the effect,dose of Lactobacillus reuteri on inhibition of pathogenic Escherichia coli infection on Kunming mice as well as its potential mechanism. 96 Kunming mice were randomly allocated into four groups with 4 replicates per group and 6 mice per replicate,which were control group,low dose group,middle dose group and high dose group. All of the mice feed commercial basal feedstuff,meanwhile the mice in control group drank tap-water,three treatments were supplemented with 1.0×10⁶,1.0×10⁷ and 1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL Lactobacillus reuteri in water. The feeding period was 28 days. All the mice were weighted, and the ADFI,ADG and F/G were calculated at the end of experiment.At the day of 28,pathogenic Escherichia coli (4.98×10⁹ CFU/mL) were irrigated to study the mortality. The indexes of intestinotoxin and antioxidation in serum and cecal microbacteria were inspected.The results indicated that supplemented with middle dose of Lactobacillus reuteri could significantly improve the final body weight,ADG compared with the control (P<0.05). The mortality, serum intestinotoxin level and MDA concentration,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05),while the T-SOD,T-AOC,GSH-Px,Lacobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly improved (P<0.05).In conclusion,with Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation,the growth performance was improved and antioxidant capacity and cecal microbacteria were enhanced after pathogenic Escherichia coli infected, mouse mortality caused by the pathogenic Escherichia coli was effectively reduced,and the effect of 1.0×10⁷ CFU/mL Lactobacillus reuteri was the best.     

余甘子多糖的结构表征及免疫增强作用

本试验旨在制备余甘子多糖（Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharide，PEP），通过对其结构表征进行分析，探索PEP对鸡新城疫（Newcastle disease，ND）疫苗免疫效果的影响。利用紫外光谱（ultraviolet spectroscopy，UV）、红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，FT-IR）、高效液相色谱分析法（high performance liquid chromatography，HPLC）和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope，SEM）分析PEP结构；选取175只1日龄河田鸡，随机分成5组，每组35只，分别为空白对照组，疫苗对照组，PEP低、中、高剂量组。除空白对照组外均用ND疫苗进行免疫，7日龄首免，并于28日龄二免。在免疫的同时，PEP低、中、高剂量组分别按照10、20、30 g·L^-1的剂量给药PEP溶液0.5 mL，疫苗对照组和空白对照组给予等量生理盐水，每天1次，连续3 d。分别于7、14、21、28、35、42和49日龄时，测定血清中新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus，NDV）特异性抗体水平以及γ-干扰素（INF-γ）和白介素4（IL-4）的水平；于28和49日龄时测定外周血淋巴细胞增殖活性和T淋巴细胞CD4⁺/CD8⁺的比值；于49日龄剖杀后采集脾、法氏囊、胸腺和肝进行组织学观察以及检测免疫器官指数。结果表明，PEP为白色棉絮状，糖含量为（86.70±1.05）%，结构分析结果表明，PEP是含α型糖苷键的多糖，其组分均一，不含核酸和蛋白质，呈片状分布，总体结构规整且致密，单糖组成为葡萄糖醛酸（glucuronic acid，GlcA）、葡萄糖（glucose，Glu）、木糖（xylose，Xyl）和岩藻糖（fucose，Fuc），其摩尔比为0.5：8.3：1.8：0.3。动物试验结果表明，PEP能显著提高鸡血清中NDV特异性抗体、INF-γ和IL-4的水平（P<0.05），还能显著促进鸡外周血淋巴细胞增殖和T淋巴细胞CD4⁺/CD8⁺的比值（P<0.05），提高免疫器官指数（P<0.05），激活脾、法氏囊、胸腺和肝等器官的免疫功能。PEP糖含量高，结构稳定，可提高机体免疫活性，具有较良好的佐剂活性，对ND具有良好的防治效果。     

罗伊氏乳杆菌抑制致病性大肠杆菌感染效果的研究

本研究旨在探索益生罗伊氏乳杆菌抑制致病性大肠杆菌感染昆明鼠的效果、剂量及潜在机制。将96只昆明鼠随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复6只,分别为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组。昆明鼠饲喂商品化基础日粮,对照组饮用自来水,低、中、高剂量组在饮水中分别添加1.0×10⁶、1.0×10⁷及1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL罗伊氏乳杆菌。试验期为28 d,试验结束后称重,计算昆明鼠平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）及料重比（F/G）;并灌胃致病性大肠杆菌（4.98×10⁹ CFU/mL）,观察小鼠死亡率;检测血清大肠杆菌肠毒素含量、抗氧化能力及肠道菌群数量。结果显示,中剂量组小鼠末重和平均日增重均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,小鼠死亡率、血清大肠杆菌肠毒素浓度和丙二醛（MDA）水平均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。中剂量组血清总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和总抗氧化力（T-AOC）活力均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,总乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著提高（P<0.05）,大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌含量显著降低（P<0.05）。综上,在小鼠饮水中添加罗伊氏乳杆菌可提高生长性能,改善攻毒后机体抗氧化力和盲肠菌群结构,降低血清大肠杆菌肠毒素含量和小鼠死亡率,有效降低致病性大肠杆菌的感染造成的死亡率,其中添加1.0×10⁷ CFU/mL伊氏乳杆菌效果最好。     

Intestinal antibody response after vaccination and infection with rotavirus of calves fed colostrum with or without rotavirus antibody

The intestinal and systemic antibody response of calves vaccinated and/or challenged with rotavirus was studied employing isotype-specific ELISAs for the detection of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA antibodies to rotavirus. Monoclonal antibodies to bovine immunoglobulin isotypes of proven specificity were used as conjugated or catching antibody. Five days after oral inoculation (dpi) of a 5-day-old gnotobiotic calf with rotavirus, IgM rotavirus antibodies were excreted in faeces, followed 5 days later by IgA rotavirus antibodies. The increase in IgM rotavirus antibody titre coincided with the inability to detect further rotavirus excretion. Faeces IgM and IgA rotavirus antibody titres fell to low levels within 3 weeks post infection. IgG1 and IgG2 rotavirus antibodies were not detected in faecal samples. In serum, antibodies to rotavirus of all four isotypes were detected, starting with IgM at 5 dpi. Two SPF-calves, which were fed colostrum free of rotavirus antibodies, were vaccinated with a modified live rotavirus vaccine and challenged with virulent rotavirus 6 days later. Upon vaccination, the calves showed an antibody response similar to the response of the infected gnotobiotic calf. Intestinal IgM rotavirus antibodies were excreted before or on the day of challenge and appeared to be associated with protection against challenge infection with virulent virus and rotavirus-induced diarrhoea. In 3 control calves, which were challenged only, the antibody patterns also resembled that of the gnotobiotic calf and again the appearance of IgM rotavirus antibodies coincided with the end of the rotavirus detection period. Two other groups of 3 SPF-calves were treated similarly, but the calves were fed colostrum with rotavirus antibodies during the first 48 h of life. These calves excreted passively acquired IgG1 and IgG2 rotavirus antibodies in their faeces from 2 to 6 days after birth. After vaccination, no IgM or IgA antibody activity in serum or faeces was detectable. Upon challenge, all calves developed diarrhoea and excreted rotavirus. Seven to 10 days after challenge low levels of IgM rotavirus antibody were detected for a short period. These data indicate that the intestinal antibody response of young calves to an enteric viral infection is associated with the excretion of IgM antibodies, immediately followed by IgA antibodies. This response is absent or diminished in calves with passively acquired specific antibodies which may explain the failure to induce a protective intestinal immune response by oral vaccination with modified live rotavirus of calves fed colostrum containing rotavirus antibodies.     

新疆栽培与野生一枝蒿粗多糖对口蹄疫疫苗免疫小鼠的佐剂活性比较

基于总物质量和多糖含量比较栽培/野生一枝蒿粗多糖（cultivated/wild Artemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,CARCP/WARCP）作为口蹄疫灭活疫苗（foot-and-mouth disease inactivated vaccine,FMDV）佐剂对小鼠抗体水平及T细胞亚群的影响,探究CARCP/WARCP的佐剂活性和安全性。CARCP/WARCP配伍FMDV肌肉途径免疫ICR小鼠,检测免疫后小鼠血清中FMDV特异性抗体及分型,脾中T细胞亚群比例,血清中IgE水平,观察临床症状和注射部位反应以及小鼠体重。结果显示,总物质量一致时,CARCP1/WARCP1均能极显著提高FMDV特异性IgG、IgG_2a反应（P<0.01）,极显著促进脾T细胞CD3⁺CD4⁺、CD4⁺CD44⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L⁺百分比（P<0.05）,显著提高IgG₁、IgG_2a/IgG₁比值,显著促进CD3⁺CD8⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L^-比例（P<0.05）,且除28 d IgG和IgG₁指标外,CARCP1的佐剂活性显著高于WARCP1（P<0.05）。多糖含量一致时,与FMDV相比,CARCP2/WARCP2均极显著增强了28 d IgG水平、IgG_2a/IgG₁比值（P<0.01）,显著提高了21 d IgG、28 d IgG_2a及CD4⁺CD44⁺（P<0.05）,且CARCP2/WARCP2之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。CARCP/WARCP没有引起小鼠脱毛等临床症状,也没有产生肉芽肿、肿胀等注射部位不良反应;CARCP/WARCP免疫后各组小鼠体重之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组小鼠血清均没有检测到IgE抗体（P>0.05）;这些结果表明CARCP/WARCP有一定的安全性。综上,当总物质量一致时,CARCP/WARCP均能增强FMDV免疫小鼠体液和细胞免疫反应,且CARCP的佐剂活性优于WARCP;多糖含量一致时,CARCP/WARCP作为FMDV佐剂的免疫增强效果相当,是安全佐剂候选物。     

大肠杆菌噬菌体BP16对鸡大肠杆菌病的防治效果

【目的】 探究大肠杆菌噬菌体BP16对O2血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌感染引起的鸡大肠杆菌病的防治效果, 以及噬菌体BP16的最佳治疗剂量。【方法】 将O2血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌新鲜培养物稀释成5×10¹⁰、5×10⁹、5×10⁸、5×10⁷和5×10⁶ CFU/mL 5个浓度梯度, 以测定禽致病性大肠杆菌的半数致死量(LD₅₀), 确定其感染剂量; 选取常用的对革兰阴性菌有抑菌或杀菌作用的药敏纸片进行药敏试验, 筛选出阳性对照药物; 经无菌试验和安全性试验确定噬菌体裂解液的无菌性及安全性, 用于后续试验。将80只雏鸡随机分为5个试验组与3个对照组, 试验组在雏鸡攻毒前后不同时间腹腔注射大肠杆菌噬菌体BP16, 3个对照组分别腹腔注射氟苯尼考、大肠杆菌菌液、生理盐水, 其余条件一致, 连续饲养7 d, 记录雏鸡的死亡率, 评价大肠杆菌噬菌体BP16对大肠杆菌人工感染试验鸡的防治效果。【结果】 O2血清型大肠杆菌的LD₅₀为1.5×10⁸ CFU/mL, 筛选出氟苯尼考作为阳性对照药物, 噬菌体裂解液中无菌, 噬菌体悬液对雏鸡安全, 可用于后续防治试验。雏鸡感染大肠杆菌前6 h使用噬菌体能有效预防大肠杆菌病, 在感染同时至感染后6 h内使用噬菌体, 能有效治疗大肠杆菌病, 且噬菌体治疗效果优于氟苯尼考; 当大肠杆菌攻毒剂量为1.5×10⁸ CFU时, 噬菌体剂量为1.5×10⁹ PFU时治疗效果为最佳。【结论】 大肠杆菌噬菌体BP16对大肠杆菌病具有防治作用, 本研究为进一步应用噬菌体防治大肠杆菌病及开发大肠杆菌噬菌体制剂提供了科学依据。