荆门市露天粮堆昆虫群落结构的研究

Based on data from systematic investigation of 3 outdoor st ored bulk grain masses in Jingmen City, Hubei Province (112°07′E, 30°02′N) i n 1992, insects of 37 species were identified with two classes, seven or ders, twent y-six families. Twenty-six beetles are main species accounting for 64.7% of t h e community. Superiority index estimation indicated that the Crptolestes ferru gineu s(Stephens), Cryptolestes minutus（Oliver) and Rhizopertha dominica Fa b. were the most destructive pest in outdoor stored bulk grain mass. In spring, the spe c ies diversity, abundance, evenness and the population size in the community incr ease. In July, however, the species diversity and evenness maximize. The insect communitvy is low in stability and diversity in the surface layer. In the bottom layer, however, species diversity and stability is higher.     

松潘生态修复模式区生物多样性与稳定性研究

九寨-黄龙世界自然遗产地位于我国西部典型的山地生态脆弱区,自2001年以来松潘县在退耕还林工程进行了不同树种配制模式的实践,共计营造了12个生态经济林模式.它们分别为:1.枸杞,2.沙棘,3.山桃+云杉,4.山杏+云杉,5.云杉,6.西蜀丁香+陇东海棠,7.云杉+阿根廷柳,8.云杉+青杨,9.阿根廷柳,10.阿根廷柳+青杨,11.青杨,12.山杏+阿根廷柳模式.通过对这12个模式群落与各层次物种多样性的分析比较,发现绝大多数模式木本层多样性并不高,而草本层则物种数多为20种左右,香农威纳指数都达到2.0以上,因而,群落总体多样性很可观.运用Godron M稳定性测定方法检验其生态稳定性表明:各模式的生态稳定性与理论上20/80的稳定点尚有相当距离;其大小依次为:1.枸杞,2.沙棘,4.山杏+云杉,6.西蜀丁香+陇东海棠,10.阿根廷柳+青杨,12.山杏+阿根廷柳,5.云杉,8.云杉+青杨,7.云杉+阿根廷柳,11.青杨,9.阿根廷柳,3.山桃+云杉,这表明模式构建后仍处在较脆弱的状态.稳定性与其多样性之间的拟合也表明稳定性与多样性并无多少明显相关,甚至还有呈现负相关的趋势.这预示着多样性与稳定性之间不存在简单的线性关系,而是可能存在一个多样性阈值.

Abstract：

The World Natural Heritage-Jiuzaigou & Huanglong-is located in the eco-vulnerablele areas of West China. Since 2001, a total of 12 reconstruction models of the degraded landscape in the eco-vulnerable areas have been implemented in Songpan County, i. e. 1) Lycium chinense; 2) Hippophae rhamnoides;3) Amygdalus davidiana + Picea asperata ; 4) Armeniaca sibirica + P. asperata; 5) P. asperata; 6)Syringa komarowii +Maluskansuensis; 7) P. asperata + Salix argentinensis; 8) P. asperata+ Populus cathayana; 9) S. argentinensis; 10) S. argentinensis + P. cathayana; 11) P. cathayanaand 12) A.sibirica+ S. argentinensis. An analysis of both horizontal and vertical species diversity in these 12 models showed that there were generally poor species richness and diversity in the woody layer. In contrast, the herb layer of most models possessed considerable diversity, with about 20 species and a Shannon-Weiner index of over 2.0. In addition, most models possessed sound species diversity, contributed by diversity in the herb layers. Estimation of bio-stability with M. Godron stability method demonstrated that the ecostability of each model fell quite apart from the theoretic stable point (20/80), being in the sequence of L.chinense > H. rhamnoides > A. sibirica+ P. asperata > S. komarowii + M. kansuensis> S. argentinensis + P. cathayana> A. sibirica + S. argentinensis > P. asperata > P. asperata + Populus cathayana > P. asperata + S. argentinensis > P. cathayana > S. argentinensis > Amygdalus davidiana + P. asperata, indicating that these models remained in their fragile status. Simulation between their species diversity and ecological stability also indicated that little, if any, simple linear correlation existed between them and, sometimes, even a negative correlation was shown, suggesting that there may be a threshold of biodiversity other than a simple linear relationship between diversity and stability.     

Vertical Migrating and Cluster Analysis of Soil Mesofauna at Dongying Halophytes Garden in Yellow River Delta

For the first time,we used Tullgren method made a study on vertical migrating and cluster analysis of the soil mesofauna in Dongying Halophytes Garden in the Yellow River Delta(YRD),Shandong Province.The results showed that the soil mesofauna tended to gather on soil surface in most samples at most times,but the vertical migrating greatly varied in different seasons or environment conditions.Acari was the dominant group.The index of diversity of the soil fauna was correlated with the index of evenness.The Acari’s number of individuals infected other species and numbers.Dominant group-Acari made greater contribution to the result of cluster analysis,and there were significant differences between communities in different habitats by cluster analysis with both Bray-Curtis and Jaccard similarity coefficient.     

Species Composition,Richness and Aboveground Biomass of Natural Grassland in Hilly-Gully Regions of the Loess Plateau,China

In order to study the characteristics of species composition, richness and aboveground biomass of natural grasslands, and then ifnd out the relations between species richness and aboveground productivity of the communities and possible mechanisms to form the relations, four typical grassland communities （Artemisia capillaries （AC）, Thymus quinquecostatus （TQ）, Stipa bungeana （SB） and Stipa grandis （SG）） along with a succession sequence in hilly-gully regions of the Loess Plateau, China, were investigated by ifeld survey and laboratory analysis. The results were summarized as follows：Different succession stages had different species compositions as well as different proportions of plant life forms and photosynthetic types, and Asteraceae, Poaceae and Leguminosae were their dominant species as well as their dominant perennial herb species;and different succession stages had signiifcantly different species richness and aboveground biomasses. There were many relation patterns （linear positive correlation, unrelated relations and unimodal relations） between the species richness and aboveground biomass in different succession stages and a signiifcant unimodal relation between the species richness and aboveground biomass in all the grassland communities and the highest species diversity appeared at a moderate level of productivity. The results suggest the unimodal relations in all the grassland communities are accumulative results of the relations in each succession stage.     

Responses of plant diversity and primary productivity to nutrient addition in a Stipa baicalensis grassland,China

Nutrient addition can affect the structure and diversity of grassland plant communities, thus alter the grassland productivity. Studies on grassland plant community composition, structure and diversity in response to nutrient addition have an important theoretical and practical significance for the scientific management of grassland, protection of plant diversity and the recovery of degraded grassland. A randomized block design experiment was conducted with six blocks of eight treatments each: control(no nutrient addition) and K, P, N, PK, NK, NP, and NPK addition. We evaluated plant composition, height, coverage, density, and aboveground biomass to estimate primary productivity and plant diversity. Results showed that all treatments increased primary productivity significantly(P0.05) with the exception of the K and the NPK treatments had the greatest effect, increasing aboveground biomass 2.46 times compared with the control(P0.05). One-way ANOVA and factorial analysis were used for the species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and aboveground biomass, and the relationships between the diversity indices and aboveground biomass were determined through linear regression. We found that fertilization altered the community structure; N(but not P or K) addition increased the proportion of perennial rhizome grasses and significantly reduced that of perennial forbs(P0.05), thus it presented a trend of decrease in species richness, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indexex, respectively. Only the main effects of N had significant impacts on both the diversity indices and the aboveground biomass(P0.05), and the interactions between N-P, N-K, P-K and N-P-K could be neglected. With fertilization, plant diversity(correlation coefficient, –0.61), species richness(–0.49), and species evenness(–0.51) were all negatively linearly correlated with primary productivity. The correlations were all significant(P0.01). Scientific nutrient management is an effective way to improve grassland productivity, protect the plant diversity as well as recover the degraded grassland.     

The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (ⅡPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr.Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant protectant to protect crops.     

The Status of Medicinal Plants in Jordan

The taxonomic status of the medicinal plants in Jordan is expressed in terms of its diversity, the documentation of the scientific research that is carried out locally over the last many years; to test for the potential of some medicinal plant species （MPS） in Jordan on different biological aspects is also prepared. This has been reported here by revising and documenting the available literature to the author on this subject. The ecological status of medicinal plants in Jordar is also pointed out. The aim of this research was mainly to evaluate the status of the research on medicinal plants that was carried oul： to test for the different biological potentials of medicinal plants in Jordan and to emphasis the richness of the country of its wild medicinal plants, which are of promising value in whether for use in traditional medicine or in pharmaceutical industry, and certainly need lots of investigations and scientific research. Photographs of some medicinal plants that are common in Jordan and are used in traditional medicine in the urban areas and the Badia region, which is located in the Eastern part of the country and characterized by its dry weather conditions and least amount of rainfall in the country, are also included; the plant photographs are selected from different representative families of the common flowering plants in Jordan.     

Phytochemical Constituents and Allelopathic Effects of Some Medicinal Plants Extract on the Soil Algal Diversity

Phytochemical constituents of the shoots and roots extract of chosen eight medicinal plants （Plantago major, Verbesina encelioides, Glinus lotoides, Helotropium supinum, Mentha microphylla, Euphorbia hirta, Juncus subulatus and Convolvulus arvensis） were estimated using standard qualitative analysis. The extract contained alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, f[avonoids and terpenoids in some medicinal plants while others contain some only of these phytochemical components. Allelopathic effect of the various concentrations of the extracts on the soil algal diversity was also investigated. Wollea saccata was the only algal species disappeared from all applied investigated plant extracts. Phormidium richardsii, Monoraphidium braunii, Eunotia verneris and Nitzschia bilobata were the highly sensitive algal species to all applied shoot and root extract from all tested plants, they disappeared from most of the studied plants. On the other hand, Phormidium animale and Chlorella neustonice were highly tolerant algal species to all applied extracts. Counts of Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were decreased by addition of some investigated medicinal plants extracts such as Juncus subulatus, Convolvulus arvensis and Euphorbia hirta. So the authors can use these plants extracts in biocontrol of the nuisance of algal bloom or any other microorganisms. Also, these plants may be useful to recover eutrophic water which needs further investigation.     

Comparative Analysis of Population Genetic Structure in Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） Biotypes B and Q Based on ISSR Marker

Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） biotypes B and Q are two invasive biotypes in the species complex. The comparison of the population genetic structure of the two biotypes is of significance to show their invasive mechanism and to their control. The intersimple sequence repeats （ISSR） marker was used to analyze the 16 B-biotype populations and 4 Q-biotype populations worldwide with a Trialeurodes vaporariorum population in Shanxi Province, China, and a B. tabaci non-B/Qbiotype population in Zhejiang Province, China, was used as control populations. The analysis of genetic diversity showed that the diversity indexes of biotype Q including Nei＇s gene diversity index, Shannon informative index, and the percentage of polymorphic loci were higher than those of biotype B. The high genetic diversity of biotype Q might provide the genetic basis for the excellent ecological adaptation. Cluster analysis suggested that the ISSR could not be used in the phylogenetic analysis though it could easily distinguish the biotypes of B. tabaci. The difference of the population genetic structure between the biotype B and the biotype Q exists based on the ISSR marker. Meanwhile, the results suggested that the molecular marker has its limitation in the phylogenetic analysis among the biotypes of B. tabaci.     

品牌符号对农产品消费的预期理论研究

农业是产品同质化程度最深的产业,所以农产品比一般的产品更需要品牌来形成差异,而品牌区分同质化产品主要依赖的就是品牌符号。笔者基于行为经济学里的预期理论对品牌符号如何影响消费者购买农产品展开了研究,并从理论上提出了利用预期理论使品牌符号对消费者购买农产品施加积极影响的3点策略,以期能够丰富国内关于建立农业品牌的理论。     

Loxp序列位置对基因表达的影响

【目的】先选用绿色荧光蛋白基因（egfp）作为试验基因构建loxp位点位于egfp基因上游或下游不同位置的表达结构,对loxp位点的位置对基因表达的影响进行初步分析。然后以植酸酶（phytase）基因为另一个试验基因对通过egfp基因得出的结果进行进一步验证。研究结果为开展通过基因打靶技术将外源基因与内源基因通过2A序列连接共表达的转基因动物制作中,打靶位点的选择提供可靠依据。【方法】先选择增强绿色荧光蛋白基因（egfp）为试验基因,红色荧光蛋白基因（dsred2）为内参基因。以pEGFP-N2、pGEM-5zf-loxp质粒为基础,构建了ploxp-EGFP（loxp序列位于egfp基因开放阅读框的Kozak序列上游的5′非翻译区）、pEGFP-loxp（loxp序列位于egfp基因开放阅读框的终止密码子下游的3′非翻译区）、ploxp-EGFP-loxp（egfp基因开放阅读框的Kozak序列上游5′非翻译区和终止密码子下游3′非翻译区各有一个loxp序列）。以pEGFP-N2质粒为对照质粒,以pDsRed2-N1为内参质粒,与所构建的egfp基因各表达质粒共转染PK15细胞,转染24h后在荧光显微镜下观察荧光表达情况,用荧光分析软件Image J进行荧光强度分析并记录荧光强度,进而应用SPSS19.0软件对各转染荧光表达情况进行分析,确定loxp序列的位置对基因表达的影响。为了对以egfp基因为试验基因所得到的结果进行进一步验证,本试验选择植酸酶（phytase基因）基因为试验基因,egfp基因为转染内参基因萤火虫荧光素酶基因（luciferase基因）为表达内参基因。以pIREsNEo、pGEM-5zf-loxp和pT-phytase、pGL4.13[luc2/SV40]质粒为基础。构建了p-SV40-luciferase-CMV-loxp-phytase（loxp序列位于phytase基因开放阅读框的Kozak序列上游的5′非翻译区）、p-SV40-luciferase-CMV-loxp-phytase-loxp（phytase基因开放阅读框的Kozak序列上游5′非翻译区和终止密码子下游3′非翻译区各有一个loxp序列）、p-SV40-luciferase-CMV-phytase-loxp（loxp序列位于phytase基因开放阅读框的终止密码子下游的3′非翻译区）和p-SV40-luciferase-CMV-phytase（phytase基因开放阅读框的上下游均无loxp序列）等试验质粒,以egfp基因(pEGFP-N2)为转染内参基因与所构建的各种phytase基因表达结构共转染PK15细胞,同时设置一个转pEGFP-N2+ pDsRed2-N1的空白对照。转染48h后在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白基因表达情况,用荧光分析软件Image J进行荧光强度分析并记录荧光强度,应用SPSS19.0软件对各转染绿色荧光表达情况进行分析。同时应用钼蓝法测定各转染的植酸酶活性。应用萤火虫萤光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒检测各转染萤火虫荧光素酶活性。用SPSS19.0软件对各转染的植酸酶和萤火虫荧光素酶表达水平（活性）进行统计分析。【结果】试验中以dsred2为内参基因,对转染后每个转染的不同区域红色荧光强度平均值(代表各转染红色荧光蛋白的表达水平)进行统计分析表明egfp基因各结构每个转染的间红色荧光蛋白表达水平差异不显著,表明不同转染间排除了转染操作、质粒纯度、细胞活性等的差异对分析结果的影响,转染前质粒的电泳结果表明,各质粒间不同构象的质粒比例基本一致,这也基本排除了转染用质粒质量的差异对转染效果的影响,对各转染不同区域绿色荧光强度的平均值（代表各转染的egfp基因表达水平）进行的统计分析表明,同一结构不同转染间egfp基因表达水平差异不显著,不同结构的转染间存在差异,其中ploxp-EGFP和ploxp-EGFP-loxp结构转染中绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平显著低于pEGFP-loxp和pEGFP-N2,而pEGFP-loxp和pEGFP-N2转染间egfp基因间的表达差异不显著。这一结果初步说明loxp序列在外源基因开放阅读框下游时对基因表达水平没有影响,在外源基因开放阅读框上游时对基因表达呈负影响,为了进一步验证上述结果的可靠性,本研究以植酸酶基因作为另一试验基因,以萤火虫荧光素酶基因为表达内参基因,以egfp基因为转染内参基因再次进行了验证,验证试验得到了相似的结果。【结论】开展通过基因打靶技术将外源基因与内源基因通过2A序列连接,实现外源基因和内源基因共表达的转基因动物制作研究中,以Cre/loxp系统作为报告基因删除工具时,则内源基因的下游为最佳的打靶位点。     

施肥对玉米品质的影响研究

以高淀粉玉米品种华单208和普通玉米品种农大364为供试材料,采用正交试验设计,分析氮、磷、钾对2种不同类型玉米的产量性状及品质性状的影响。试验结果表明:磷、钾对玉米品种营养品质的影响大于氮。施磷后,高淀粉玉米华单208的脂肪含量增加了7.14%;施钾后高淀粉玉米华单208的蛋白质含量增加了4.82%,农大364品种的蛋白质则增加了3.72%。     

春油菜菌核病田间发生规律研究

研究结果表明:黑龙江省北安农场管理局菌核病病菌子囊盘于6月中旬始见,子囊盘数量与3日内大气平均相对湿度呈正相关(R=0.657),与3日内平均气温呈负相关(R=-0.604)。大气中病菌孢子于6月中旬始见,7月中下旬出现高峰期。花朵于6月下旬开始发病,7月上旬出现发病高峰期。花朵带病率与3日内的相对湿度和日照时数显著相关(R1=0.95;R2=-0.857)。叶片于7月初开始发病,7月中旬达到高峰期,以后逐渐下降。茎秆于7月上旬开始发病,为土表菌核直接侵染造成,发病率低,增长慢,7月下旬快速增长(为病叶再侵染造成)直至收获。     

教育网站动态新闻发布系统的设计与实现

目前教育网站多数采用动态网站形武。一般具有动态新闻发布系统。本文从实际应用出发。研究了动态新闻发布系统研制开发的一般方法，进行了教育网站新闻发布系统设计与实现的实践。     

GA对彩色马蹄莲生长影响研究

采用GA溶液浸泡彩色马蹄莲种球,催芽播种,研究GA对彩色马蹄莲的生长影响,结果表明:GA低浓度处理种球可以促进种球萌发,并对彩色马蹄莲的开花有一促进作用,GA浓度在50~80μL/L左右效果较好,促进开花而没有畸形花出现。高于80μL/L浓度抑制植株的生长,并对生根有一定抑制作用。     

浅谈无线网络在农业上的应用

本文从无线网络的概述出发，阐述了无线网络的优势、传输方式、组成、拓朴结构、标准、应用前景及存在的问题，提出了无线网络将是今后农业信息化发展的趋势。     

普洱茶多糖抗疲劳作用研究

[目的]研究普洱茶多糖的抗疲劳作用。[方法]健康昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成3组(10只/组,雌雄各半):对照组(Ⅰ组)、普洱茶多糖水溶液处理组(Ⅱ组)、普洱茶水浸液处理组(Ⅲ组),连续饲喂14 d,检测其运动耐力和血清尿素氮含量。[结果]Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组小鼠运动耐力分别为(187.2±4.7)、(438.5±20.3)、(270.3±7.8)min,血清尿素氮值分别为(8.168 7±0.194 4)、(1.680 6±0.156 8)、(4.231 0±0.349 2)mmol/L。可见给小鼠饲喂普洱茶多糖和普洱茶水浸液都能显著降低其血清尿素氮形成,同时也能显著提高小鼠的运动耐力,延长其游泳时间,且茶多糖效果比茶水浸液效果好。[结论]茶叶多糖具有一定的抗疲劳作用。     

杨树伐根嫁接试验

用中林46号杨树枝条做接穗嫁接在北京杨品种上进行生长及投资试验，试验结果表明：杨树伐根嫁接苗比苗圃育苗和苗圃平茬苗的高生长及粗生长均高，而且比更新植苗造林节省投资。     

略论道路交通事故认定的可诉性

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