圈养雄性林麝泌香规律及其与繁殖力的关系研究

在2012~2013年间,通过对四川马尔康麝场圈养雄性林麝麝香分泌及其繁育等有关数据进行了统计分析,探究了圈养雄性林麝泌香规律及其与繁殖力的关系。结果表明:马尔康麝场配种雄麝总体取香率为86.7%(n=45),年龄对泌香率有显著效应(P0.001),亚成体组泌香率(100%)高于成体组(88.9%)和老龄组(71.4%)。线性模型y=120.408-6.122 5a(R2=0.471,P=0.089)可近似模拟雄麝泌香率与年龄的关系,19~20岁龄个体趋于停止泌香(泌香率接近0值)。未泌香雄麝所配雌麝的配怀率[(80.00±4.615)%,n=6]与泌香雄麝所配雌麝的配怀率[(74.74±3.846)%,n=39]无显著差异(P0.05);未泌香雄麝配种雌麝的产仔数(5.67±0.558,n=6)显著低于泌香雄麝配种雌麝(7.15±0.416,n=39)(配种雌麝4头~6头)(P=0.05),未泌香雄麝配种雌麝的胎仔数(1.48±0.064,n=6)和双胎率(47.50±6.437)%均极显著低于泌香雄麝配种雌麝[1.77±0.038,n=37;(70.36±3.049)%](P0.01)。此外,未泌香雄麝配种雌麝所产仔麝的早期死亡率(5.56±5.556%)略低于泌香雄麝配种雌麝所产仔麝(12.65±3.036)%(P0.05),但泌香雄麝配种雌麝所产仔麝的存活率(74.10±2.946)%略高于未泌香雄麝配种雌麝所产仔麝(69.86±8.548)%(P0.05)。     

甘肃兴隆山圈养雌性马麝（Moschus sifanicus）发情次数、间情期及影响因素

 【目的】分析圈养雌性马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的发情交配时间格局,探查性经历、年龄、来源及繁殖成效等因素对发情交配的周期数、间情期的影响,为麝类成功驯养及异地保护提供参考。【方法】采用随机取样法和所有事件记录的行为取样方法,观察马麝的交配行为,准确记录发情交配的启动和结束时刻。【结果】兴隆山麝场圈养雌麝的间情期为（12.23±0.52）d（n=22）,平均动情次数为（1.88±0.13）次（n=22）。各年龄及年龄组雌麝的间情期无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但年龄极显著影响动情次数（P＜0.01）;首次参配雌麝的动情次数[（3.00±0.32）次,n=9]显著高于具多次交配经历的雌麝[（1.55±0.11）次,n=13]。雌麝的间情期和动情次数与雌麝的来源无关,野外捕获雌麝的间情期[（12.01±0.66）d,n=16]和动情次数[（1.95±0.15）次,n=16]与驯产雌麝[（12.83±0.75）d,n=6;（1.67±0.23）次,n=6]无显著差异。雌麝动情次数和间情期与上年的繁殖成效无直接关系,而与翌年繁殖成效有关,翌年繁殖成功的雌麝的动情次数[(1.71±0.16)次,n=7]和间情期[（10.13±2.24）d,n=3]显著地低于翌年空怀雌麝[动情次数：（2.20±0.18）次,n=7;间情期：（13.00±2.00）d,n=7]低。【结论】圈养雌性马麝的发情交配时间格局受圈群内个体间社会行为及环境因子的影响,雌麝年龄及性经历因素影响雌麝的发情,雌麝的间情期及动情次数与雌麝的来源无关;雌麝动情次数和间情期与上年繁殖成效无直接关系,而翌年繁殖成功雌麝的动情次数和间情期显著低于翌年空怀雌麝。     

迁地保育林麝行为多样性及影响因素研究

2016年6月和7月,运用焦点取样法和连续记录法,对四川省马尔康林麝繁育中心的圈养林麝进行了行为取样,计算了行为多样性指数,并且分析了林麝的性别、年龄、繁殖成效和麝香分泌等因素与其行为多样性指数的关系。结果表明:四川马尔康麝场圈养林麝雌麝的行为多样性(r=0.29±0.012,n=175)略高于雄麝(r=0.26±0.016,n=94),差异不显著(P0.05);个体圈养年限的年龄对其行为多样性影响不显著(P0.05);繁殖失败雌麝的行为多样性(r=0.33±0.035,n=13)大于繁殖成功雌麝(r=0.28±0.053,n=14),差异不显著(P0.05);雄麝的麝香分泌量与其行为多样性相关不显著(P0.05)。开展迁地保育林麝行为多样性及影响因素研究,为进一步提高濒危林麝人工驯养、迁地保育技术措施提供了重要的基础数据和理论依据。     

Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity

Between June 2005 and February 2006, focal sampling and all occurrence behavior recording were used to quantify the behavioral patterns of captive female alpine musk deer （Moschus sifanicus） at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu Province, China. Copulation success was used to differentiate individuals into two groups （successful and unsuccessful） and to provide a basis for behavioral comparisons, throughout both mating （rut） and non mating seasons. The results indicated significant differences between the behavior patterns of successful and unsuccessful females; however, the reproductive season played an important environmental factor. Pooling results across reproductive seasons, successfully copulating females showed significantly higher frequencies of vigilance and lower frequency of feeding behavior as compared with unsuccessfully copulating females. In the non-mating season, unsuccessfully copulating females had higher frequency of self-directed behavior, environment sniffing, and were less aggressive than successful copulating females. Furthermore, females who were successful at copulating also demonstrated tail-pasting behavior; however, this only occurred during the rut season. The results of this study can improve management practices for musk deer farms through increasing mating success and reducing maintenance costs. Furthermore, variation in behavior may also be used as a predictor of copulation success and reproductive potential, whereby females can be grouped and separated according to their reproductive history and past reproduction success.     

Effects of Various Degrees of Antennal Ablation on Mating and Oviposition Preferences of the Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella L.

Using scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the distribution of the trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla on the antennae of the diamondback moth （DBM;Plutella xylostella）. The trichoid sensilla were the most abundant sensory organ, and the male moth antennae host signiifcantly more trichoid sensilla than female moth antennae. Conversely, basiconic and coeloconic sensilla were found more frequently on female than on male antennae. We performed experiments with various degrees of antennal ablation and demonstrated that DBM antennae played a key role in the control of mating and oviposition. We found that neither oviposition preference nor mating behaviors changed signiifcantly when less than 1/4 of both antennae were removed. However, there was a signiifcant behavioral change when the antennae were ablated by more than half. As the length of the antenna was shortened, the successful mating rate decreased and mating peak was delayed. An otherwise consistent host preference for oviposition was eliminated when both antennae were completely removed. Furthermore, we found that the number of trichoid sensilla was positively correlated with mating rate and oviposition preference. However, the numbers of basiconic and coeloconic sensilla were not correlated with mating rate and mating peak, but highly correlated with oviposition preference. Taken together, our results indicate that antennal sensory information plays a critical role in the mating and oviposition behaviors of this economically important pest.     

风洞条件下高剂量性信息素对二化螟求偶、交配和产卵的影响

为了探明在高剂量性信息素环境下二化螟[Chilo suppressalis (Walker)]的求偶、交配和产卵行为,采用风洞试验模拟交配干扰环境,并结合行为观测和化学方法分析性信息素滴度。结果表明：在风洞中,每次释放3.1 mg高剂量Z11-16:Ald或三元混合物[m(Z11-16:Ald)∶m(Z9-16:Ald)∶m(Z13-18:Ald)=10∶1∶1.2]会显著抑制雌蛾的交配率和性信息素滴度,但2个处理间没有显著差异,且雌雄蛾配对数量、喷射间隔时间之间没有显著差异。在喷射或未喷射高剂量Z11-16:Ald环境下,去除触角的雄蛾交配率分别降至（8.3±1.1）%和（10.0±8.9）%。在高剂量性信息素环境下,雌蛾产卵量和卵孵化率没有受到影响;雌蛾日龄显著影响与雄蛾的交配率,1、3、5日龄雌蛾与1日龄雄蛾的交配率分别为（60.0±5.2）%、（31.7±6.0）%、（8.3±3.1）%,且雌蛾随日龄增长产卵量和卵孵化率下降。综上所述,高剂量性信息素环境会抑制二化螟的交配率和性信息素滴度,但不影响雌蛾的产卵量和卵孵化率,而雌蛾日龄对产卵量和卵孵化率有影响;交配率的下降可能与雄蛾...     

圈养马麝的刻板行为

由于受饲喂制度、圈养活动场面积及环境异质性等因紊的影响,甘肃兴隆山麝场的圈养马麝有刻板行为发育。每次行为取样持续时间为5 min,表达强度为(2．169±0．933)s(n=54)。食物形态(精料)及饲料的定时定量等导致圈养马麝的摄食动机受挫,直接引起嗜食异物和刻板舔刮等口部刻板行为的表达。圈养环境下的活动限制则直接导致马麝发育及展现狂奔、往返走、立台、跳墙和搭蹄凝视等运动性刻板行为型。刻板行为表达强度的比较分析表明,兴隆山圈养马麝的刻板行为表达持续时间在各月间存在差异,但不显著,繁殖季节的刻板行为表达强度显著高于非繁殖季节。     

Genetic Diversity and Genetic Changes in the Introgression Lines Derived from Oryza sativa L. Mating with O. rufipogon Griff

The objectives of the present study were to estimate genetic diversity and genetic changes of introgression lines (ILs) which derived from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L,cv.Xieqingzao B,XB) mating wit...     

川西高原圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)的麝香分泌及影响因素研究

【目的】基于对四川马尔康林麝繁育场圈养雄性林麝(Moschus berezovskii)麝香分泌的监测,分析圈养林麝泌香的分泌规律,确定个体年龄、圈群性比及圈舍结构对其麝香产量的影响,为高生产力林麝驯养及麝香可持续供给提供参考。【方法】监测四川马尔康林麝繁育场圈养林麝的麝香分泌,基于个体识别及麝香的人工采收,准确记录麝香产量(用吸水纸吸去表面浮液后的麝香重)。【结果】四川马尔康麝场圈养雄性林麝的泌香量区间为0~19.60 g,均值为(9.24±0.77)g;因圈舍改装及随后转圈的综合胁迫效应,泥地基底圈舍中的雄麝泌香量(8.52±1.29)g显著低于砖地基底的原装圈舍中的林麝(9.99±0.84)g(P0.01);马尔康林麝的泌香峰值年龄段是4~7岁,其泌香量均值为9.63 g(±0.82)。随年龄增长,雄麝泌香量有减少的趋势,但林麝年龄对其泌香量的效应不显著(P0.05)。模型y=-0.371 1+2.440 1a+0.050 7a2-0.028 4a3可近似拟合雄麝泌香量同年龄的关系;圈群的雌雄性比对雄麝泌香量的效应显著(P=0.05),性比为1雌4雄圈群的雄麝泌香量(4.90±2.23)g显著低于性比为1雌5雄圈群(10.70±1.21)g(P0.05)和性比为1雌6雄的圈群雄麝的泌香量(9.85±0.99)g(P0.05),后两类雄麝的麝香分泌量无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】砖地基底圈舍林麝的麝香产量显著高于泥地基底圈舍(P0.01);虽圈养林麝年龄对泌香量的效应不显著(P0.05),但随年龄递增,雄麝泌香量有减少的趋势;就麝香生产而言,马尔康麝场组建圈群的最适雌雄性比为1∶5~6(P0.05)。