Land-use Change and Ecological Footprint Analysis of Harbin City

Appraisaling the land-use change degree of urban land objectively, analyzing the reasons, and proposing the countermeasures have important meanings to promote land sustainable development. The article analyzed the dynamic change of land-use ecological footprint in Harbin City from 1996 to 2006. Through the measurement of ecological footprint to assess the social impact and the extent of sustainable land-use. The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint in Harbin had increased year by year, while the per capita ecological carrying capacity had decreased, the per capita ecological deficit was increasing, and land-use in Harbin City was in an overload status. Finally, reasonable land-use proposals were proposed.     

岷江上游土地利用变化及其对生态环境的影响

基于遥感和G1S技术支持下,详细研究了岷江上游的土地利用状况及其1986-2000年的动态变化对生态效益的影响.研究表明:林地、草地、耕地是岷江上游主要的土地利用类型,这近15年间,林地面积减少,草地、耕地面积有所增加,经济林地和旱地增长速度最快,疏林地和高盖度草地减少速度最快.在土地利用类型转化过程中,林地与草地间转化剧烈,主要是有林地、灌木林地转化为中盖度草地;同时林地和草地内部转化也较为频繁,主要是有林地转为灌木林地、高盖度草地转为中盖度草地.区域生态效益在主要土地利用类型变化影响下,呈局部区域提高、总体下降的趋势,下降幅度为4.66%,下降的主要因素为旱地、中盖度草地和低盖度草地的增加,有林地和高盖度草地的减少.为此岷江上游地区应贯彻国家政策,调整产业结构,保护珍贵的林业资源,保护生态环境,走可持续发展的路线.

Abstract：

Based on remote sensing and GIS, this study investigated the present situation of land use in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and the impact of its dynamic changes in 1986-2000 on eco-efficiency.The result indicated that the main land-use types of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River are woodland, grassland and farmland.In the 15 years from 1986 to 2000, woodland area was reduced, but the grassland area and arable land area increased to a certain extent.The types of economic forest land and the dry-land grew the fastest, while the scattered woodland and high coverage grassland were the fastest decreasing types.In the conversion of land use types, the conversion between woodland and grassland was quite dras-tic, expressed mainly in the conversion of forest land and shrub land into medium coverage grassland.Within woodland and grassland, internal conversion was frequent, mainly from forest land into shrub land and from high coverage grassland to medium coverage grassland.Influenced by the changes in the main land-use types, the trend of the regional eco-efficiency improved locally in some regions, but declined as a whole with a range of 4.66%, because of the decrease in forest land and high coverage grassland and the increase in dry-land, medium coverage grassland and low coverage grassland.Therefore, we should imple-ment the national policy, adjust the industrial structure, provide some method for protecting the limited and precious forest resources of the area, protect the ecological environment and follow the road of sustain-able development.     

Assessment of Conflicts between Forestry and Agricultural Land Uses in Nigeria and Ghana

The study was conducted in four states of the Southwest geo-political zone in Nigeria and four regions in Ghana.. The results showed that the existing forest, agricultural and land use decree/policies in Nigeria and Ghana indicated lack of integration between Forestry and Agricultural land uses. The main conflicting areas were obsolete land use decree in Nigeria and lack of national land use policy in Ghana. The causes and effects of the conflicts had policy enunciation, stakeholders, and institutional and managerial dimensions. Some of the causes of the conflicts were lack of national land use policies for coherent and integrated forest and agricultural sectors; high population growth, de-reservation of forest reserves, unsustainable agricultural practices and technologies, land hunger, encroachment of forest reserves with cash crops and stakeholders＇ litany of demands and other diverse interests. Consequences of conflicts in the study locations included disharmony between forestry officials and farmers, antagonism between timber concenssionnaires and communities, wanton destruction of economic trees and seedlings, extinction of tree species, expansion of illegal farm lands and an attendant poverty. The logistic regression model for conflicts between forestry and agricultural land uses in Nigeria and Ghana indicated significant fit to the data judging from chi square value （df, 9） = 3174.1 that is significant at P 〈 0.05. The final loss of the model indicated a value of 92.47.     

SWOT Analysis and Countermeasures of Ecological Agricultural Development of Jianshan Farm

At present, the excessive use of the fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural production has result in hardening of the soil and decrease of the wild animals and can not maintain the sustainable using of land resources. To develop ecological agriculture is a powerful measure to reduce energy consumption, protect environment, and realize the sustainable development of the agriculture. In order to promote the sustainable development of agriculture in Jianshan Farm, this paper by using SWOT analysis method analyzed the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat in the development of the ecological agriculture in Jianshan Farm, based on the experience from domestic and foreign ecological agricultural development, and put forward the countermeasures for the development of the ecological agriculture in order to develop ecological circular agriculture and non-genetic soybean crop protected areas, and to establish soybean-corn rotation area and healthy aquaculture zone, as well as develop new energy industry.     

Assessing Agricultural Sustainable Development Based on the DPSIR Approach： Case Study in Jiangsu, China

According to the contemporary ecosystem approach, the linkages of human actions with their environment have to be assessed in an integrative manner. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model is applied to identify and describe processes and interactions in human-environmental systems. An example application from a research project dealing with the development of sustainable management strategies for the agriculture in Jiangsu, China, illustrates the potentials and limitations of its sustainable development. The concept and indicators of ecological integrity are used to assess the indicators in the dimensions of DPSIR between 2003 and 2006. The main drivers included population growth which caused increasing demand for food, growing environmental demands, and rapidly decreasing of land and other natural resources. The main environmental problem was water pollution. The results show that in the dimension of driver, total grain output and agricultural land productivity both increased. Labor intensive agriculture has been promoted to increase agricultural land productivity. In the dimension of pressure, on the positive side, infrastructure got greatly improved, the input level such as total power of machinery, and level of fertilizer use increased, and level of pesticides use decreased, but on the negative side, cultivated land per capita and irrigation rate decreased, natural resources keep decreased. Environmental pollution indicators such as industrial wastewater discharge and acid rain rate increased in Jiangsu Province. In the aspect of state, ecosystem state was improved, plant coverage index increased, biological abundance index increased, fertilizer productivity increased, eco-environmental quality index increased, but land degradation index also increased. In the aspect of impact, output level increased, output efficiency enhanced, farmer’s social economic benefit improved. In the aspect of response, social support was greatly improved, input for environmental governance increased. To assess the effects of environmental governance, Jiangsu government was successful to increase compliance rate of sulfur dioxide emissions, but not so efficient in compliance rate of industrial wastewater discharge.     

Applying a salinity response function and zoning saline land for three fi eld crops: a case study in the Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia,China

Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors affecting the growth and productivity of crops in Hetao Irrigation District, China. In this study, the salinity tolerances of three local crops, wheat(Triticum aestinum L.), maize(Zea mays L.) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.), growing in 76 farm fields are evaluated with modified discount function. Salinity ecological zones appropriate for these local crops are characterized and a case study is presented for crop salinity ecological zoning. The results show that the yield reductions of wheat, maize and sunflower when grown in saline soils are attributed primarily to a reduction in spikelet number, 1 000-grain weight and seed number per head, respectively. Sunflower is the most tolerant crop among the three which had a salinity tolerance index(ST-index) of 12.24, followed by spring maize and spring wheat with ST-Indices of 9.00 and 7.43, respectively. According to the crop salinity tolerance results, the arable land in the Heping Village of this district was subdivided into four salinity ecological zones: the most suitable, suitable, sub-suitable and unsuitable zones. The area proportion of the most suitable zone for wheat, maize and sunflower within the Heping Village was 27.5, 46.5 and 77.5%, respectively. Most of the most suitable zone occurred in the western part of the village. The results of this study provide the scientific basis for optimizing the local major crop distribution and improving cultural practices management in Hetao Irrigation District.     

2003-2008年香港土地利用/覆盖变化监测与分析

利用2003和2008年两期SPOT5卫星影像,对香港地区土地利用/覆盖变化情况进行监测,探讨和分析了香港地区土地利用类型变化、土地利用程度变化的特征和规律.结果表明5a间香港土地利用变化最大的特点是土地利用总面积略有增加,各土地利用类型中,农用地急剧减少,灌丛和草地显著增加;区域的土地利用效率较高,土地利用程度变化微小,目前已处于缓慢发展期.

Abstract：

Supported by RS and GIS technology and using the SPOT5 remote sensing images of 2003 and2008,the authorsr monitored and analyzed the change in land use/land cover in Hong Kong in this period.The results showed that the land area increased by 220 ha from 2003 to 2008 through reclamation and that of all land use types,cultivation land decreased sharply,but serubland and grassland,most of which were transformed from forest land,increased markedly,which was the most remarkable characteristic change of land use/land cover in the 5 years in Hong Kong.Land use extent index showed but little change(1.75),or the land used for urban development and construction changed very little,and the intensive utilization of land remained high.It is concluded that the land use in Hong Kong has come into a period of slow development.     

Soil Monitoring System as a Basic Tool for Protection of Soils and Sustainable Land Use in Slovakia

The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.     

西南丘陵山区县级土地利用分区研究——以重庆市酉阳县为例

土地利用分区是地域分异规律的体现,在空间区划尤其是土地利用总体规划中处于重要地位.立足于西南丘陵山区,以层次聚类分区方法为主导,以构成自然、社会经济方面的主导因素分区评判为控制,融合地理信息技术研究了酉阳县的土地利用分区问题.结果表明,通过对分区单元的调整优化,将全县划分为中部低山高丘城乡统筹发展区、东部高丘综合农业优化开发区、西南部低山生态旅游开发区、北部中山生态涵养区,明确了区域土地利用的方向和重点,为有效地引导和规范土地利用活动提供了依据.研究认为,在土地利用分区方案编制中,融合地理信息技术应用聚类层次分区方法,能够有效提高分区方案的科学性、针对性和可操作性.

Abstract：

Land-use regionalization is the reflection of the regularity of regional differentiation and plays an important part in spatial zonation, especially in general land use planning. Based on the hilly and moun-tainous regions in southwestern China, using layer cluster method, choosing the natural-socio-economic leading factors as zoning criterions and integrating the geographic information technology, this paper stud-ies the land-use regionalization issues of Youyang county. Through adjustment and optimization of the di-visions, the county is divided into four areas, they are urban and rural development areas with the terrain of high-hills and low-mountains in the central part, comprehensive optimization of agricultural develop-ment areas with the terrain of high-hills in the eastern part, eco-tourism development areas with the terrain of low-mountains in the southwestern part and ecological conservation areas with the terrain of mountains in the north. This makes clear the focus of regional land-use and provides a basis for regulating land-use activities. It is suggested that using GIS technology and layer cluster method can make land-use regional-ization programs more science-based, pertinent and maneuverable.     

山区生态友好型土地利用对策研究——以重庆市黔江区为例

以黔江区为研究对象,通过对生态环境影响因子的分析,发现制约黔江区土地利用环境发展的因素主要有区域气候变化、土壤要素、水文环境以及水土流失和土地退化等.并任以上分析的基础上,进一步分析了土地利用变化对生态环境的影响和制约黔江生态环境及区域发展的因素,最后提出了适应山区土地利用与生态环境协凋的对策,对黔江社会经济发展和生态建设具有重要意义. Abstract： Accompanying the development of social economy,the land use model of mountainous area,typically eco-weak area,is changing gradually.Here the establishment of eco-friendly land use model in mountainous area,will pioneer the model of sustainable development in that area.Concerning Qianjiang District of Chongqing Municipality,huge change of land use model,mainly embodied in the unceasing increase of construction land and gradual decrease of agricultural use land,has taken place in recent years.To explore the eco-friendly land use model in mountainous area,Qianjiang District was chosen as the study object in the present study.Via analyzing the changes in land use model,we found that related eco-environment restrictive factors mainly regional,climatic change,soil texture,hydrological environment as well as soil erosion and land degradation,etc.And based on these results,we further analyzed the effect of land use change on eco-environment and the factors restricting the maintenance of eco-environment and regional development,finally put forward the counter measures for balancing land use and co-environment in mountainous area.The results will be important for the development of social economy and eco-system construction in Qianjiang District.     

基于GIS的工厂化养殖适宜性评价研究

选取滨海新区汉沽作为研究区域,通过查阅相关文献、咨询水产专家和实地调研等多种形式,筛选出19个对滨海新区汉沽工厂化养殖发展影响较大的因子作为评价指标,综合应用德尔菲法(Delphi)和层次分析法(AHP),确定各级指标的权重,构建滨海新区汉沽工厂化养殖适宜性评价模型,利用IDRISI进行综合运算,将工厂化养殖区域划分为"不适宜"、"一般适宜"、"适宜"和"非常适宜"4种类型,从而为工厂化养殖区域规划和管理提供科学依据。     

基于HTML文档的WEB图像分类研究

随着信息技术的快速发展和Internet的普及应用，Internet已经成为包含各种信息形式，如文本、图像、视频、音频等的巨大信息资源库。然而由于Web图像从主题、格式，到功能和来源都多种多样，很难用一个统一的标准进行分类。本研究首先从Web页面上图像的功能角度对图像进行初步分类，将其分为链接类、装饰类、广告类和内容类。初步分类可提高Web图像处理的效率和性能，并为它基于Web的应用与研究提供帮助。     

苯酚对废水生物硝化过程的抑制

由于硝化细菌对水产养殖水质可以起到明显调节作用，近年来在水产养殖领域的应用日益广泛。但废水中有毒有害物质的存在常常会导致硝化细菌的活性受到严重抑制，从而严重影响养殖水体及水产品的质量。本文利用富集培养的硝化污泥研究了苯酚对生物硝化过程的抑制效应。结果表明，苯酚对氨氮生物硝化过程的抑制属于非竞争性抑制，抑制常数K1和EC50均为2．61mg／L。泥龄相同的条件下，有苯酚抑制剂存在时氨氮的出水浓度高于无抑制情况，且苯酚浓度越高，氨氮出水浓度也越大；而达到相同的氨氮出水浓度，抑制剂存在条件下的泥龄大于无抑制条件，且抑制程度越高，所需泥龄越长。     

转化糖药学研究概况

综述了转化糖药理及其现代临床研究概况,并对其药学应用前景进行了展望。     

黑龙江省番茄根腐病研究概述

文章对黑龙江省番茄根腐病病原菌的鉴定、病原菌的生物学特性、苗期抗性鉴定技术及寄主抗性遗传规律、番茄根腐病的病症与识别、病害的发生和流行规律等内容进行了综述。     

布氏艾美尔球虫研究之回顾

布氏艾美尔球虫(Eimeriabrunetti)是鸡的一种致病性较强的寄生性原虫,但是我国球虫流行病学的报道很少谈及,有关研究报道更为少见。为此,笔者回顾了自1942年Levine首次报道布氏艾美尔球虫以来人们对这个种所做的研究。主要对这个种在世界的流行情况、生物学特性、致病性、免疫原性、内生性发育、体外培养、致弱及在球虫疫苗中的地位作了回顾和评述。     

苯酚对废水生物硝化过程的抑制

由于硝化细菌对水产养殖水质可以起到明显调节作用,近年来在水产养殖领域的应用日益广泛。但废水中有毒有害物质的存在常常会导致硝化细菌的活性受到严重抑制,从而严重影响养殖水体及水产品的质量。本文利用富集培养的硝化污泥研究了苯酚对生物硝化过程的抑制效应。结果表明,苯酚对氨氮生物硝化过程的抑制属于非竞争性抑制,抑制常数K1和EC50均为2．61mg／L。泥龄相同的条件下,有苯酚抑制剂存在时氨氮的出水浓度高于无抑制情况,且苯酚浓度越高,氨氮出水浓度也越大;而达到相同的氨氮出水浓度,抑制剂存在条件下的泥龄大于无抑制条件,且抑制程度越高,所需泥龄越长。     

低聚壳聚糖在水稻上的应用研究

0.3 g/L低聚壳聚糖水剂是一种新型植物生长调节剂。通过在水稻苗期和秧田期使用该水剂,探讨其对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明:0.3 g/L低聚壳聚糖水剂可促进水稻根系发育和分蘖;增加千粒重,提高产量;对恶苗病防效达48%。其较佳使用方法为苗期浇灌,移栽返青后茎叶喷雾。