水产养殖中复合精确自动增氧技术研究

提出了一种日常情况下利用耕水机改善水质和应急情况下采用叶轮增氧机增氧的复合自动增氧模式。耕水机通过太阳能电池驱动昼夜不停耕动水体,不仅释放了底层水体有害物质,而且通过水体中藻类的光合作用极大提高了整个水体溶解氧浓度,大幅减少了叶轮增氧机应急增氧时间。水体溶解氧浓度通过ZigBee无线传感网络实时监控,低于设定下限值时,启动应急变频增氧,高于上限时停止增氧,控制方式采用增量式PID控制。试验结果表明,复合增氧方式与单一增氧方式相比,节省了约65%的电能、80%的人力成本和20%的药品等,总体利润增加20%以上。     

基于Zigbee通信的节能型混合式机械增氧系统

构建了一套增氧系统,采用耕水机和微孔曝气增氧机混合增氧的模式,白天通过定时控制以耕水机工作为主,晚上或阴雨天缺氧时以微孔曝气增氧为主。在环境参数不断变化的情况下,为了保持溶解氧的稳定,控制方法采用误差反传的模糊神经网络控制。试验表明,在相同条件下采用混合式增氧控制较传统的叶轮式增氧可节约电能40.6%,提高产量31.9%,最终利润提高136.1%。水质参数测量采用Zigbee通信,通信协议采用优化的低能量自适应分层协议,并根据水体溶解氧测量的实际要求,设置参数测量的软、硬阈值以减少节点数据发送的次数,达到节能和供电电池剩余能量均衡的目的,试验表明优化后的无线传感网络寿命延长了58%。     

基于LEACH协议的水产养殖参数智能监控系统

提出了基于LEACH(Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy)协议的水产养殖溶解氧参数低功耗无线测量网络和溶解氧浓度的智能变频控制技术。无线传感网络中簇首对测量节点的数据先进行融合,然后发送到基站。针对水体溶解氧参数变化缓慢的特点,规定在每一帧内变化小于0.1 mg/L时,不再向簇首发送数据。簇首调整各节点在该帧内数据发送时隙,延长簇首和节点的休眠时间,降低了功耗。PLC根据溶解氧参数的变化一方面通过变频器控制叶轮增氧机,在白天水体溶解氧质量浓度大于5.0 mg/L时,叶轮增氧机低速"耕水",充分利用自然界的风能、光能和藻类的光合作用改善水质;另一方面当溶解氧质量浓度低于5.0 mg/L下限时,采用模糊变频控制迅速缩小误差,在接近控制目标后,变频器输出稳定。通过试验验证,相对于人工粗略控制,节约电能42.3%以上,产量提高11.8%,综合经济收益提高41.3%。     

耕水机使用性能研究及试验结果分析

通过研究耕水机的作用机理,探索其使用性能及试验方法。检测数据证明,耕水机在养殖肥水中搅动,有利于浮游植物光合作用放氧,使养殖水中溶解氧过饱和,水温和水质均匀一致,可降低亚硝酸盐等有害物质的含量,分解水底残饵、养殖动物排泄物和残体等,减少养殖废水的排放量,降低了机械增氧的能耗,实现节能减排,值得推广使用。     

增氧机在养殖池试验的试验方法研究

本文对增氧机在养殖池现场试验的方法进行研究,说明试验条件,并对水体中溶解氧均匀度、水温均匀度和增氧能力等的试验方法进行论述。     

三种增氧机增氧性能研究

为了更准确地评价池塘养殖中主要的三种不同增氧方式的增氧机的性能,通过标准水池试验和养殖池塘中实地试验,研究了三种增氧机的增氧方式在清水试验中的增氧能力、动力效率和养殖池塘中的溶解氧均匀度与水温均匀度的变化。结果表明,曝气式增氧机增氧能力和动力效率最好,增氧能力比水车的高55.1%,动力效率比水车的高出64.0%。增氧能力和动力效率从高到低依次是曝气式、叶轮式和水车式。水车增氧机对养殖池溶解氧的均匀度提升最快,最高的达到46.43%,曝气增氧设备对养殖池溶解氧的均匀度提升达到29.46%;对养殖池水温均匀度的提升,三种增氧机都不是很明显。该研究为在池塘养殖中合理运用不同增氧方式提供了有益的借鉴。     

江苏省水产养殖增氧技术浅析

使用增氧机是增加溶解氧量的有效方法,除了增加氧气之外,还可促进水的流通并可以防止水体的温度层化、化学层化及氧气层化。同时增氧机能在水塘深处运作,改善水塘底部的土质,使底层土增氧并避免产生有毒气体,达到有效防止水产动物的患病死亡可能性的目的。     

汕头市农机推广站举办耕水机示范推广现场会

近日,汕头市农机推广站在澄海区溪南镇举办了新型水产养殖机械风光耕水机示范推广现场会。澄海区农业局有关单位、溪南镇农办、农机站、当地水产养殖大户40多人参加了此次现场会。珠海风光耕水环保技术有限公司生产的耕水机是一种新型的水产养殖设备,科学地用超节能的耕水驱动方式驱动水体产生大范围的运动和循环     

浅析水产养殖过程中机械增氧机的应用

水产养殖中使用增氧机,有利于提高养殖的质量与效率。水质对水生物的影响至关重要,通过应用机械增氧技术,能够增加水体的营养度,进一步改善水质,对水产养殖具有重要的作用。本研究分析了水产养殖过程中机械增氧机的应用问题,有助于全面提高水产养殖机械化水平,提升水产养殖的产量与质量,增加水产养殖户的经济收益。     

基于建模预测与关系规则的养殖水体溶解氧含量调控方法

为了保证养殖水体溶解氧充足,水产养殖普遍采用全天大功率开启增氧机的生产方式,这造成了很大的能源消耗。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于建模预测与关系规则库的溶解氧调控方法,首先构建了一种自适应增强的粒子群优化极限学习机预测模型（AdaBoost-PSO-ELM）,实现溶解氧含量的准确预测;然后进行增氧预实验,采用曲面拟合方法对溶解氧初始含量、曝气流量和增氧机开启时间之间的作用关系进行精确量化,构建关系规则库;最后专家系统基于溶解氧含量预测值,调用已建立的关系规则库,合理控制增氧机的开启功率与时间。与其它常规的预测模型相比,AdaBoost-PSO-ELM模型的MSE、MAE和RMSE均为最优,分别为0.0055mg2/L2、0.0531mg/L、0.0745mg/L,可以实现溶解氧的准确预测。增氧实验结果表明,基于三次多项式的先验方程能够对〖JP2〗溶解氧初始含量、曝气流量和增氧机开启时间之间非线性关系进行准确量化,拟合R2均在0.99以上。由此可知,基于量化结果所构建的规则库与预测模型相结合能够合理控制增氧机的开启功率与时间,节省电能和提高养殖效率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。