人字型水旱两用旋埋刀辊设计与试验

为适应长江中下游水旱轮作多熟制稻作区的秸秆还田与土壤耕作,降低现有组合刀辊的作业功耗和轴向负载,开展了螺旋横刀排列方式及结构参数的相关研究。根据对刀辊轴向受力的理论分析,提出平衡刀辊轴向力的初步方案,采用离散元软件模拟不同排列形式的螺旋横刀对土壤的切削过程,仿真结果表明,人字型排列方式的轴向受载稳定性与切削阻力优于锯齿型和交错型。基于人字型排列原则,重新规划旋耕刀的布局并设计配套刀盘,形成一种人字型水旱两用旋埋刀辊。为了进一步降低刀辊功耗,建立螺旋横刀切削土壤的数学模型,分析安装角与刀宽对切削阻力及秸秆埋覆效果的影响,并进行优化。为验证刀辊优化后的区域适用性及减阻效果,进行了田间试验。试验结果表明:人字型水旱两用旋埋刀辊适用于大多数水稻田的秸秆埋覆与土壤耕作,其中耕深均值为18. 10 cm、耕深稳定性系数均值为92. 75%、耕后单幅平整度均值为2. 00 cm、秸秆埋覆率均值为92. 60%,均满足设计要求。同时,在不降低秸秆埋覆率的前提下,人字型刀辊较交错型刀辊降低功耗0. 34%～17. 01%; 50°安装角的螺旋横刀的刀辊较35°安装角螺旋横刀的刀辊降低功耗6. 81%～16. 46%,达到了优化目的。     

基于离散元的双轴旋耕机功耗预测模型

针对双轴旋耕机结构参数复杂、功耗高,受耕作时节限制,难以用田间试验的方法进行减阻降耗研究的问题。基于离散元法,构建双轴旋耕-秸秆-土壤耕作模型,研究了双轴配置参数对功耗的影响,通过响应面试验分析,建立了功耗的数学预测模型。模型优化的结果表明,当前后刀轴回转半径均为195mm,后轴相对于前轴垂直距离为99.8mm,前后轴回转圆水平距离为100.6mm,获得的功耗最小为9.018kW。为了验证功耗模型的准确性,在固定工作参数下,进行了原尺度整机仿真试验和田间试验。试验结果表明：真实原尺度旋耕机的田间试验功耗与整机仿真值误差均值为9.5%,范围为5.8%~13.4%,结合响应面分析说明功耗数学预测模型较为准确,表明旋耕机刀组在缩放过程中误差变化较小,模型能够准确反映双轴配置参数对双轴旋耕机在稻茬田地作业功耗的影响。     

船式旋耕埋草机螺旋刀辊作业功耗试验

基于LabView软件平台开发了功耗测试系统。采用相位差原理,对船式旋耕埋草机的螺旋刀辊进行了中稻收获后的水田适度耕整与秸秆埋覆还田功耗试验。在功率测试平台上对测试系统进行了标定,结果显示系统测量误差在5%以内。在田间对螺旋刀辊作业功耗进行了实时检测,通过分析各因素对功率消耗的影响,得到了船式旋耕埋草机较优作业模式：实行2次耕整,刀辊转速310r/min,其中第1次作业耕深55mm,其平均作业功耗为7.13kW,第2次作业耕深达到110mm,其平均作业功耗为7.59kW,两次耕整后秸秆埋覆率达到95%以上。     

基于离散元法的油莎豆降阻挖掘装置设计与试验

目前油莎豆机械化收获方式以正旋旋耕挖掘为主,但工作过程中存在工作阻力大、碎土率低、埋果率高等问题,本文针对油莎豆旋耕挖掘方式进行反旋运动学分析,建立了旋耕刀与油莎豆团聚体离散元模型,结合EDEM进行挖掘过程离散元仿真试验,确定影响旋耕刀工作阻力和刀轴扭矩的结构参数和取值范围,利用Design-Expert进行试验优化与回归分析,确定旋耕刀的最佳结构参数为：弯折角130°、工作幅宽45 mm,在相同参数设置下与正旋旋耕方式进行对比试验,工作阻力降低了8.6%,刀轴扭矩降低了5.9%,证明反旋挖掘具有降阻作用。为检验优化设计的旋耕刀作业性能,以埋果率和土壤破碎率作为试验指标进行对比试验,结果表明：反旋作业方式埋果率1.07%,土壤破碎率93.48%,与标准旋耕刀相比,新型旋耕刀油莎豆块茎埋果率减低了1.2个百分点,土壤破碎率提高了1.3个百分点。     

驱动圆盘犁与双刃型旋耕刀组合式耕整机设计与试验

针对传统旋耕式耕整机在稻-油或稻-稻-油水旱轮作的油菜种植模式下进行耕整地作业易存在整机通过性、适应性差,旋耕装置作业碎土率低、刀辊易缠草、秸秆埋覆性能差等问题,设计了一种驱动圆盘犁与双刃型旋耕刀组合式耕整机。提出先主动犁耕后双刃旋耕、两侧开畦沟的工作方式,分析确定了驱动圆盘犁组主要结构参数以及驱动圆盘犁组-开畦沟前犁布局方式;分析确定了一种应用于驱动圆盘犁与双刃型旋耕刀组合式耕整机的双刃型旋耕装置关键结构参数。依据滑切原理确定了具有长刃部和短刃部的双刃型旋耕刀片关键结构参数;根据驱动圆盘犁组结构布局确定了双刃型旋耕装置为双头螺旋线排列方式。利用离散元仿真方法分析了整机的秸秆埋覆性能以及对土壤耕层交换的影响,结果表明整机作业平均秸秆埋覆率为94.69%,且整机作业后土壤耕层混合均匀。在秸秆留茬量不同的两种工况下进行田间性能试验,田间性能试验表明,驱动圆盘犁与双刃型旋耕刀组合式耕整机作业后平均秸秆埋覆率为96.45%,平均碎土率为95.30%,犁组不堵塞,刀辊不易缠草,机组通过性好;田间播种试验表明,整机播种后油菜出苗均匀,整机作业各项指标均满足稻茬地油菜直播种床整备要求。     

基于离散元法的立式旋耕刀工作参数分析与优化#br# #br#

为探究立式旋耕刀作业参数对其受力情况及碎土效果的影响，建立立式旋耕刀作业的离散元模型，并对其所受阻力、扭矩的变化规律进行分析；通过设计正交试验，得到立式旋耕刀工作参数对其阻力、扭矩、作业功率及碎土率的影响，并建立相应的预测模型。通过响应面分析和预测模型对立式旋耕刀作业功率和碎土率进行参数优化，得到最佳工作参数为：前进速度1.2 m/s，刀具转速307.141 r/min，耕深25 cm，模型预测立式旋耕刀作业功率为7.042 kW，碎土率为8085%。将最佳工作参数代入仿真试验，对比试验数据得到功率的模型预测值与仿真值间的相对误差为3.97%，碎土率的相对误差为3.45%，验证了预测模型的可用性。     

旋耕还田秸秆空间分布质量离散元分析

秸秆在土壤中的空间分布质量会对秸秆腐解速率、土壤养分分布等产生显著影响。为了探究不同旋耕作业参数对秸秆空间分布质量的影响,本文基于离散元法构建旋耕仿真模型,模拟秸秆旋耕还田作业过程,并结合田间试验对不同前进速度和刀辊转速下的秸秆空间分布质量进行对比验证。对仿真及田间试验区域进行垂直分层和水平划分的空间分割处理,计算各区域内秸秆数量并以秸秆占比变异系数为指标评价不同旋耕作业参数下的秸秆空间分布质量。结果表明,在垂直分层处理中,刀辊转速的增加会使得各层秸秆占比变异系数呈递增的趋势,其中240r/min时最小,仿真值与试验值分别为60.09%和80.65%,而随着前进速度的增加,变异系数呈先减少后增加的规律,其中0.50m/s时变异系数最小,仿真值与试验值分别为61.00%和79.90%;在水平划分处理中,刀辊转速的增加对各层秸秆占比变异系数无明显规律性影响,但前进速度的增加可以减小纵向划分区域内的变异系数,最小值为0.75m/s时的11.36%和20.12%,仿真值与试验值变化趋势基本一致。垂直分布和水平分布秸秆占比变异系数仿真值与试验值间差值平均最大分别为22.13%和12.23%,误差在可接受范围内。离散元仿真能够模拟不同旋耕作业参数下的秸秆空间分布状态,可以为旋耕秸秆还田作业质量的快速预测评价研究提供支持,也可为旋耕机械的作业参数选择提供理论依据。     

基于离散元法的立式旋耕刀耕整作业性能仿真研究

立式旋耕刀作为旋耕机的关键作业部件,其对土壤的作用效果与自身的功耗损失将直接影响旋耕机的作业质量与工作效率。为探究立式旋耕刀与土壤颗粒间的作用机理,获得刀具的最佳结构参数及作业参数,提高旋耕机的作业质量,达到满足耕整作业农艺要求的碎土整平效果,通过构建不同结构形式的旋耕刀三维模型,搭建旋耕刀-土壤间作用的离散元模型,对单把立式旋耕刀作业时的受力情况及土壤颗粒的破碎搅拌情况进行分析,并进行系列试验。同时,通过极差分析获得工作参数对旋耕刀作业的影响作用规律,并采用受力、扭矩以及抛土碎土效果等多项指标,对不同结构形式旋耕刀自身损耗及对土壤颗粒的影响规律进行深入分析,以期研究出能够适应不同土壤结构环境及农艺模式需要的最佳旋耕刀结构及相关参数,为后续研究与试验提供理论参考。     

旋耕机作业参数设计对拖拉机功耗的影响研究

本课题研究了旋耕机作业参数对拖拉机功耗的影响关系,建立旋耕机作业参数对拖拉机功耗影响的数学模型,以旋耕机作业耕深、作业推进速度、刀辊转速为影响因子设计正交试验,试验结果表明:影响拖拉机功耗的各因素主次顺序为作业前进速度、刀辊转速、作业耕深。考虑旋耕作业质量与旋耕作业效率前提下,较优的旋耕作业参数为:作业推进速度2.9km/h,刀辊转速275r/min,耕深为210mm时,功耗值77.3kW,碎土率达到85%。通过数据分析软件对旋耕机作业参数与功耗建立回归方程,回归方程相关性高,有效反应了各试验因素与功耗之间的影响关系。研究结果为旋耕机结构参数设计、拖拉机动力匹配等工作提供了参考依据。     

基于Delphi可视化编程的旋耕埋草机功耗检测研究

旋耕埋草机在作业过程中受到的阻力较大,尤其是在土壤粘重的地区作业,其功耗问题是制约该机发展的重要因素。针对高茬秸秆还田旋耕埋草机实际功耗大小不清楚、刀辊作业时运动参数与功耗的关系不明确等问题,根据功耗检测的基本原理,采用Delphi可视化编程软件,设计了一种新的旋耕埋草机功耗检测系统。该系统由4个模块组成,包括设计采集模块、传感器模块、数据分析模块和Delphi可视化显示模块。将该系统安装在旋耕埋草机上,对其性能进行了检测,并得到了转速、力矩和功耗等检测结果。该检测结果通过数据处理可以在Delphi开发的界面上进行可视化显示,为旋耕埋草机动力分配和节能降耗的研究提供了可借鉴的数据参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。