Inheritance of seedling colour in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary The inheritance of purple seedling colour was studied, in relation to the genetic control of flower colour. It was found that purple seedling colour is likely to be controlled by a single gene and that the trait is dominant over green seedling colour. White flowering prohibited the expression of the purple seedling colour, and is therefore thought to be epistatic.This character can be used to estimate rate of outcrossing in breeding programmes, as well as contribute to our knowledge of the biosynthesis of plant pigments and secondary metabolites such as tannins.     

Development of EST-SSR markers and construction of a linkage map in faba bean (Vicia faba)

To develop a high density linkage map in faba bean, a total of 1,363 FBES (Faba bean expressed sequence tag [EST]-derived simple sequence repeat [SSR]) markers were designed based on 5,090 non-redundant ESTs developed in this study. A total of 109 plants of a ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ F₂ mapping population were used for map construction. Because the parents were not pure homozygous lines, the 109 F₂ plants were divided into three subpopulations according to the original F₁ plants. Linkage groups (LGs) generated in each subpopulation were integrated by commonly mapped markers. The integrated ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ map consisted of six LGs, representing a total length of 684.7 cM, with 552 loci. Of the mapped loci, 47% were generated from multi-loci diagnostic (MLD) markers. Alignment of homologous sequence pairs along each linkage group revealed obvious syntenic relationships between LGs in faba bean and the genomes of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. In a polymorphic analysis with ten Egyptian faba bean varieties, 78.9% (384/487) of the FBES markers showed polymorphisms. Along with the EST-SSR markers, the dense map developed in this study is expected to accelerate marker assisted breeding in faba bean.     

Rate and inheritance of cross-fertilization in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary To assess the feasibility for synthetic varieties of Vicia faba L., 108 faba bean genotypes were screened for cross-fertilization rate in five field experiments carried out in 1989 and 1990 at Wageningen.Significant genotypic differences were observed for outcrossing rate, which ranged from 1 to 55%. These percentages, however, are thought to be not high enough for a commercially feasible production of synthetic varieties.The inheritance of cross-fertilization rate, determined by testing the F₄ generation of a cross between two inbreds, both with high outcrossing rates, appeared to be of a polygenic nature, as was indicated by the wide variation in, and the continous distribution of, the cross-fertilization rates. Among the F₄ lines tested some had a significantly higher cross-fertilization rate than the parents. However, this difference was not found when these lines were retested, indicating that possibilities for successful selection for higher outcrossing rates might be limited.     

Enzyme polymorphism in faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) accessions. Genetic interpretation and value for classification

Three isozyme sytems glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malic enzyme (ME) have been analysed electrophoretically to study the diversity within and between 33 faba bean (V. faba L. type minor) accessions. For comparison, two cultivars (Vesuvio and Talo) were included in the study. Further objective of this study was to classify populations into genetic similar groups. SOD and GOT showed large variation, while ME presented minor change. Principal components, hierarchical cluster, and canonical discriminant analyses produced five groups with significant differences among them. The alleles with low frequency played a significant role in the discrimination. It was concluded that more detailed investigations regarding genetic aspects of enzyme diversity are needed to support the data here reported. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Density enhancement of a faba bean genetic linkage map (Vicia faba) based on simple sequence repeats markers

Genetic mapping for faba bean lags far behind other major crops. Density enhancement of the faba bean genetic linkage map was carried out by screening 5,325 genomic SSR primers and 2033 expressed sequence tag (EST)‐SSR primers on the parental cultivars '91825' and 'K1563'. Two hundred and fifteen genomic SSR and 133 EST‐SSR primer pairs that detected polymorphisms in the parents were used to screen 129 F₂ individuals. This study added 337 more SSR markers and extended the previous linkage map by 2928.45 cM to a total of 4516.75 cM. The number of SSR markers in the linkage groups varied from 12 to 136 while the length of each linkage group ranged from 129.35 to 1180.21 cM. The average distance between adjacent loci in the enhanced genetic linkage map was 9.71 cM, which is 2.79 cM shorter than the first linkage map of faba bean. The density‐enhanced genetic map of faba bean will be useful for marker‐assisted selection and breeding in this important legume crop.     

Inheritance of seed coat colour in broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Summary The inheritance of the seed coat colours violet, spotted, brown, green, red, black and beige was investigated in a 10×10 diallel cross between broad bean (Vicia faba L. major) lines. Spotted seed colour was dominant over any uniform seed coat colouring. Brown was dominant over black, green and normal (beige colour). Black and red seed parents behaved as recessive in all F₁ progenies. A 3 (coloured): 1 (normal) segregation ratio was observed in the F₂ of crosses of violet, brown, black, red and spotted seed coat parents to nornal seed coloured parents. Green x beige gave a segregation ratio of 9:7 in F₂. When two parents with different seed coat colour were involved in a cross, the F₂ showed a typical digenic segregation ratio thus demonstrating two unlinked and sometimes epistatic loci.Segregation of a multiallelic series at two loci explains all segregation ratios observed for seed coat colour in broad bean.     

国内外蚕豆核心种质SSR遗传多样性对比及微核心种质构建

运用24对SSR引物, 对国内外1075份初级地理蚕豆核心种质的遗传多样性分析显示, 等位变异数、有效等位变异数及Shannon’s信息指数分别为8.54、2.26和1.02;对全部参试资源进行聚类分析, 没有发现明显的群体结构, 表明初级地理核心种质的代表性较好, 遗传背景较广泛。之后采用每个类内随机抽样的方法构建含有129份国内资源和63份国外资源的蚕豆微核心种质, 等位基因变异数、有效等位变异数和Shannon’s信息指数的保留比例分别为87.32%, 101.26%, 101.82%;经t检验得出微核心种质与全部参试资源群体间遗传多样性差异不显著, 表明构建的微核心种质的遗传多样性可以代表初级地理蚕豆核心种质。     

Breeding for wide adaptation in faba bean

Summary Broadening agronomic adaptation will improve yield stability in the grain legume Vicia faba L. We gathered information on the adaptation of European and Mediterranean material to European and Mediterranean environments. The material comprised 20 inbred lines (12 European and 8 Mediterranean lines) and 99 intra- and interpool-crosses in generation F₁. These were evaluated in 9 environments: two spring-sown Southern German environments (SGermE), and seven autumn-sown Mediterranean environments (MedE) in Sicily, Puglia, Andalucia and South Africa. Standard ANOVA, stability analyses and AMMI analysis were performed. Mean yield in F₁ was 257 g/row, the overall parental mean was 144 g/row. The range of environmental means was from 94 g/row to 411 g/row. The average regression coefficient in F₁ was b _i =1.07, being significantly greater than for the parents (b _i =0.68). The opposite was true for the relative magnitude of the deviations from the regressions, which were highly correlated to the AMMI-PC1-results. The AMMI analysis clearly separated the SGermE from the MedE, as well as the germplasm pools. Though the superiority of the F₁-hybrids over their parents was striking, their pattern of interactions with the environments strictly reflected that of their parents. A number of promising crosses was identified as a nucleus of a widely adapted faba bean genepool.     

Development and validation of a robust KASP marker for zt2 locus in faba bean (Vicia faba)

Faba bean has the potential to become a key food and feed protein crop in many areas of the world. The presence of tannins in its seed coat has limited the deployment of this crop as feed and food. The expression of either of the two recessive genes, zt1 and zt2, causes a great reduction of tannins from the seed coat and results in a white flower phenotype. Molecular markers linked to these loci are fundamental tools for speeding up the breeding of low-tannin varieties. The main aim of this study was to develop and validate a robust molecular marker linked to the zt2 locus. We used 176 recombinant inbred lines of the Disco/2 × ILB 938/2 cross at F₆ and genotyped those using 257 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. An SNP marker associated with zt2 locus was found on faba bean chromosome 3 and was used to develop a high-throughput low-cost KASP (kompetitive allele-specific PCR) marker. The KASP marker can successfully discriminate low-tannin faba beans carrying zt2 from those carrying zt1 and wild-type alleles.     

蚕豆异交率相关因素研究及应用进展

蚕豆是常异花授粉作物,异交率一般为20%~30%,最高可达84%。媒介昆虫、气候条件、地理因素、种植密度、品种基因型、花序的小花数量及小花结构特点、田间环境等都对异交率产生影响,媒介昆虫是异交发生的主要途径。异交会导致种质一致性的丧失,给资源的保存利用、品种繁育和应用基础研究等带来一定阻碍,但同时异交又是群体遗传多样性保障和杂种优势利用的重要条件。本文从异交率、异交媒介、异交影响因素及异交率的应用研究4个方面总结蚕豆异交率研究和应用情况,并对今后研究方向进行展望。     

The identification of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) trisomics by translocation tester set

Summary Five subtelocentric primary trisomics of Vicia faba L. were isolated from crosses between asynaptic mutants and normal plants or translocation tester stocks. The extra chromosome of each trisomic was identified cytologically by critical multivalent association at metaphase I of meiosis.     

Pattern analysis and genotypic x environment interactions in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) populations

Summary Twenty-nine populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. subsp. major, equina and minor) of mediterranean origin were evaluated for the genetic variability of 12 biomorphological characters at four locations in Apulia and Basîli cata regions (Italy) in 1983–84.A pattern analysis appoach, based on classification and ordination procedures is presented for to characterize differences among population in mean performance and response across environments. Informations about G × E interaction were obtained.Research work supported by CNR, Italy. Special grant I.P.R.A. Sub-project 1. Paper N. 1099.     

Hybrid performance and AFLP- based genetic similarity in faba bean

Successful prediction of heterosis and performance of F₁-hybrids from the genetic similarity of their parents based on molecular markers has been reported in several crops and can be very helpful in hybrid breeding. The relationship between genetic similarities based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of 18 European faba bean lines and their hybrid performance and heterosis was investigated. Parental lines, 62 F₁-hybrids and their F₂-progenies were evaluated in field trials in four environments in Germany for seed yield, 1,000-seed weight and plant height. Results clearly demonstrated a stable superiority of the hybrids over their inbred parents and elite check cultivars, and showed a marked and varying amount of heterosis. Parental seed yield and F₂-hybrid yield were promising as predictors for F₁-hybrids. AFLP analysis of the 18 inbred lines using 26 EcoRI/MseI primer combinations resulted in 1202 polymorphic fragments. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarity estimates unambiguously identified pedigree-related inbred lines. No clear separation of the 18 inbred lines into subgroups was detected. Correlation coefficients between genetic similarity estimates and either heterosis or F₁-hybrid performance were small and not useful. Also correlations between specific genetic similarity and specific combining ability were too small for all traits to be of predictive value. Results showed that AFLP-based genetic similarities are not useful to predict the performance of hybrids or heterosis within the elite European faba bean gene pool.     

Genetic linkage map of Chinese native variety faba bean (Vicia faba L.) based on simple sequence repeat markers

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for construction of genetic linkage map which can be applied for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker‐assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a genetic map of faba bean was constructed with SSR markers using a 129 F₂ individuals population derived from the cross of Chinese native variety 91825 (large seed) and K1563 (small seed). By screening 11 551 SSR primers between two parents, 149 primer pairs were detected polymorphic and used for F₂ population analysis. This SSR‐based genetic linkage map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 128 SSR. The map encompassed 1587 cM with an average genetic distance of 12.4 cM. The genetic map generated in this study will be beneficial for genetic studies of faba bean for identification of marker‐locus‐trait associations as well as comparative mapping among faba bean, pea and grasspea.     

Detection and characterization of two new CMS systems in faba bean (Vicia faba) *

Wide crosses were made to identify new cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems in faba beans, based on the interaction of cytoplasm with restorer and maintainer alleles. A total of 330 F₁ hybrids were produced in both reciprocal forms. Male sterile segregates were observed in one reciprocal version in the F₂ generation of six crosses. Two of these crosses with female parents originating from Afghanistan and Egypt expressed stable male sterility in subsequent backcross generations. Based on the female parents of the two crosses, these two CMS systems were designated CMS 199 and CMS 297. CMS 199 was more stable than CMS 297 during backcross generations and across different environments. Maintainer and restorer lines for both CMS systems were identified. Lower expression of male sterility occurred in CMS 297 in the greenhouse during the winter generations than in isolation cages during the summer generations, which may be utilized to maintain male sterile lines by selfing. Regarding practical applications, the CMS 199 shows great promise for hybrid breeding in faba beans.     

Maintenance breeding and multiplication of pea and faba bean cultivars. Maintenance of protein peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba)

Summary The maintenance of protein pea (Pisum sativum)and field bean (Vicia faba)cultivars is a part of the breedingscheme of these pulses at CEBECO-ZADEN. As soon as the cultivar is pure breeding a large quantity ofseed is stored under conditioned circumstances.     

Progress towards flowering of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is more than photothermal

Predicting and understanding the progress towards flowering in faba bean are important to achieve the adaptation and high productivity of the crop under varying environmental conditions. Traditional controlled‐environment experiments showed that the rate of progress towards flowering was dependent mainly on photoperiod and temperature. Here, we highlight the need to include measures of solar radiation and water deficit in order to achieve an adequate model for field conditions. The improved model was assessed in two steps: first with a “basic” model across all 20 cultivars and then with an “extended” model that included terms to fit exceptional cultivars. The two new parameters were necessary to achieve an acceptable fit of progress towards flowering and clearly separated two cultivars, “Kontu” and “Witkiem Manita,” that were significantly quicker to flower than the other 18, which fit a single line. As the regression coefficients of the two exceptional cultivars differed only in intercept, not slope, we conclude that flowering responses to day length, temperature, solar radiation and drought stresses were consistent in this set of germplasm and that the two cultivars differed in earliness “per se.” Growth‐chamber experiments added information about differing ceiling temperatures for progress to flowering in four cultivars and different sensitivities to supraoptimal temperatures.     

中国蚕豆种质资源ISSR标记遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR标记对中国18个省(区)的527份春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源的遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,11个ISSR引物共扩增出278条清晰的条带,其中多态性条带268条(占96%)。不同地理来源蚕豆资源群间的基因多样性指数在0.1267~0.2509之间,平均为0.1716;Shannon指数范围为0.1932~0.3767,平均为0.2608。两指数均以内蒙古资源群最高,云南和甘肃资源群次之,江西资源群体最低。非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)的聚类分析和二维主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,中国春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源明显不同,浙江和四川的资源形成独立的组群,明显不同于其他省份,其遗传背景独特,有待进一步研究。中国蚕豆种质资源遗传多样性差异和遗传关系与其生长习性、生态分布及地理来源密切相关。     

Heterosis and hybrid performance in topless faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

Parental lines, F₁ and F₂ hybrids from a 7×7-diallel of topless faba beans and eight standard cultivars were grown in single-rows for two years at four sowing dates on a highly fertile loam soil near Göttingen. In grain yield, F₁ hybrids showed 21 to 54% advantage over the higher yielding parent. Compared with the midparental value an average heterosis of 50% was observed for grain yield. Corresponding heterosis mean values ranged from 3 to 37% for yield components and up to 11% for phenological traits. The grain yield of the highest yielding topless F₁ hybrid was equal to that of Alfred, the highest yielding indeterminate standard cultivar. High grain yield in the topless hybrids was closely correlated with high biomass yield, late ripening and tall plants generally having a high number of podded nodes and pods on the main stem. Due to their agronomic advantages, i.e., lower plant length, reduced lodging sensitivity and earlier ripening, efforts at breeding topless hybrids seemed to be worth-while in faba beans. However, their yielding ability must be improved further before they can compete with normal, semi-dwarf and stiff-strawed cultivars.