喂入调节式秸秆破包揉丝机设计与试验

为解决小型揉丝机难以同时处理属地人工打包的整株捆与机械压制的小方捆玉米秸秆的问题,设计了一种秸秆破包揉丝机。通过进行秸秆受力与运动分析确定影响机器工作的主要结构与工作参数,并对整机传动系统与各轴转速进行设计与匹配。研究整株及方捆秸秆在初始喂入、内部运动和筛分排出过程中关键结构与工作参数对工作效率和丝化效果的影响,以电机输出转速、筛孔直径和喂入间隙为试验因素,以标定单位功率生产率和秸秆丝化率为评价指标,采用三元二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法进行了试验与分析,建立了试验因素与评价指标的回归模型。结果表明：对标定单位功率生产率的影响主次顺序为电机输出转速、喂入间隙、筛孔直径,对秸秆丝化率的影响主次顺序为筛孔直径、电机输出转速、喂入间隙;最优工作参数组合为：处理整株秸秆时,电机输出转速1353r/min、筛孔直径47mm、喂入间隙12cm,处理方捆秸秆时,电机输出转速1072r/min、筛孔直径46mm、喂入间隙35cm;验证试验表明,整株及方捆秸秆的标定单位功率生产率和秸秆丝化率均值分别为99.34kg/（kW·h）、98.86%和113.56kg/（kW·h）、98.30%,满足设计要求。     

环模式秸秆压块机的设计与性能试验

介绍了环模式秸秆压块机工作原理、结构设计及其性能试验。通过对环模式秸秆压块机关键部件进行设计,在不同的磨辊间隙下进行主轴转速与生产率、成型率以及单位能耗试验研究。结果表明：主轴转速增大,生产率增大,吨料能耗减小;但转速进一步提高,生产率会变小,吨料电耗增大;磨辊间隙过大,生产率减小,间隙过小,模辊磨损加剧。当磨辊间隙为5 mm、主轴转速为165 r/min时,压块机的生产率、吨料电耗和关键部件耐磨性都最优。     

环模秸秆压块机秸秆压缩力试验研究

试验采用四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合设计法,以水稻秸秆和稻壳为原料,主轴转速、含水率、稻壳含量和秸秆长度为试验影响因子,秸秆压缩力为试验指标,利用9JYK-2000A型环模秸秆压块机进行秸秆压缩力试验研究。结果表明:当主轴转速为170r/min、含水率为20%、稻壳含量为30%、秸秆长度为15mm时,秸秆压缩力有最佳值为20.407k N;各因素对环模秸秆压块机秸秆压缩力贡献率主次顺序依次为:含水率秸秆长度稻壳含量主轴转速。试验验证可知:该组合下试验值与试验模型预测值之间相对误差平均值为1.9 4%,可以为环模秸秆压块机压缩机理研究和分析提供必要的参数依据。     

甘薯秧蔓回收机仿垄切割粉碎抛送装置设计与试验

针对甘薯秧蔓垄沟匍匐生长不易全部机械回收的难题,设计了一种甘薯秧蔓回收机,并对关键部件仿垄刀辊机构和风机抛送装置进行了设计计算,该机可一次性完成甘薯秧蔓切割、粉碎、抛送和回收作业。以刀辊转速、离地间隙、风机转速为试验因素,甘薯秧蔓粉碎合格率、含土率、回收率为试验指标,采用响应面分析方法,建立了试验因素与试验指标之间的回归模型,分析了试验因素对试验指标的影响。试验结果表明：最优工作参数组合为刀辊转速2070r/min、离地间隙16mm、风机转速890r/min,秧蔓粉碎合格率均值为93.10%、含土率均值为8.56%、回收率均值为91.19%,研究结果满足甘薯秧蔓回收机的使用要求。     

模辊式生物质颗粒燃料成型机性能试验

针对模辊式成型机在生产生物质颗粒燃料过程中存在能耗高等问题,以玉米秸秆为原料,研究成型机模辊间隙、主轴转速和模孔直径等参数对生产率、吨燃料能耗、颗粒燃料的成型率、机械耐久性和颗粒密度等的影响。结果表明：模辊间隙仅对成型率有影响,间隙为0.2mm最优。吨燃料能耗和颗粒密度随主轴转速增大而减小;模孔直径大,生产率高,吨燃料能耗低,颗粒密度小;为保证生产率,主轴转速应大于等于160r/min。不同因素试验,颗粒燃料的成型率大于95%,机械耐久性大于96%,均符合生物质颗粒燃料要求。     

双动力回转振动式番茄果秧分离装置优化与试验

为满足自走式番茄收获机果秧分离装置国产化适应性的需要,采用响应曲面分析法对果秧分离装置性能进行优化研究。以激振器主轴转速、激振器偏心块质量、滚筒自转转速和番茄果秧的喂入量为影响因子,以果实分离率、破损率、含杂率为响应指标,利用Matlab软件进行响应面分析,建立了多元数学回归模型,运用决定系数R2、P值、残差的方差S2等分析了预测模型的可信性;并基于响应曲面分析了试验因素对试验指标的影响,探究了因素间的影响规律及最佳水平组合,并结合非线性优化计算方法,对果实分离率、破损率、含杂率进行了优化计算。结果表明：最优参数组合为：激振器主轴转速342.86r/min、激振器偏心块质量40kg、滚筒自转转速22r/min和番茄果秧喂入量19kg/s时,对应的果实分离率、破损率和含杂率分别为98.33%、3.37%和4.17%。经试验验证,响应面法所得到的果秧分离参数是可行的。     

搓压式蓖麻脱壳机脱壳过程运动分析与试验

为优化蓖麻蒴果柔性脱壳装置的脱壳过程参数,基于离散元粘结接触理论,构建蓖麻蒴果脱壳过程仿真模型,对物料在脱壳室内运动过程进行分析。结果表明,当滚筒转速为250r/min、脱壳间隙为7mm、填充率为40%时,脱壳率最高。滚筒转速对颗粒受到的最大压力和最大速度影响显著,随着转速的增加,颗粒间最大挤压力从68.78N减小到68.10N,颗粒最大速度从8.92m/s增加到12.99m/s,脱壳率从91.23%增加到91.28%,然后下粒最大压力从76.93N下降到58.69N,颗粒最大速度先由12.14m/s增加至12.99m/s,后减小至10.05 m/s;脱壳率先由92.50%减小至89.59%,后增加至91.41%。蓖麻蒴果在脱壳过程中,颗粒在X轴方向运动的平均速度从4.17m/s减小到3.26m/s;颗粒在Y轴方向运动的平均速度从8.26m/s减小到7.59m/s;颗粒在Z轴方向运动的平均速度从6.58m/s减小到6.24m/s。开始脱壳阶段,蓖麻蒴果集中分布在脱壳室中部,部分呈堆积现象,其运动轨迹为接触内滚筒后弹起一定高度后下落并随内滚筒转动,向出料口方向运动;稳定脱壳阶段,蓖麻蒴果集中均匀分布在脱壳室出料口附近,并随着内滚筒一起转动;脱壳结束阶段,物料集中分布在脱壳室出料口底部位置,并不断向底部位置移动,大部分蓖麻从脱壳室右侧排出。通过仿真得到脱壳过程最优参数组合为：转速350r/min、脱壳间隙5mm、填充率40%。试验结果为：转速350r/min、脱壳间隙5mm、填充率30%,因3个因素中转速和脱壳间隙为极显著因素,填充率为显著因素,故差异在合理范围内。     

9RS-60型揉碎机工作性能试验研究

针对目前揉碎机普遍存在的功耗大、揉碎质量差等问题,在9RS-60型揉碎机设计试验台上,以玉米秸秆为试验对象,以主轴转子转速、喂入链速度和秸秆喂入质量作为试验因素,功耗、秸秆丝化率和破节率为试验指标开展性能试验。单因素试验结果表明:揉碎机功耗随主轴转速、喂入量、喂入速度的增大呈现上升的趋势;揉碎机丝化率随主轴转速的增大呈现上升的趋势,随喂入速度的增大呈先下降的趋势,随喂入量的增大秸秆丝化率变化趋势几乎都在95%左右。正交试验结果表明:影响揉碎机性能的各因素主次顺序为喂入质量、主轴转速及喂入速度。综合各试验指标的较优水平组合为:单次喂入质量为0.8kg、主轴转速为1 600r/min、喂入链速度为0.45m/s时,揉碎机作业性能最好。     

盘刀式铡草机切割性能仿真分析与试验研究

针对盘刀式铡草机存在生产率低、功耗高的问题,对铡草机切割器的切割性能进行仿真与试验研究。以铡草机的主轴转速、动定刀间隙、秸秆含水率及动刀圆弧度作为试验因素,切割功耗为评价指标进行切割性能研究。利用ANSYS LS-DYNA仿真软件对铡草机切割玉米秸秆过程进行动态仿真试验分析,并结合物理试验验证模型的准确性。通过单因素仿真试验得出含水率、动定刀间隙和主轴转速为影响铡草机切割功耗的主要因素。在此基础上,通过Box-Behnken试验得出各因素对切割功耗影响的主次顺序为含水率>动定刀间隙>主轴转速。对回归方程寻优求解得到玉米秸秆切割过程中功耗最低的较优参数组合,即主轴转速600r/min、动定刀间隙1.5mm、含水率53.5%。研究结果可为研究铡草机的整机功耗提供数据支持,进而为实现铡草机性能改进提供依据。     

螺旋切分式种带清理装置设计与试验

针对东北地区免耕播种时易出现秸秆堵塞等问题,本研究设计一种螺旋切分式种带清理装置。通过理论分析,确定了清茬刀的排布方式和清茬刀刃口曲线参数,并得到影响种带清理效果的主要因素：拖拉机前进速度、螺旋切分式种带清理装置转速和螺距。在离散元软件EDEM中建立螺旋切分式种带清理装置仿真模型,以种带清秸率为试验指标,以前进速度、转速和螺距为试验因素,进行了二次回归组合仿真试验,建立了种带清秸率的回归模型,结果表明,前进速度、转速和螺距对种带清秸率影响极显著(P<0.01),其中转速影响最为显著。利用Design-Expert软件对影响因素进行优化求解,得到最优参数组合为：前进速度2m/s、转速400r/min、螺距570mm,最佳组合下种带清秸率为92.55%。在最优参数下进行了田间验证试验,试验种带清洁率比仿真减少了约2.89个百分点,基本满足玉米免耕播种的要求。该研究为东北地区免耕播种机秸秆清理与防堵装置的研究提供了参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。