四川乐山地区紫茎泽兰的入侵定殖和风险评估

本文报道了四川省乐山地区犍为县塘坝乡境内入侵新物种一紫茎泽兰的分布、发生和定殖入侵情况。结合紫茎泽兰的生物学特性和当地的地理气候特征，对紫茎泽兰入侵乐山及其近邻地区的风险进行评估。     

水分和温度对紫茎泽兰幼苗生长的影响

比较2个水分和3个温度梯度条件下,中国和墨西哥两种群紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng）的形态、生物量分配和光合色素的可塑性反应,探讨两种群在幼苗阶段生长特点及入侵潜力。结果表明：（1）各温度水分处理下墨西哥种群株高、叶片数、总叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比、总叶绿素较高,中国种群根长、根生物量、根冠比较高。表明墨西哥种群在适宜的环境条件下比中国种群有更高的资源捕获能力,而中国种群对干旱和低温条件有更好的适应能力。（2）两种群紫茎泽兰对水分响应显著,100%水分下总叶面积、平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶面积比、叶根比、总叶绿素均高于50%水分条件。对温度响应显著,尤其20℃时,中国种群根长,墨西哥种群总叶面积,100%水分下平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比5,0%水分下根生物量比,均达最高值。两种群喜湿润的环境,温度20℃时生长较好。     

牧草替代控制紫茎泽兰关键技术

替代种植是控制紫茎泽兰蔓延和危害的主要途径之一。与一般草地建植方法相比较,利用牧草替代控制紫茎泽兰的主要技术在于:在紫茎泽兰种子成熟前,采用人工或机械挖除、晒干后就地焚烧方式清除紫茎泽兰地表植被;采用豆禾混播,禾本科宜选用非洲狗尾草或鸭茅,豆科选用白三叶,并适度增加播种量;建植当年宜采用低施肥水平,不宜施用氮肥;替代种植初期适时拔除紫茎泽兰萌发幼苗。     

昆明地区紫茎泽兰叶斑病的发生规律

云南省昆明地区由紫茎泽兰菌绒孢菌引起的紫茎泽兰叶斑病发生普遍,具有生防作用。定点调查的结果表明,叶斑病发病盛期在7-9月,发病高峰期在9月中旬,12月中旬至翌年的2月中旬为发病停滞期。病菌自新生叶侵入,自倒数第三层叶始显症状,下部叶片的病情较上部叶片严重,病菌潜育期为33~39d,植株的病叶率达40%~70%。生长瘦弱、光照少、湿度大的林荫下的植株病情较生长健壮、光照充足、土壤肥沃的植株病情严重。     

本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生

泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of the cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase gene from Eupatorium adenophorum

Cinnamate‐4‐hydroxylase (CA4H), a cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenase, plays crucial roles in phenylpropanoid metabolism and plant defense. Previously, the authors showed that the expression of CA4H was induced in response to an allelopathic substance in Eupatorium adenophorum. Here, the full‐length cDNA of EaCA4H was cloned by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The 1518 bp open reading frame of EaCA4H was deduced to encode a protein of 505 amino acid residues. Like other CA4H proteins, the predicted EaCA4H polypeptides contained conserved domains of cytochrome P450. A Southern blot analysis indicated that at least five copies of EaCA4H exists in the genome of E. adenophorum. Subcellular localization revealed nuclear‐localized EaCA4H–green fluorescent protein fusion protein in onion epidermal cells. Heterologous silencing of endogenous CA4H in tobacco by a conserved EaCA4H fragment resulted in reduced expressions of key enzymatic genes and the production of downstream flavonoids in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Intriguingly, similar effects were observed in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing EaCA4H. Altogether, the results indicate that the disturbed expression of CA4H in plants leads to relatively low expression levels of key enzymatic genes and the accumulation of the flavonoids that are involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism.     

Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase genes' response to HHO in Eupatorium adenophorum

6‐Hydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐3,8‐dimethyl‐4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐hexahydronaphthalen‐2(1H)‐one (HHO) is an allelopathic substance that is related to allelochemical metabolism in Eupatorium adenophorum. In this study, the full‐length complementary DNA of two phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) genes and a fragment of the cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase (CA4H) gene from E. adenophorum (Ea) were cloned. The expression of all three genes was increased by the HHO treatment, with varying sensitivity: EaPAL2 > EaPAL1 > EaCA4H. Southern blotting suggested that there is a third member of the PAL gene family in this species.     

对紫茎泽兰具有除草活性的特基拉芽胞杆菌ZLSY5的鉴定及发酵条件筛选

为明确菌株的进化关系及发酵条件,本试验对一株来自泽兰实蝇幼虫消化道的ZLSY5菌株进行了鉴定,优化了基础发酵培养基和发酵条件.用形态学及建立系统进化树的方法鉴定了菌株;用分光光度法测定菌液在600nm处的OD值,根据OD值的大小判断发酵条件的优劣;用圆叶片法测定了优化前后菌株对紫茎泽兰叶片的侵害作用的比较.结果表明,菌...     

Response of C:N:P in the plant-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of Nitraria tangutorum leaves in the oasis-desert ecotone,Northwest China

Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas are widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid desert areas of China. The formation and development of N. tangutorum nebkhas are the result of the interaction between vegetation and the surrounding environment in the process of community succession. Different successional stages of N. tangutorum nebkhas result in differences in the community structure and composition, thereby strongly affecting the distribution of soil nutrients and ecosystem stability. However, the ecological stoichiometry of N. tangutorum nebkhas in different successional stages remains poorly understood. Understanding the stoichiometric homeostasis of N. tangutorum could provide insights into its adaptability to the arid and semi-arid desert environments. Therefore, we analyzed the stoichiometric characteristics of N. tangutorum in four successional stages, i.e., rudimental, developing, stabilizing, and degrading stages using a homeostasis model in an oasis-desert ecotone of Northwest China. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents and their ratios in the 0-100 cm soil depth were significantly lower than the averages at regional and global scales and were weakly influenced by successional stages in the oasis-desert ecotone. TN and TP contents and C:N:P in the soil showed similar trends. Total carbon (TC) and TN contents in leaves were 450.69-481.07 and 19.72-29.35 g/kg, respectively, indicating that leaves of N. tangutorum shrubs had a high storage capacity for C and N. Leaf TC and TN contents and N:P ratio increased from the rudimental stage to the stabilizing stage and then decreased in the degrading stage, while the reverse trend was found for leaf C:N. Leaf TP content decreased from the rudimental stage to the degrading stage and changed significantly in late successional stages. N:P ratio was above the theoretical limit of 14, indicating that the growth of N. tangutorum shrubs was limited by P during successional stages. Leaf N, P, and N:P homeostasis in four successional stages was identified as 'strictly homeostasis'. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil acidity (pH) and the maximum water holding capacity were the main factors affecting C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in N. tangutorum leaves. Our study demonstrated that N. tangutorum with a high degree of stoichiometric homeostasis could better cope with the arid desert environment.     

两种添加剂对牛粪堆肥中氮转化及相关微生物的影响

采用强制通风静态堆肥装置研究了添加木霉和鸡粪对牛粪高温堆肥过程中氮素形态及其相关微生物的影响。结果表明:加入木霉和鸡粪均使堆体高温期延长,高温期pH增加幅度减小。对照、加木霉和加鸡粪处理中高温期氨气释放量最高分别为413、197和216 mg/(kg.d);加木霉使高温期的氨态氮最高含量比对照低18.0%,加鸡粪使高温期氨态氮最高含量比对照多10.5%;在高温期,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中硝态氮最高含量分别是对照的1.85倍和1.71倍;堆肥结束时,对照中有机氮含量比初始减少19.1%、总氮含量减少21.6%,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中有机氮含量分别比初始增加4.5%和2.2%、总氮含量分别增加1.7%和5.5%,加木霉和鸡粪均有利于氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮的积累,有利于有机氮的形成和保留。整个堆肥过程中氨化细菌数量最大,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量在加木霉和加鸡粪处理中均比对照多;高温阶段,反硝化细菌数量在加木霉处理中较对照多,固氮菌在加鸡粪处理中较对照多;降温阶段,固氮菌数在加木霉处理中较对照多。     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮磷及其生态化学计量特征

以陕北米脂谷子、苜蓿、柠条和枣树4种不同土地利用方式土壤为研究对象,采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品,采样数共288个,分别对样品土壤的C、N、P及其生态化学计量比C/N、C/P和N/P进行了研究。结果表明：黄土丘陵区土壤C、N、P含量均值分别为2.12、0.21 g·kg^-1和0.43 g·kg^-1;C/N、C/P和N/P均值分别为10.83、5.0和0.48;土壤C、N、P及C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数均大于10%且小于100%,属于中等变异。土地利用方式对土壤C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征有显著影响,其中谷子地0~20 cm土层土壤C含量显著高于柠条地和枣树林（P<0.05）,谷子地20~40 cm土层的C含量显著高于苜蓿地（P<0.05）;0~20、20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层谷子地N含量显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）;苜蓿地P含量在0~20、60~80 cm和80~100 cm土层显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）。谷子地、苜蓿地和枣树林土壤C、N呈表聚性分布,而柠条地随深度增加无明显降低,表明柠条有较好的固碳能力。各土层C/N在不同土地利用方式间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中柠条地最高,谷子地最低;80~100 cm土层土壤C/P在柠条地和苜蓿地间具有显著差异（P<0.05）。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层深度下,土壤N/P在不同土地利用方式之间具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中谷子地最高,柠条地最低。通过典型相关分析得出,土壤C、N、C/P和N/P与环境因子中的土层深度、粘粒含量和土壤pH值的累积关系较大。     

黄土丘陵区春小麦水分调控下植物—土壤碳氮磷化学计量学及其稳态性特征

为探究黄土丘陵区农田生态系统土壤养分限制及其循环规律,明确水分调控下春小麦叶片及根的内稳态特征,以5个灌水量处理(W₀、W₅₀、W₁₀₀、W₁₅₀、W₂₀₀)下春小麦成熟期叶片、根和0～40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,测定不同灌水处理下春小麦植株叶片、根、土壤有机碳（OC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量及其化学计量比,揭示春小麦叶片和根随土壤养分变化的稳态性特征。结果表明:不同灌水处理下春小麦土壤OC、TN含量均具有表聚性特征,且在0～40 cm土层含量均随灌水量增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,表现出W₁₅₀灌水量处理最高(1.757 g·kg^-1、0.165 g·kg^-1),而土壤TP在不同土层及灌水处理下较为稳定,适当灌水(W₁₅₀)有助于提高作物根系OC含量,过度灌水(W₂₀₀)会降低其含量;春小麦土壤、根、叶片化学计量比均值表现为:C∶N（9.56、12.92、1...     

干旱地区棉田连作对土壤氮素含量及氮转化速率的影响

为研究干旱地区棉田不同连作年限对土壤氮素含量和氮转化速率的影响,选取新疆艾比湖流域内精河县托托乡和农五师91团0、1、5、10、20 a和30 a棉田为研究对象,以棉田连作下土壤理化性质变化为基础,结合土壤氮素含量和氮转化速率,定量研究了连作棉田土壤氮转化速率变化规律及生态驱动因素。结果表明：（1）旱区连作棉田土壤硝态氮为无机氮主要组成,不同连作年限中土壤硝化作用均能将铵态氮转化为硝态氮,年限间差异不显著且硝态氮总量普遍偏低（平均为5.56±0.28 mg·kg^-1）;土壤碱解氮含量均显著低于未开垦土壤,仅为对照样地的16.37%～28.40%（P<0.05）,土壤铵态氮和亚硝态氮含量随着连作年限的增加逐渐达到动态平衡。（2）连作初期会降低土壤硝化和反硝化速率,连作10 a旱区棉田土壤硝化率和反硝化率均降到最低（分别为23.62±1.45 μg·kg^-1·h^-1和5.673±4.632 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）,至连作后期显著增加。（3）土壤pH值对土壤硝化速率和反硝化速率的影响最大（总效应分别为0.5310和0.6516）,土壤硝化率和反硝化率分别在土壤pH值达到阈值范围（8.37和8.01）时达到最大值（91.333 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）和最小值（19.271 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）;土壤水分是影响反硝化作用的第二重要因子。