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禽流感疫苗研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
近几年禽流感的大范围流行,不仅给养禽业造成了巨大的经济损失,而且由于禽流感可直接感染人并导致死亡,故对人类健康也带来严重的威胁。疫苗免疫仍然是防止禽流感暴发的主要措施,但禽流感病毒变异性强,血清型众多,给疫苗的研究带来极大困难。就目前而言,能在实践上应用的禽流感疫苗主要还是灭活疫苗,这种疫苗具有亚型特异性,但也正是这种特性限制了这种疫苗的发展。随着生物技术的快速发展,其他新型疫苗尤其是基因工程疫苗的研究也取得了一定的进展。使我国应用禽流感疫苗,预防高致病力禽流感的防制策略成为可能。文章就目前禽流感疫苗的研究方面介绍了国内外的一些研究进展。 相似文献
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为了解湖南省永州市活禽市场禽流感病毒污染状况,2017年4—12月,永州市动物疫病预防控制中心在冷水滩区采集571份家禽和环境样品,进行了H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒核酸实时荧光定量RT-PCR 检测。结果显示:571份样品中,检出H5亚型禽流感病毒核酸阳性样品44份,阳性检出率为7.7%,未检出H7亚型禽流感病毒阳性样品;除5月份外,每月都能监测到阳性样品,且冬季阳性检出率明显偏高;活禽在摊位中停留时间越长,禽流感病毒阳性率越高;鸭源样品和污水样品中的禽流感病毒检出率最高,城乡农贸市场的病毒阳性检出率高于城区活禽交易市场。调查结果表明,活禽市场中的H5亚型禽流感病毒污染率较高,尤其是水禽和污水以及卫生条件较差的市场。因此,要严把市场休市清洗消毒关,提升市场环境卫生水平,严格活禽调运检疫和监管,禁止陆禽和水禽混合销售。 相似文献
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SK Shaheenur Islam Holy Akwar Md. Mehedi Hossain Md. Abu Sufian Md. Zakiul Hasan Shovon Chakma Tongkorn Meeyam Warangkhana Chaisowwong Veerasak Punyapornwithaya Nitish C. Debnath Eric Brum Duangporn Pichpol 《Zoonoses and public health》2020,67(6):658-672
Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence‐based decision‐making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low‐resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs. 相似文献
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养殖户拥有动物健康状况信息,是否积极主动上报疫情将直接影响到疫病的扩散范围和防控效果.文章以计划行为理论为基础,探究养殖户认知对禽流感疫情上报意愿的影响,运用结构方程模型和系统动力学模型对353份调研问卷进行定量分析.研究表明:①禽流感疫情上报意愿的形成过程符合“行为认知→行为意愿”的逻辑框架,行为态度是主要因素,主观... 相似文献
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Objective To describe the structure of the Australian poultry industry and discuss the potential for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to spread between Australian poultry farms.
Procedure High densities of poultry farms, frequent contacts between farms by service providers, the supply of live poultry markets (LPM) and the presence of free-range duck flocks in affected regions have been identified as risk factors for the spread of HPAI between flocks in outbreaks causing the death or destruction of over 1 million poultry overseas. Data on 1,594 commercial Australian chicken meat, chicken egg, duck and turkey farms were collected by a telephone questionnaire of farm managers to assess the risk of a HPAI outbreak in Australia.
Results and Discussion Five regions of Australia had farm densities comparable to overseas regions that experienced widespread HPAI. Common service providers routinely contacted different classes and types of farms over wide geographic areas. However, no responding farms supplied LPM and the majority of duck farms did not produce free-range ducks.
Conclusion Outbreaks of HPAI have the potential to cause serious impacts on the Australian poultry industry. The risk posted by LPM and free-range ducks is limited, but the movement of genetic stock and common service providers could spread infection between companies, industries or geographical regions. Biosecurity measures are therefore considered critical to limit the secondary spread of infection should an outbreak occur. 相似文献
Procedure High densities of poultry farms, frequent contacts between farms by service providers, the supply of live poultry markets (LPM) and the presence of free-range duck flocks in affected regions have been identified as risk factors for the spread of HPAI between flocks in outbreaks causing the death or destruction of over 1 million poultry overseas. Data on 1,594 commercial Australian chicken meat, chicken egg, duck and turkey farms were collected by a telephone questionnaire of farm managers to assess the risk of a HPAI outbreak in Australia.
Results and Discussion Five regions of Australia had farm densities comparable to overseas regions that experienced widespread HPAI. Common service providers routinely contacted different classes and types of farms over wide geographic areas. However, no responding farms supplied LPM and the majority of duck farms did not produce free-range ducks.
Conclusion Outbreaks of HPAI have the potential to cause serious impacts on the Australian poultry industry. The risk posted by LPM and free-range ducks is limited, but the movement of genetic stock and common service providers could spread infection between companies, industries or geographical regions. Biosecurity measures are therefore considered critical to limit the secondary spread of infection should an outbreak occur. 相似文献
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为了解拉萨市禽流感流行情况,2017年11月—2018年3月,在拉萨市6个养殖场和11个活禽交易市场,随机采集1 394份棉试子进行禽流感病毒分离和分型鉴定。结果显示: H9亚型禽流感病毒阳性率为2.87%,未检出H3、H5、H6、H7等其他亚型病毒;活禽市场H9亚型阳性率(4.64%)显著高于养殖场阳性率(0.35%,P<0.01)。结果表明,拉萨市高致病性禽流感流行风险较小,低致病性禽流感流行以H9亚型为主,且流行率不高,但应进一步加强养殖环节的防疫、检疫,以及活禽市场的清洗、消毒等工作,防止禽流感传入和流行。 相似文献
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[目的 ]评估活禽零售市场\"零存栏\"措施对禽流感的防控效果。[方法 ]选择广州市某区2个有代表性的活禽零售市场,相隔1周进行\"零存栏\"与非\"零存栏\"交替干预。整个研究为期4周,每周采集3天次相应的环境样品和活禽样品并进行通用型禽流感病毒荧光RT-PCR的检测。[结果 ]每周环境样品中禽流感病毒阳性率依次为50.7%、16.7%、35.3%和66.7%。\"零存栏\"与\"非零存栏\"期间环境样品禽流感病毒阳性率分别为41.67%和43.00%,没有统计学差异。[结论 ]本研究为国内首次较为系统地对目前活禽零售市场实施的\"零存栏\"措施进行评估的干预性流行病学调查。评估认为在本研究的框架下,活禽零售市场是否实施\"零存栏\"措施,对减少活禽零售市场禽流感病毒污染状况的作用不大,须采取降低家禽养殖场的禽流感病毒感染率、减少活禽在运输与交易(活禽批发市场等)环节的感染几率、杜绝活禽售卖等综合的防控措施。 相似文献
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为了解2015年广州市禽类市场的禽流感病毒污染情况,为科学制定人感染禽源流感病毒的防控措施提供基础数据,对2015年广州市12个区部分禽类市场的3 447份样本进行了禽流感病毒荧光RT-PCR检测。结果显示:全部样品的A型禽流感病毒和H9亚型禽流感病毒的阳性率分别为12.56%和6.24%。1月份为A型和H9亚型禽流感阳性率最高的月份,阳性率分别为23.94%和14.73%。从化区的A型禽流感病毒阳性率最高(24.48%),黄埔区的H9亚型禽流感病毒阳性检出率最高(14.76%)。不同类型样品中,A型禽流感病毒阳性率最高为砧板、刀具类(15.16%),最低为冰鲜生鲜(7.78%)。H9亚型禽流感病毒阳性检出率最高为笼具(8.25%),最低为置物台面(2.84%)。结果表明:广州市禽类市场冬春季节禽流感病毒阳性率较高;全市各区禽类市场普遍存在禽流感病毒污染;禽类交易各环节中,宰杀和饲养环节的污染最为严重。建议在加强活禽交易市场全面清洗消毒的基础上,对不同季节、不同交易环节,采取差异化的和基于风险的消毒、监测措施,以降低人通过禽类市场感染禽流感病毒的风险。 相似文献
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Mathilde Paul Saraya Tavornpanich David Abrial Patrick Gasqui Myriam Charras-Garrido Weerapong Thanapongtharm Xiangming Xiao Marius Gilbert Francois Roger Christian Ducrot 《Veterinary research》2010,41(3)
Beginning in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus spread across Southeast Asia, causing unprecedented epidemics. Thailand was massively infected in 2004 and 2005 and continues today to experience sporadic outbreaks. While research findings suggest that the spread of HPAI H5N1 is influenced primarily by trade patterns, identifying the anthropogenic risk factors involved remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated which anthropogenic factors played a role in the risk of HPAI in Thailand using outbreak data from the “second wave” of the epidemic (3 July 2004 to 5 May 2005) in the country. We first performed a spatial analysis of the relative risk of HPAI H5N1 at the subdistrict level based on a hierarchical Bayesian model. We observed a strong spatial heterogeneity of the relative risk. We then tested a set of potential risk factors in a multivariable linear model. The results confirmed the role of free-grazing ducks and rice-cropping intensity but showed a weak association with fighting cock density. The results also revealed a set of anthropogenic factors significantly linked with the risk of HPAI. High risk was associated strongly with densely populated areas, short distances to a highway junction, and short distances to large cities. These findings highlight a new explanatory pattern for the risk of HPAI and indicate that, in addition to agro-environmental factors, anthropogenic factors play an important role in the spread of H5N1. To limit the spread of future outbreaks, efforts to control the movement of poultry products must be sustained. 相似文献
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为掌握广州市家禽批发市场交易家禽和环境中禽流感病毒污染情况及其流行规律,以便为制定针对性防控措施提供技术支持,汇总分析2013—2018年广州市动物卫生监督所对某家禽批发市场的禽流感监测数据。结果显示:2013—2018年,该市场的禽流感病毒通用型核酸群阳性率为49.21%,个体阳性率为34.56%;各年度阳性率处于波动状态,但总体呈下降趋势;一季度的通用型核酸阳性率明显高于其他季度,但季节差异呈缩小趋势;市场环境中的阳性率低于家禽中的阳性率,不同家禽品种间差异较大,其中鹅的阳性率最高(57.41%),鸭售卖档口的环境棉拭子阳性率最高(47.47%);H7亚型流感病原经历了从无到有,再到高峰(2016年),之后逐步下降至不能检出的过程。结果表明:该家禽批发市场的禽流感病毒载量总体呈下降趋势,但一季度的禽流感暴发风险较高,水禽及其售卖档口仍分别是禽流感暴发的高风险品种和场所;禽流感(H5+H7)二价苗免疫效果良好,导致市场中的H7亚型流感病毒载量迅速减少,需继续落实强制免疫措施。 相似文献
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彭聪 彭南秀 段晓冬 沈丹 杨穗娟 陈耀棠 谭海 薛红 张桢 肖杰 张海冰 郑丽兰 钟锦辉 黄森 朱家辉 林鸿 胡永辉 殷实 邓小敏 曾佳臻 邝惠仪 杨秋菲 陈裕 朱建翠 蓝国文 张海明 《中国动物检疫》2016,33(8):3-7
[目的 ]了解目前广州市活禽交易市场每月休市一次(天)的实施效果,给人感染H7N9等流感病毒的科学防控提供技术依据。[方法 ]2015年3月,选择广州市某区1个活禽批发市场和2个活禽零售市场,分别于休市前、休市中,以及休市后的1、2、3、4、5、7、14、21和28天,采集市场内环境棉拭子和活禽口咽/泄殖腔棉拭子,共2 470份,进行通用型禽流感病毒荧光RT-PCR检测。[结果 ]研究发现,休市前、中、后各检测时点,环境样品中禽流感病毒阳性率分别为17.78%、10.00%、5.19%、29.63%、21.48%、22.96%、22.22%、45.93%、40.74%、47.41%和25.19%。虽然活禽交易市场在休市后禽流感病毒有非常明显的减少,但是阳性率在休市后第二天就开始显著升高,而且环境样品中病毒阳性率与活禽样品中病毒阳性率呈明显的统计学相关性(Pearson相关系数为0.82)。[结论 ]本研究是国内首次活禽交易市场(包括活禽批发市场和活禽零售市场)每月一次(天)休市效果的队列研究。研究显示,每月一次(天)的休市能迅速减少活禽交易市场内禽流感病毒的污染,但是随着市场的重新开放,感染禽流感病毒活禽的重新进入,市场内禽流感病毒阳性率再次迅速升高。推测仅仅依靠每月一次(天)的休市措施,无法从根本上降低本地区活禽交易市场内禽流感病毒的污染程度以及人感染禽流感的风险,需进一步调整防控策略,采取综合的防控措施。 相似文献
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IJ East C Ainsworth S Warner M Dunowska JK Azuolas 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(8):290-293
Background Since 2005, H5N1 avian influenza (AI) has spread from South-East Asia to over 60 different countries, resulting in the direct death or slaughter of over 250,000,000 poultry. Migratory waterfowl have been implicated in this spread and in Australia there have been numerous isolations of low-pathogenicity AI virus from wild waterfowl and shorebirds. The Department of Human Services, Victoria maintains 10 sentinel free-range chicken flocks in the Riverland at locations that are populated by large numbers of waterfowl known to carry a range of strains of AI. Objective This study analysed historical samples collected in 1991–94 and 2003–06 from the library of serum samples for antibodies against AI to assess the potential for transfer of AI virus from wild waterfowl to free-range poultry. Results Of the 2000 serum samples analysed, 17 were positive for antibodies against AI and 87 were suspect, with a clustering of positive and suspect results in the years 1994, 2003 and 2004. There was also a clustering of positive samples at the site of the Barmah flock. Nine sequential sets of sera from individual chickens with at least one positive result were identified. Analysis of these sequential sets showed that infection was acquired on site but that the antibody response to AI infection was short-lived and was no longer detectable at 8 weeks after the positive finding. Conclusion The surveillance of sentinel chickens is a potential avenue for monitoring the circulation of AI viruses and could provide an early warning system for the commercial poultry industries. 相似文献
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Characterizing spatio-temporal patterns among epidemics in which the mechanism of spread is uncertain is important for generating disease spread hypotheses, which may in turn inform disease control and prevention strategies. Using a dataset representing three phases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in village poultry in Romania, 2005–2006, spatio-temporal patterns were characterized. We first fit a set of hierarchical Bayesian models that quantified changes in the spatio-temporal relative risk for each of the 23 affected counties. We then modeled spatial synchrony in each of the three epidemic phases using non-parametric covariance functions and Thin Plate Spline regression models. We found clear differences in the spatio-temporal patterns among the epidemic phases (local versus regional correlated processes), which may indicate differing spread mechanisms (for example wild bird versus human-mediated). Elucidating these patterns allowed us to postulate that a shift in the primary mechanism of disease spread may have taken place between the second and third phases of this epidemic. Information generated by such analyses could assist affected countries in determining the most appropriate control programs to implement, and to allocate appropriate resources to preventing contact between domestic poultry and wild birds versus enforcing bans on poultry movements and quarantine. The methods used in this study could be applied in many different situations to analyze transboundary disease data in which only location and time of occurrence data are reported. 相似文献
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为了解冬季新疆乌鲁木齐市活禽市场交易禽类及市场外环境中禽流感病毒污染情况及其流行规律,对某交易市场内的鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽等活禽,采集85份活禽全血样本和143份棉拭子样本(103份活禽泄殖腔/咽喉棉拭子、40份环境棉拭子),分别采用血清学和实时荧光定量(rRT-PCR)方法,检测禽流感免疫抗体和禽流感病毒核酸,并对核酸阳性样品进行病毒亚型确定。结果显示:85份全血样本中,H5(Re-11)株免疫抗体合格32份,合格率为37.6%;H5(Re-12)株免疫抗体合格34份,合格率为40%;H7(Re-2)株免疫抗体合格46份,合格率为54.2%。143份棉拭子样本中,禽流感病毒核酸阳性36份,阳性率为25.17%。其中:活禽棉拭子阳性29份,阳性率为28.15%;交易区外环境棉拭子阳性7份,阳性率为17.5%。36份禽流感病毒核酸阳性样本中,H5亚型3份,阳性率为8.33%;H9亚型22份,阳性率为61.11%;未定型11份,阳性率为30.56%。结果表明:该市场交易活禽流感病毒感染率较高,且强制免疫的H5、H7亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率较低,存在疫情发生和散播风险。结果提示,应加强活禽交易市场的消毒与管理,降低禽流感病毒通过活禽交易市场传播的风险。 相似文献
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Abstract AIMS: To determine the proportion of residential land parcels with backyard poultry in an urban and urban-rural fringe area of provincial New Zealand. To document key husbandry and biosecurity practices of owners of backyard poultry, and to identify factors that might assist animal health authorities in locating backyard poultry flocks in the event of an infectious disease emergency. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken, in which residents of 449 land parcels in an urban and urban-rural fringe area within and adjacent to the city of Palmerston North, respectively, were visited between February and November 2006. Residents were asked if backyard poultry were kept on the premises. Details recorded for those that kept poultry included the type and number of birds kept, and details of management and biosecurity practices. The geographical distribution of poultry-positive land parcels was assessed for evidence of spatial clustering. RESULTS: Backyard poultry were kept on 3.5 (95% CI=2.15.0)% of land parcels; 1.6 (95% CI=0.7-3.4)% in the urban area and 18.9 (95% CI= 11.6–29.3)% in the urban-rural fringe area. There were no significant clusters of poultry-positive land parcels in either area. On all poultry-positive parcels birds were allowed, for at least a portion of the day, to range freely over the property. Three poultry-positive land parcels were within a distance of 1 km of a commercial poultry enterprise in the urban-rural fringe area. Most owners of backyard poultry used feed prepared commercially. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ownership of backyard poultry in this area of New Zealand was low, and varied according to classification of the land, viz urban, or urban-rural fringe. The close proximity of backyard flocks to the single commercial enterprise in the urban-rural fringe area reiterates the importance of strict biosecurity measures on commercial farms. In the event of an infectious disease emergency, it is proposed that a sampling frame of owners of backyard poultry might be rapidly obtained by contacting suppliers of commercial feed. 相似文献
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为了解华东地区家禽中低致病性禽流感病毒(low pathogenic avian influenza viruses,LPAIVs)的分布规律,从2009年10月到2010年9月在华东地区某活禽市场采集鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽的泄殖腔拭子共1 650份,经鸡胚接种和HA、HI试验鉴定,结果从58份样品中分离到了LPAIVs,总分离率为3.51%。所分离到的6种HA亚型及各HA亚型分离率从高到底依次为:H6、H3、H1、H4、H9、H11。从这些样品中鉴定出7种NA亚型,包括N1、N2、N3、N4、N5、N6、N8,二者之间有11种组合。家鸭样品中LPAIVs的分离率为7.28%,显著高于鸡源样品的分离率1.00%和鹅源样品的分离率1.02%。LPAIVs的季节性分布较为明显,3~6月份和10~12月份的分离率较高,而冬季最冷的1月份和夏季最热的7月份则没有分离到。2种或2种以上不同HA亚型混合感染的样品有6份,全部为水禽源样品,占总阳性样品数的10.34%。这些数据表明活禽市场可以作为AIV的一个重要储存库,而家养水禽可作为AIV的一个重要储存宿主,应该继续加强对活禽市场,尤其是家养水禽中AIV的监测。 相似文献
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为了解新疆乌鲁木齐市活禽交易市场内禽流感病毒污染状况以及亚型分布情况,掌握活禽档口、活禽屠宰点及活禽运输车辆的禽流感病毒流行规律,对采集的437份棉拭子样本,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测禽流感病毒核酸,再对阳性样品进行核酸分型。结果显示:473份样品中,检出禽流感病毒核酸阳性115份,阳性检出率为24.31%,其中H5亚型26份,阳性检出率为22.6%,H9亚型45份,阳性检出率为39.13%,未定型44份,阳性检出率为38.26%,未检出H7亚型;活禽运输车、活禽档口和活禽屠宰点的阳性检出率分别为29.69%、24.15%和21.74%;活禽档口中的污水(44.90%)、笼具(34.69%)、粪便(24.49%),活禽屠宰点的脱毛机(47.80%)、接血槽(34.78%),以及活禽运输车的装载笼具(56.25%)的阳性检出率较高。结果表明:该活禽交易市场禽流感病毒污染状况较为严重,污染范围较广,活禽运输车、活禽档口和活禽屠宰点均有污染;活禽档口中的污水、笼具、粪便,活禽屠宰点的脱毛机、接血槽,以及活禽运输车的装载笼具为禽流感病毒散播的关键风险点。结果提示,需加强市场日常管理及清洗消毒,降低禽源流感病毒通过活禽交易市场传播的风险。本调查为制定科学有效的活禽交易市场日常管理及消毒措施提供了技术支持。 相似文献