Phosphorus transfer across boundaries: from basin soils to river bed sediments

Purpose  

The study of phosphorus (P) transfer from soils to rivers is a subject of interest as there is a clear relation between land use and water quality. P transfer in the soil/sediment system was evaluated by comparing the concentrations of total (P_T) and bioavailable P (P_A).     

不同温度条件下生物质炭陈化对华南集约化菜地土壤反硝化过程的影响

【目的】比较不同温度下新鲜生物质炭与陈化生物质炭对华南集约化菜地土壤N₂O排放的影响,以深化对生物质炭减排机理的认识。【方法】本研究采用乙炔抑制法进行室内培养试验,共设置3个温度梯度(10℃、20℃和30℃)和3个生物质炭处理：无生物质炭(CK)、新鲜生物质炭(FB)以及田间陈化生物质炭(FAB),共9个处理。同时,各处理分别设置不加乙炔和添加10%体积含量乙炔的平行处理,以测定N₂O排放量并作差计算N₂排放量。对不含乙炔处理则测定土壤pH、电导率(EC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、 NO₃^-、 NH-4⁺、 NO₂^-含量,以及土壤中反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK、nosZ和nosZⅡ的丰度。【结果】温度升高显著增加了菜地土壤N₂O和N₂的排放量,显著提高了土壤pH和土壤NH₄⁺含量,并明显降低了DOC和NO₃     

Mercury and methylmercury in sediments and suspended particles from the river Elbe,North Germany

Total Hg and McHg concentrations have been determined in sediments and suspended particulate matter from one of the most Hg-polluted rivers of the world, the Elbe river in Northern Germany. Results of total Hg and McHg are presented. Total Hg concentrations in suspended particulate matter (SPM) are 30 mg kg^?1 in the average and up to 150 mg kg^?1 as the maximum value. Total Hg-fluxes ^?1 calculated from measurements of an automatically operating station upstream Hamburg as about 17 ta?1 in suspended particles. A new McHg determination by HPLC chromatography and photometric detection was developed and verified. Methylmercury concentrations were up to 10% of the total Hg, i. e. 2.7 mg kg^?1 (dw).     

Origin,retention and release of trace metals from sediments of the river seine

Metallic contents (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr) of sediments were measured in 14 sites in the River Seine (France) along 110 km; in three sites surrounding the sewage treatment plant at Achères, vertical profiles were established from cores and dialysis cells, and interface exchanges have been studied. Metal contamination increases downstream, except for Pb for which contamination is higher immediately downstream of stormdrains (up to 130 mg kg^?1); that confirms its urban origin. Upstream of Achères, metallic contamination increases with depth while downstream, contribution to sediments of suspended matter from the treatment plant, loaded with organic matter, alters the behaviour of metals within the first ten centimeters. A strong link between particulate organic carbon (POC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and metal contents has been established. The organic matter brought down by the treatment plant effluents induces a specific diagenesis downstream leading to metal release in summer as attested by a 30% metal contents decrease in sediments. Calculation of molecular diffusion fluxes shows that in september, the release phenomenon is ending.     

Comparison of different exhaustive and biomimetic extraction techniques for chemical and biological analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in river sediments

Purpose

The importance of the bioaccessible fractions of particle-bound contaminants is a key feature for the assessment of their likely risks to the aquatic environment. The present study investigated the extractability and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments. This study combined chemical with bioanalytical tools to establish a more in-depth insight into the relationship between the extractability of sediment contaminants, the chemodynamic properties of each extraction approach, and resulting toxicity.

Materials and methods

Sediment samples were treated with different extraction methods, namely Soxhlet extraction with acetone (SOX), membrane dialysis extraction (MDE) with n-hexane, ultrasonic extraction with acetone (USE), and extraction with (2-hydroxpropyl)-??-cyclodextrin (HBCD). The extracts were analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and tested using the neutral red retention assay and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction assay with the permanent fish cell line RTL-W1.

Results and discussion

The SOX and MDE approaches were comparable in their extraction power regarding PAHs and their cytotoxicity. However, the EROD activity differed between SOX and MDE, possibly due to retardation effects of the polyethylene membrane used in MDE. Thus, macromolecular components of the sediment were not extracted and therefore did not contribute to toxicity. HBCD extraction provided 3.4?% of the total PAH content in the sediments and might be an appropriate approach to predict the bioaccessible fraction. USE showed an extraction power between the HBCD approach and the MDE as well as SOX and MDE method. Hence, USE is neither appropriate for exhaustive extraction nor for biomimetic extraction.

Conclusions

MDE and SOX have been approved for the exhaustive extraction of PAHs from sediments for a worst case assessment of effect potentials. The influence of the low-density polyethylene membrane and the experimental conditions on the diffusion of compounds with broad physical?Cchemical properties, and the establishment of models such as quantitative-structure relationships for the prediction of diffusion behavior of a broad range of compounds require further assessment. HBCD was confirmed as a method providing a certain, putatively bioaccessible, fraction. Mechanistic research is required regarding desorption and uptake kinetics of particularly bound compounds with different physical?Cchemical properties in the solid phase?Cwater?CHBCD system to get more insight in the underlying partitioning processes.     

Butyltin and phenyltin compounds in river i bay sediments of Tokyo

The occurrence and current status of butyltin and phenyltin compounds were investigated in sediments collected from the Arakawa and Sumida Rivers and Tokyo Bay in 2000. A series of butyltin and phenyltin compounds, including monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), monophenyltin (MPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and triphenyltin (TPT) was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of the butyltin (MBT + DBT + TBT) and phenyltin (MPT + DPT + TPT) compounds ranged from 25.7 to 116 and from non-detectable levels to 22.4 ng g' (as Sn), respectively. The concentrations of the organotin (OT) compounds in sediments were relatively lower than those of the samples collected in 1984. OT compounds accounted for 124% (as Sn) of total Sn in the sediments. Among the OT compounds investigated, MBT was the most prevalent in the sediments.     

Quantitation of furan and methylfuran formed in different precursor systems by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry

Furan has recently received attention as a possibly hazardous compound occurring in certain thermally processed foods. Previous model studies have revealed three main precursor systems producing furan upon thermal treatment, i.e., ascorbic acid, Maillard precursors, and polyunsaturated lipids. We employed proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) as an on-line monitoring technique to study furan formation. Unambiguous identification and quantitation in the headspace was achieved by PTR-MS/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling. Ascorbic acid showed the highest potential to generate furan, followed by glyceryl trilinolenate. Some of the reaction samples generated methylfuran as well, such as Maillard systems containing alanine and threonine as well as lipids based on linolenic acid. The furan yields from ascorbic acid were lowered in an oxygen-free atmosphere (30%) or in the presence of reducing agents (e.g., sulfite, 60%), indicating the important role of oxidation steps in the furan formation pathway. Furthermore, already simple binary mixtures of ascorbic acid and amino acids, sugars, or lipids reduced furan by 50-95%. These data suggest that more complex reaction systems result in much lower furan amounts as compared to the individual precursors, most likely due to competing reaction pathways.     

基于数值模拟的红枣片不同干燥方式热质传递仿真与试验

为揭示并对比红枣片热风干燥、红外热风干燥及红外真空脉动干燥中的传热传质及干燥动力学特性,并填补关于果蔬红外真空脉动干燥数值模型的研究空白。该研究使用菲克扩散定律、安托因方程及比尔朗伯定律等控制方程分别建立了针对3种干燥方式的红枣片三维热质传递耦合数值模型,并利用试验数据对模型的可靠性进行验证。该研究基于枣片的实际几何尺寸进行建模并利用COMSOL求解。结果表明：1）与热风干燥相比,红外热风与红外真空脉动干燥分别缩短了46.43%和41.07%的干燥时间,且仿真结果与实测值吻合较好;2）温度场模拟图显示红外辐射可有效对红枣片内部进行加热,干燥20 min时红外热风和红外真空干燥的物料中心温度较热风干燥分别提高了11.33%和5.59%;3）模拟数据显示红外真空脉动干燥中的压力变化对干燥动力学产生了明显影响,其中含水率和干燥速率随压力脉动分别呈现阶梯状和峰状分布,并且干燥速率对压力变化的敏感性随着物料含水率的下降而下降;4）将测得的红枣片品质及质构特性与仿真数据进行综合对比,给出了关于分段组合干燥研究方向的见解,并对果蔬干燥数值模型的发展方向进行展望。该研究建立并验证了红枣片3种干燥方式下...     

Tin concentrations in river / bay sediments of Tokyo in 1984 and 2000

Abstract

To analyze in greater detail the fate and behavior of toxic organotin compounds in the environment, total tin (Sn) concentrations were determined for sediments of the Arakawa River, the Sumida River, and Tokyo Bay by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sn concentrations in 2000 were compared with those of 1984 (8 years before the regulation on tributyltin-based antifouling paint) as well as with other heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The Sn concentrations ranged from 1.04 to 4.43 mg kg^?1 for sediments sampled in 2000. Although the average concentration of Sn in the sediments was low compared with that of 1984, the concentration tended to increase at several sites in 2000. Moreover, the Sn concentration showed significant correlations with the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. These results suggest that a significant proportion of the overall Sn content in these sediments was probably introduced from the sources other than antifouling paint. The metals extracted from air-dried sediments with 0.1 m HCl showed that the mobility and bioavailability of Sn was low compared with those of other heavy metals.     

亚热带地区几种红壤坡面侵蚀泥沙的物质组成特性

以三种母质发育的5个红壤为研究对象,在人工降雨条件下,研究不同降雨动能下（采用裸地和纱网覆盖控制）坡面侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布特征及物质组成状况。结果表明：侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布受土壤母质和降雨侵蚀力影响差异较大,相同母质红壤产生泥沙的颗粒组成特征相似,纱网覆盖条件下泥沙中细颗粒相对含量普遍高于裸地,泥质页岩发育红壤(HS)和花岗岩发育红壤(TG1和TG2)泥沙（分散后）表现为黏粒和粉粒的富集,富集率为1.15~3.14,第四纪红黏土发育红壤（HQ1和HQ2）砂粒富集比较明显,富集率最高为3.84;对于HS、TG1和TG2而言,泥沙中有机质(OM)、游离氧化铁铝(Fed和Ald)主要分布在<0.05mm粒径中,而对于HQ1和HQ2而言,则主要分布在>0.25mm和<0.05mm两个粒级中,其中有机质（OM）富集最明显;泥沙中OM、Fed和Ald之间达到极显著相关(r≥0.82),而且它们与土壤中阳离子交换量（CEC）、Fed、Ald、非晶形氧化硅（Sio）、黏粒含量的相关性也达到极显著水平(r≥0.81),说明这些物质间相互影响,在侵蚀过程中随泥沙迁移行为相似。     

Redistribution of organic pollutants in river sediments and alluvial soils related to major floods

Background, Aims, and Scope  More frequent occurrence of stronger floods in Europe as well as in other parts of the world in recent years raises major concern about the material damages, but also an important issue of contamination of the affected areas through flooding. The effects of major floods on levels and distribution of contamination with hydrophobic organic pollutants were examined from the continuous set of data for floodplain soils and sediments from a model industrial area in the Czech Republic where a 100-year flood occurred in 1997. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risk related to contamination associated with such extensive natural events and characterize the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of pollutants related to a major flooding shortly after the floods and also in the time period several years after floods. Methods  Sediments and alluvial soils from fourteen sites each were repeatedly sampled during the period from 1996 until 2005. The sampling sites represented five regions. Collected top-layer sediment and soil samples were characterized and analyzed for hydrophobic organic pollutants PCBs, OCPs and HCB using GC-ECD and PAHs using a GC-MS instrument. Spatial and temporal differences as well as the relative distribution of the pollutants were examined in detail by statistical analysis including multivariate methods with special emphases placed on the changes related to floods. Results  The organic pollutants levels in both alluvial soils and sediments exceeded the safe environmental limits at numerous sites. Pollutants concentrations and relative distribution as well as organic carbon content in both sediment and floodplain soils were significantly affected by the flooding, which resulted in a decrease of all studied contaminants in sediments and significant rise of the PAH pollution in the flooded soils. There was a unique and highly conserved PAH pattern in soils regardless of the floods and greater changes in PAH pattern in sediments related to floods. The relative distribution of individual PAHs reflected a combustion generated PAH profile. PAH levels in the river sediments rose again at the sites with continuous sources several years after floods. Discussion  The results showed different dynamics of PAHs and PCBs during the floods when PAHs were redistributed from the sediments to alluvial soils while PCBs have been washed out of the study regions. The data reveal longer contamination memory and consistent contamination pattern in soils, whereas sediments showed more dynamic changes responding strongly to the actual situation. The stable PAH pattern within the regions also indicates that a relative amount of all compounds is comparable across the samples and, thus, that the sources at different sites have similar character. Conclusions  Sediments have the potential to function as a secondary source of contamination for the aquatic ecosystem, but also for the floodplain soils and other flooded areas. The floods served as a vector of PAHs contamination from sediments to soils. The reloading of river sediments in time, namely with PAHs, due to present sources increases their risk as a potential source in the next bigger flood event both to the downstream river basin and affected alluvial soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  The results stress the importance of including the floodplain soil contamination in the risk assessment focused on flood effects. Floodplain soils have stable long-term environmental memory related to contamination levels, pattern and distribution, whereby they can provide relevant information on the overall contamination of the area. The sediments will continue to serve as a potential source of contaminants and alluvial soils as the catchment media reflecting the major flood events, especially until effective measures are taken to limit contamination sources. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Hollert@uni-heidelberg.de) This article is openly accessible!     

Trace metals in a tropical river environment —speciation and biological transfer

Speciation of trace metals in the river water indicates possible organic bonding. Copper is highly complexed with the humic matter in the river sediments. Trace metals show higher levels in the milk of the cows fed on a contaminated pasture. Analysis of fish from the river shows highest enhancement in concentration for Cd. Tissuewise, the concentrations are highest in bone and liver. Calculation of the projected daily intake of trace metals, from consumer items produced locally, shows the intake of Zn and Cd to be high.     

Jack beans and vetiver grass growth on iron ore tailing sediments from the Doce River dam disaster in Brazil: plant growth regulator effects under different edaphic conditions

Journal of Soils and Sediments - After the greatest environmental disaster in the history of Brazil and the deposition of the iron ore tailings in alluvial regions, the process of revegetation for...     

Phosphorus fractionation and adsorption characteristics in drinking water reservoir inlet river sediments under human disturbance

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Sediment phosphorus fractionation, adsorption kinetics, and adsorption isotherm characteristics were studied in two rivers, Muyang River and Lengshui River in...     

Trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road gully sediments from different land uses,Hong Kong

Purpose

This study investigated the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments collected from gully pots for road drainage in Hong Kong. The presence and intensity of anthropogenic contamination of road gully sediments were assessed. Identifications of potential sources of trace elements and PAHs were performed to help understand the situation for future control of pollution to the land and aquatic environments.

Materials and methods

Gully sediment samples were collected from gully pots of 18 roads that are potentially exposed to different pollution sources in Hong Kong. The selection of roads considered different road features, adjacent land uses, and traffic volumes. Composite samples were collected for the analysis of trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) and PAHs by an accredited environmental testing laboratory. Geo-accumulation index (I_geo), contamination factor (C_f), modified degree of contamination (mC_d), ecological risk factor (Er), and pollution load index (PLI) were used to assess the level of ecological risk of trace element contamination. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and PAH diagnostic ratios were applied to identify the sources of trace elements and PAHs.

Results and discussion

Elevated trace element concentrations were commonly found in gully sediments. The concentrations of Zn (267–3700 mg kg^?1) were the highest compared to the other trace elements. Noticeable high concentrations of Cu (27–1020 mg kg^?1), Pb (21–332 mg kg^?1), and Cr (14–439 mg kg^?1) were found in all samples. The PAH contents were moderate to high (0.6 to 24.7 mg kg^?1). Commercial/industrial emissions and road features that cause frequent acceleration-deceleration and turning events showed important influences on the contaminant levels. Strong correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn were identified, implying that these trace elements are likely from common sources. The contamination assessment indices reflect significant sediment pollution. The ecological risk ranges from the considerable/moderate-risk class to over the high-risk class.

Conclusions

The collected gully sediments are identified as highly contaminated and need to be isolated from the environment upon final disposal. Through the comprehensive analysis of the collected data, this study provides a detailed insight into the contaminant levels of road gully sediments and potential sources of contamination. Disposal of gully sediments and potential impacts due to release of contaminants into the downstream aquatic environment during rainstorm events should receive attention and need further investigation.

     

Coriander essential oil composition from two genotypes grown in different environmental conditions

The objective was to study the essential oil composition of coriander fruits in plants growing in environments differing in soil conditions and weediness level. Factorial field experiments were conducted in two locations from the Rolling Pampas, Argentina, and two coriander landraces (European and Argentinean) were tested under two levels of nitrogen fertilization and weediness. Data were evaluated with uni- and multivariate techniques. The variation in the oil composition was related to the relative proportion of the constituents and not to the presence/absence of a particular component. Weather conditions in 1997 favored linalool and camphor in both landraces. Location, fertilization, and weediness also affected the chemical profile. The European landrace showed a more stable concentration of the major components than the Argentinean landrace. These results, which show the relationships between some environmental conditions and the essential oil composition, are useful in the development of innovative strategies aimed to improve oil composition and to manage crop pests.     

Identification of the sources of metals and arsenic in river sediments by multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches

Purpose

Frequent mining activities and higher background values in soil have led to the contamination of the sediments of some rivers in southwest China by several metals and arsenic (As). This study combined multivariate analysis with geochemical approaches to differentiate mining activity from other sources, which may aid to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing mining release.

Materials and methods

Sixteen sediment samples were collected along the Yuan River, China. The total concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and As were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The Pb isotopic composition was measured using a thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMES). Both geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify the sources of these metals. The fractionation of Pb was determined through a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure to aid the identification of the sources.

Results and discussion

The concentrations and enrichment factors (EFs) of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and As in the middle reach of the river were higher than those at the other sites, indicating anthropogenic sources. The factor analysis (FA) extracted “mining and smelting,” “mixture of anthropogenic and natural,” and “natural” factors. The Pb isotope composition of metal ores was similar (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb?<?1.190 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb?>?2.023) to that found in the sediments in the middle reach, indicating anthropogenic sources of mining activities. Compared with the narrow ranges of the δ³⁴S ratios in the bedrock (+8.5 to +9.3?‰) and the metal ores (?1.4 to +1.9?‰), the sediment samples presented a relatively wide range of δ³⁴S ratios from ?2.6 to +9.2?‰ with a mean of +2.6?‰, which suggests a mixed composition. The BCR sequential extraction procedure revealed that the proportion of the extractable fraction in the sediments in the middle reach was higher than that in other sites, suggesting anthropogenic sources as the cause of contamination in the study area.

Conclusions

Lead, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As are mainly derived from natural materials in the upstream region. In the middle reach, these elements are the result of anthropogenic activities, particularly activities associated with the mining industry. In the downstream region, the origin of these elements is considered to be a mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources. In addition to geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis, the BCR sequential extraction method is an effective procedure for the identification of the anthropogenic sources of sediment-associated metals.