快速充电及其稳压装置

快速充电及其稳压装置目前世界各国对可充电池的充电仍采用恒流或恒压充电方法，其充电装置没有设置自动检测和控制功能，充电时间一般为７～１４ｈ，而且电地容量充不足。由于被充电池的初始状态不一致（如电池只放去容量的一部分），往往还会造成电池过量充电，使电池受...     

油茶苗木嫁接机控制系统研制

介绍了BYJ-800型油茶嫁接机的基本结构和工作原理,阐述了研制该设备时控制系统需要解决的问题,如初始状态下的回归原点、动作的时间分配及流程控制等。     

同龄纯林自稀疏方程验证

本文以长白落松和杉木验证了作者提出的同林纯林自稀疏方程式。Ｉｎ（Ｎ）＝Ｉｎ（Ｓｆ）－Ｉｎ（Ｄ／Ｄ０）βγ＋δ）／γ证明此方式正确描述了林分自稀过程，方程式中δ由林分初始决定，β是Ｒｅｉｎｅｋｅ自稀疏系数，Ｓｆ为最大密度指数，γ是自稀疏指数，采用Ｆ检验方法证明，林分最大密度指数相当稳定且与立地，地区，年龄和初始状态无关，γ值也与立地，地区，年龄和初始状态无关，但可能存在较大的抽样误差。     

用动态规划方法确定华北落叶松最优轮伐期及最佳林分密度

本文采用Richards函数的修正式拟合林分胸高断面积生长方程,并考虑株数密度对断面积生长的影响;用每公顷胸高断面积和每公顷株数作为状态变量,用森林纯收益作为指标函数,建立了离散确定性动态规划模型,确定了塞罕坝林场华北落叶松人工林的最优轮伐期,并为各地位指数及不同年龄、不同初始状态的林分提供了确定最适经营密度的方法。     

森林资源连续清查蓄积量卡尔曼滤波最优估计

运用卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波方法,对森林蓄积量进行最优估计是从初始状态出发,按递推法计算系统在每个时刻的蓄积状态估计值和蓄积状态滤波值,并同时给出误差估计值。由于它是以无偏、最小方差原理统计的,因而所作出的估计是最优估计。     

淮南市国控环境空气监测点位设置技术研究

对设置环境空气监测点位的目的及意义、设置依据、设置原则及环境功能区划进行了论述,明确了具体点位设置,为淮南市环境安全监测工作的展开提供参考。     

德国北部挪威云杉林可持续经营中期计划的实例分析

可持续森林经营理论为中期林业计划和收获调整提供了丰富的模型选择,其不同的方法可应用于各种特定的场合和不同经营类型.本文简要回顾了传统的森林计划方法,一种称为"多林分发展"的概念可以用于任意的经营系统,这个概念把森林看作由一系列林分组成,在每一个林分中可以预先制定多种经营措施的选项,每种选项都可以通过木材或其它产品以及消耗的资源计算出一个目标值.这种简单的概念可以应用到大量的不同森林经营场合,它为森林经营者制定切实可行的森林措施和评价森林经营计划提供方法.在本研究中,以德国北部一片包括21个小班的挪威云杉林班的一个中期计划为例,说明"多林分发展"这一经营系统在实际生产中的应用.每个小班具有不同的初始状态,每个小班预设了若干经营选项,根据小班的初始状态、生长模型为各种选项计算各时期的木材产出.在林班的水平上,经营目标方程包括两个组成部分:净现值和均衡木材收获值.用模拟退火的方法来优化总体目标方程值.优化的总体解决方案在为每个小班选定合适的经营选项的同时,在全林的水平上获得最优的经济和均衡产出组合.     

林区公路雪害的防治

本文提出了林区公路雪害防治的几种方法.铲除积雪防雪林带的设置;防雪栏栅的设置;防雪墙的设置;导风板的设置。     

浅析高层主楼与裙房间沉降缝设置

本文论述了高层主体与裙房之间的设置沉降缝问题,并提出根据具体情况不设置沉降缝的措施也是可行的。     

软件工程专业数字媒体方向本科核心课程设置的研究

根据软件工程专业数字媒体方向的人才培养目标,提出了设置数字媒体专业方向的核心课程,论述了设置核心课程的指导思想和依据,分别阐述了各门核心课程在人才培养中的作用与地位,以及各核心课程的教学内容.     

Effects of nutrition spatial heterogeneity on root traits and carbon usage by roots of Cercis chinensis seedlings in split root rooms

In natural ecosystems, nutrition available for plants shows great spatial heterogeneity. Much is known about plant root responses to the spatial heterogeneity of nutrition, but little is known about carbon usage in roots in nutrition-deficient patches and its effect on root longevity. In this study, split-room boxes were used for culture of Cercis chinensis seedlings, and the small rooms were supplied with different nutrition levels. The number of the first-order roots in the rooms with nutrition supply was significantly higher than that in the rooms with deficient nutrition. Specific root length (SRL) of the first-order roots in the rooms with deficient nutrition reached its peak at day 64 after nutrition treatment. There was no significant SRL differences between the two order roots during the experiment. Biomass of the first-order roots in the rooms without nutrition supply was significantly less than that of the first-order roots in the rooms with nutrition supply from day 64 to 96. The total biomass of the lateral roots in the rooms without nu-trition supply decreased from day 64 to 96. The activities of the enzymes in roots in the rooms without nutrition supply increased and the activities of alkaline invertases in roots in the two sides of split box did not change significantly. The activities of the enzymes in roots in the rooms without nutrition supply increased gradually. These results suggest that nutrition spatial heterogeneity induced the changes in root traits and plants actively controlled carbon usage in roots in nutrition-deficient patches by regulating the activities of invertases and sucrose synthases, resulting in the reduction in carbon usage in the roots in nutrition-deficient patches.     

全国杉木家系区域试验研究

湖南省林科院先后于 1984年春、 1989年春两次参加全国杉木家系区域试验。方差分析表明 :提供家系的种子园之间以及种子园内家系之间各主要数量因子存在显著差异。对样本观测值进行标准化变换主成分分析 ,求出遗传综合指数 ,再聚类分析评价 :湖南靖州、江西赣南、广西柳州、贵州东南、福建三明、广东曲江种子园提供的家系生长有明显优势。     

香榧细小卷蛾生物学特性及防治研究

香榧细小卷蛾Lepteucosma torreyaeWu et Chen是危害香榧的主要害虫之一,在浙江省绍兴市1 a发生2代,以老熟幼虫在枯枝落叶中做茧越冬,翌年2月中旬化蛹,3月上旬成虫羽化并产卵,3月下旬第1代幼虫孵化,5月中旬化蛹,5月下旬成虫羽化,6月上旬产卵,6月中旬第2代幼虫孵化,11月上旬开始越冬。在第2代幼虫期,使用1.8%阿维菌素乳油、5%抑太保乳油、2%阿维苏云制剂、35%吡虫啉乳油及20%杀灭菊酯乳油等5种药剂10个浓度进行喷雾防治试验,施药9 d后,防治效果均达到100%。     

Transverse swelling behavior of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) revealed by the replica method

Transverse swelling and its anisotropy in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) in several kinds of organic liquids and in water were investigated by means the replica method. There was more cross-sectional swelling of cell walls and cell wall thickness in earlywood than in latewood. Marked swelling toward cell lumens was observed in wood swollen in liquids that had higher swelling potentials than water. This suggests that the swelling of cell walls in these liquids is much greater than the external swelling. Feret's diameters of the cell lumens were reduced by swelling in all the observed cases except in the tangential direction of earlywood, suggesting that cell walls swell to a much less extent in width than in thickness. Deformation of cell shapes caused by the tensile force from the latewood were observed in the earlywood and in the transitional region from earlywood to latewood. When swollen in water, transverse swelling anisotropy caused only by the swelling in cell wall thickness were calculated to be 1.2 for the whole region over an annual ring and 1.4 for the earlywood. These values could not account for the external swelling anisotropy of 2.1. Considering obvious deformations of cell shapes in the earlywood and in the transitional region, we conclude that the interaction between earlywood and latewood is one of the prime factors contributing to the transverse swelling anisotropy of coniferous wood.Part of this report was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nagoya, April 1998     

Weather and human impacts on forest fires: 100 years of fire history in two climatic regions of Switzerland

Understanding the factors driving past fire regimes is crucial in the context of global change as a basis for predicting future changes. In this study, we aimed to identify the impact of climate and human activities on fire occurrence in the most fire-prone regions of Switzerland. We considered forest fires, land use and meteorological data over the period 1904-2008 in the neighboring mountain cantons (states) of Valais and Ticino, which are characterized by distinct climatic regimes.The presence/absence of fire ignitions was analyzed using the Nesterov ignition index (as a proxy for fire weather), road density (for ignition sources), livestock density (for biomass removal), and change in forest area (for fire-prone abandoned agricultural areas).We found that fire weather played a key role in fire occurrence in both regions. Road and livestock densities had similar influences in the two cantons. However, while the increase in forest area was well correlated with fire occurrence in Ticino, no such correlation was evident in Valais, probably because land abandonment and forest cover change have been less extensive there. Our findings emphasize the non-linear nature of the relationships between fire occurrence and anthropogenic drivers, as we found thresholds above which road density was no longer correlated with fire occurrence. This implies that the projected future increase and spatial concentration of the human population may not result in a further increase in fire risk in intermediately to densely populated areas in both cantons.The driving factors behind fire activity differ slightly in the two cantons, in particular with increasing forest area enhancing fire occurrence in Ticino but not in Valais. These differences should be taken into account when assessing future fire risk, especially in Valais where the potential for an increase in the fire-prone area is still high. Fires are likely to become more frequent in a warmer climate, but future fire activity may develop differently in the two cantons. This should be taken into account when planning optimized fire prevention measures. This case study should help to better understand fire activity in highly populated regions where fire activity is still moderate but might markedly increase under a projected more fire-prone climate.     

西藏色季拉山冷杉树冠营养元素的分布特征

2001年10月15日至25日在色季拉山生态系统定位站原始冷杉林,采用标准地调查取样与实验室分析,测定了其优势树种急尖长苞冷杉林冠的养分,结果表明:1年生叶片养分总含量是多年生叶片的1.12倍;叶片在树冠阳面养分总含量高于阴面;林冠的不同高度叶片的养分含量不同;同一枝条不同部位的叶片在养分含量上也有一些差异.枝条与叶片有着相似的养分含量分布规律,这种一致性说明在养分的分配、积累过程中,枝条和叶片对养分的利用是同步的.     

北京八达岭植物群落多样性特征分析

根据34个样地的调查资料,分析了该地区森林植物群落物种多样性的特征:群落内各层物种丰富度指数的大小为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;多样性指数的大小为乔木层<灌木层和草本层。灌木层与草本层的多样性指数随林分郁闭度变化而变化,在林分郁闭度为25%的侧柏黄栌混交林中,灌木层的多样性指数和丰富度指数小于草本层;在郁闭度53%的杂木林中,灌木层和草本层的多样性指数接近;在郁闭度53%以上的各个群落内,草本层的多样性指数和丰富度指数基本上都大于灌木层。人工林中的物种多样性变化多样,明显低于天然林,林分层次单一,更新不良,缺乏灌木层和地被植物,生态系统很不稳定。     

皆伐方式对小兴安岭低质林土壤呼吸的影响

针对小兴安岭低质林分,采用不同的皆伐方式,利用LI-8100碳通量自动监测系统在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对低质林分土壤呼吸进行观测,运用统计分析的方法,分析皆伐方式对土壤呼吸的影响和不同皆伐方式的土壤呼吸产生差异的原因.结果显示:试验区土壤呼吸夏季最大,冬季最低.春季和秋季因土壤温度和湿度差异不大使土壤呼吸相差较小;对于水平带同一条皆伐带,土壤呼吸并无显著性差异,并且不同的带宽对土壤呼吸的影响也不显著;垂直带随海拔升高土壤呼吸呈现波动性,总体趋势随海拔升高土壤呼吸逐渐降低,但是差距较小;水平带、垂直带和林窗的年土壤呼吸量分别为1.184,1.426,1.179 kgCO2·m-a-1,垂直带最高,水平带次之,林窗最低.影响垂直带土壤呼吸的关键因素是土壤温度,林窗则是土壤湿度,而水平带土壤温度和湿度的条件则介于垂直带和林窗之间.这说明在不同的皆伐方式条件下,影响土壤呼吸的关键因素并不完全相同.     

Cambial Anatomy and Annual Rhythm of Secondary Xylem Development in the Twigs of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) Growing in Different Forests of Gujarat State

Abstract

Seasonal behavior of vascular cambium and development of secondary xylem were studied in the 2-3-years-old branches of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) growing in moist deciduous (MDF), dry deciduous (DDF) and scrub land (SF) forests of Gujarat State. Development of xylem began with the sprouting of new leaves in January in both MDF and DDF. Xylem production culminated in July in MDF whereas it reached peak in April and July in DDF. Cambial cells ceased to divide with the maturation of leaves in November and October in MDF and DDF, respectively. Mature xylem and phloem derivatives surrounded the cambium in December in MDF and November in DDF. Radial growth in the branches of trees growing in SF was found continuous throughout the year with peak cambial activity in April, July and November. In all the three forests, maximal radial growth was encountered in July when the rains were heavy. Cambial activity and xylem development showed significant correlation with the phenology of the trees in MDF and DDF whereas cambium was found active throughout the year and no correlation was found between the cambial activity and phenology in SF.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ash and Larch in Mixture and Pure stands

IntroductionDuringthepasttwodecades,studieshaverevealedthatgrowingash(Fnainusmandshurica)andlarch(LarlksPP.)togetherinaproperwaycanincreasetheproduc-tivityQfthestandsI"'}'-'].Theyieldimprovementmechanismsattributetotwoaspects,i.e.,theabovegroundandundergr…