辐射诱变在巴基斯坦改良棉花品种资源和育种中的应用

作者介绍了利用近三十年来,巴基斯坦在利用辐射诱变产生变异来进行棉花遗传资源改良和新品种选育中的方法、特点和取得的成就,自上世纪九十年代以来由于棉花卷叶病毒病的发生和流行对棉花科研带来的挑战与机遇,并对未来辐射诱变作为遗传资源改良和品种选育的方法的发展方向作了概述。     

果树辐射诱变育种研究进展

继实生选种和杂交育种后,辐射诱变育种也成为创造果树新种质的一个有效途径。通过辐射诱变,大大提高了果树基因突变频率,而且可以产生小量突变,获得常规育种难以获得的新种质。开展果树辐射诱变育种几十年来,国内外已经创造出许多的具有优良生物学性状和经济性状的果树新种质,辐射材料、诱变剂和诱变方法不断得到补充和改良,短枝型变异、早熟变异、抗性变异、无籽变异等辐射效应的研究也在逐渐深入地开展起来。同时,笔者认为果树辐射诱变育种与常规杂交育种、果树离体培养相结合是其今后发展的方向,辐射诱变育种和单倍体育种相结合在农作物育种上有诸多成功的例子,为其在果树育种上的应用也提供了有益的借鉴。     

辐射育种在园林植物育种中的应用

对辐射育种的辐射源类型、辐射诱变的技术环节、辐射诱变的机理、辐射诱变的成果、园林植物辐射诱变育种存在的问题及展望5个方面进行综述,探讨我国园林植物辐射诱变育种的发展现状和存在的不足,为育种工作提供理论参考。     

一种新的作物诱变育种方法--航天育种

航天育种,也称空间诱变育种,是利用高空气球、返回式卫星、飞船等航天器、将作物种子、组织、器官或生命个体搭载到宇宙空间,利用宇宙空间特殊的环境诱变作用使生物基因产生变异,再返回地面进行选育,培育新品种、新材料的作物育种新技术.它是航天高科技与农业遗传育种相结合的产物,是综合了宇航、遗传、辐射、育种等跨学科的高新技术,是传统诱变育种方法在高科技情况下的延伸.航天育种的最大优势在于有可能在较短的时间内创造出目前地面诱变育种方法难以获得的罕见基因资源,培育出有突破性的优良品种.     

离子束生物技术在小麦遗传改良中的应用

简述了离子束诱变育种的机理,概述了离子束在小麦遗传改良中所取得的成果,并对提高离子注入小麦的诱变育种效率的方法进行了分析。     

辐射与杂交结合提高冬小麦辐射育种效果的探讨

γ射线辐照优良的杂交组合是提高诱变效率的基础;杂种比品种具有较高的辐射的敏感性;辐照杂种早期世代可以提高诱变效率,辐照杂交当代,使辐射世代与杂交世代同步,有利于各世代的选育,育种效果最好;辐照杂种后代的性状分离稳定进程与杂种杂合程度有关。研究表明,辐射与杂交结合是提高辐射育种效果的有效途径之一。     

N^＋离子注入的生物效应和机理研究

离子注入诱变,是一种新型诱变技术。在60～70年代,虽然国外曾用宇宙线的高能重离子辐射,或用人工加速器的高能重离子注入,曾在玉米、鸭跖草、酵母和哺乳动物性染色体上诱发变异,但将离子注入真正应用于生物诱变遗传育种的开拓性研究,还是80年代后期才开始的。1987年中国科学院     

玉米60Co-γ辐射诱变育种现状与展望

综述了玉米60Co-γ辐射诱变育种研究取得的主要成就并对其育种流程和诱变机理进行了论述和分析,还指出了当前研究中存在的一些问题,并认为辐射诱变技术与生物技术的结合将成为其发展的重要方向。     

棉花抗逆遗传改良技术与应用

病害、干旱、盐碱等逆境胁迫是棉花生产实现高产稳产的主要影响因素,利用传统育种和现代生物技术对现有棉花育种资源的抗逆性状进行遗传改良是实现高产、优质、多抗育种目标,培育突破性棉花新品种的有效途径。综述了中国农业科学院棉花研究所棉花抗逆遗传改良团队近年来在棉花抗逆育种新材料创制、抗逆育种关键技术研发与新品种培育方面的最新进展,并且提出了未来我国棉花抗逆遗传改良的研究方向。     

陆地棉品种γ射线诱变后代的遗传变异规律

利用250 Gy的Co60γ射线对3个棉花品种的干种子进行辐射处理,对其M4,M5农艺经济性状的遗传变异进行分析。结果表明:3个品种的辐射诱变后代M4,M5群体表型性状变异系数和遗传多样性指数均存在明显差异。阐明了辐射对不同棉花品种的诱变效果存在变异均匀度和丰富度的差异。相关分析表明,所有表型性状,以及衣分、单铃重、株高、2．5％跨长、比强度和麦克隆值等性状的M4与M5群体之间的简单相关系数都达到极显著水平。证明了诱变后代材料表型性状的变异可以遗传,M4和M5群体表型性状的遗传变异趋于稳定。3个品种诱变后代M5材料间的表型性状遗传距离变幅分别为1．83-34．68,1．26-34．55,2．22-17．05;并筛选出一系列变异明显的诱变材料。     

Review of research on use of radiation-induced mutations in crop breeding in Japan

In Japan, the research on radiation-induced mutation has been conducted as one of the promising methods of plant breeding. Although in the beginning the principal methods used are X-rays and ³²P, we now have various kinds of radiation facilities available for mutation breeding. The fundamental aspects of mutation breeding are investigated at several universities and institutes, and the practical breeding work is carried out by the general organization for crop breeding.Among the characters that have been observed as mutated in rice, chlorophyll deficiency, heading time, culm length and grain-weight are most easily obtained. Some of the induced mutants showed the same or higher productivity as compared to the mother variety. Up to date there are many experiments on the procedural problems associated with radiation-induced mutations in crop breeding. The results of these experiments are reviewed in this paper.     

1973-2000年黄河流域棉花品种改良与应用状况分析

利用1973-2000年国家黄河流域棉花区域试验资料及同期该棉区棉花品种推广的统计数据,总结了棉花品种改良的主要成绩,分析了棉花品种不同性状的育种效率.结果表明产量性状的遗传改良效率逐年下降,早熟性、抗逆性和部分纤维品质指标的改良效率有所提高.探索性提出了提高育种效率的途径和方法.分析了棉花良种普及率及自育品种变化情况,针对目前美国转基因棉花在该区生产中优势,加强国产品种的推广已成当务之急.     

Introgression genetics and breeding between Upland and Pima cotton: a review

The narrow genetic base of elite Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm has been a significant impediment to sustained progress in the development of cotton cultivars to meet the needs of growers and industry in recent years. The prospect of widening the genetic base of Upland cotton by accessing the genetic diversity and fiber quality of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) has encouraged interspecific hybridization and introgression efforts for the past century. However, success is limited due mainly to genetic barriers between the two species in the forms of divergent gene regulatory systems, accumulated gene mutations, gene order rearrangements and cryptic chromosomal structure differences that have resulted in hybrid breakdown, hybrid sterility and selective elimination of genes. The objective of this paper is to provide a mini-review in interspecific hybridization between Upland and Pima cotton relevant to breeding under the following sections: (1) qualitative genetics; (2) cytogenetic stocks; (3) quantitative genetics; (4) heterosis, and (5) introgression breeding. Case studies of successful examples are provided.     

Global impact of mutation-derived varieties

During the past seventy years, worldwide more than 2250 varieties have been released that have been derived either as direct mutants or from their progenies. Induction of mutations with radiation has been the most frequently used method for directly developed mutant varieties. The prime strategy in mutation-based breeding has been to upgrade the well-adapted plant varieties by altering one or two major traits, which limit their productivity or enhance their quality value. In this paper, the global impact of mutation-derived varieties on food production and quality enhancement is presented. In addition, the economic contribution of the selected mutant varieties of rice, barley, cotton, groundnut, pulses, sunflower, rapeseed and Japanese pear is discussed. In several mutation-derived varieties, the changed traits have resulted in synergistic effect on increasing the yield and quality of the crop, improving agronomic inputs, crop rotation, and consumer acceptance. In contrast to the currently protected plant varieties or germplasm and increasing restrictions on their use, the induced mutants have been freely available for plant breeding. Many mutants have made transnational impact on increasing yield and quality of several seed-propagated crops. Induced mutations will continue to have an increasing role in creating crop varieties with traits such as modified oil, protein and starch quality, enhanced uptake of specific metals, deeper rooting system, and resistance to drought, diseases and salinity as a major component of the environmentally sustainable agriculture. Future research on induced mutations would also be important in the functional genomics of many food crops. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆陆地棉育种遗传组分拓展研究

通过对新疆自育和主要历史栽培品种遗传系谱、遗传组分演变规律研究分析，阐明了新疆陆地棉育种遗传基础现状及特点，提出了新疆陆地棉育种基础遗传组分和功能遗传组分拓展方向，为新疆棉花高效育种技术体系建立提供遗传基础依据。     

Present aspects of induced mutations in plant breeding

The present status of the utilization of induced mutations in plant breeding is briefly reviewed. It is concluded that with induced mutations in principle successes can be expected similar to those with the conventional breeding methods. Owing to the relatively small yield of progressive mutations the efficiency of mutation breeding, however, is rather poor at present. Greater efficiency may be expected with increased knowledge of both control of original mutation production and of selection.Control of mutation production seems to be possible in at least three ways, (a) by raising the total mutation frequency (b) by changing the relative frequency of chromosome versus point mutations and (c) by altering the spectrum of point mutations. The possibilities of such control through the diverse action of different radiations given with or without modifying agents is reviewed and various mutagenic chemicals are mentioned.Control of mutation selection may be achieved in two ways, (a) by a better understanding of diplontic selection (intrasomatic selection) of mutated cells and (b) by developing appropriate screening methods. A working hypothesis concerning the diplontic selection is briefly outlined. The one initial cell theory means that the greatest efficiency of mutation production can be expected after radiation of primordia or young buds with only one or a few initial cells which will form the tissue of interest. It is hoped that by this the intercellular competition is restricted and a reduced elimination of mutated cells will result.Procedures for selection of mutants, at least in barley, can already start with M₁-spikes. It was shown that completely fertile M₁-spikes possess the same frequency of point mutations (chlorophyll mutations) as those with disturbed fertility. Selection of fertile M₁-spikes should, therefore, eliminate to a large extent the undesirable chromosome mutations and in this way increase the efficiency of screening for progressive mutations. Maximum mutation frequencies of fertile M₁-spikes can, however, only be achieved if the tillering is reduced.It is suggested that more emphasis be put on screening of small mutations, which may generally be expected to have a greater importance for practical purposes than drastic deviations. Usually screening of micro vital-mutations will be advisable in the M₃-generation. Indicator characters may be found through mass selection methods which by their pleiotropic gene action also effect properties eventually of breeding value.Samenvatting Na een kort overzicht van de perspectieven voor toepassing van kunstmatige mutatie bij de plantenveredeling wordt nader ingegaan op enige problemen die thans de aandacht hebben. Voor het beheersen van de kunstmatige mutaties is het van veel belang de frequentie van mutatie te kunnen vergroten en te kunnen bevorderen dat relatief minder chromosoom- en meer gen-mutaties tot stand komen. Vooral van de micromutaties verwacht schrijver vooruitzichten voor de plantenveredeling. Het is echter thans nog zeer moeilijk daarop te selecteren.(Lecture delivered at the organizational meeting of the section Mutation and Polyploidy of EUCARPIA in Lund and Svalöf, July 9–11, 1958).     

棉花抗虫育种研究

本文根据棉花常规抗虫品种抗虫性表现的本质分两个方面即形态抗性和生化抗性阐明了国内外抗虫育种研究进展。比较详细地介绍了棉花的抗虫性鉴定方法及其评判指标、分级标准。同时对棉花抗虫性遗传及其应用基础研究进行了综述。并讨论了抗虫棉研究的必要性和发展思路。     

世纪之交我国棉花品种改良的科技发展

近年来我国棉花生产急剧滑坡，起因是自然灾害，但缺乏突破性品种，或者说品种的遗传基础过于狭窄是内在的根本原因。我国棉花生产用种以自育品种为主的世代不会逆转。今后我国棉花品种改良的科技要点是：加强原始材料的收集和育种新亲本的创造；促进高新技术与常规育种的结合；常规育种技术亟待创新，重点是加强理论指导，方案要贴近生产实际；恢复诸如诱变及其与复合杂交相结合等方法研究；优质纤维将是遗传改良的重点性状。此外，品种立法也势在必行。     

分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法及其在棉花上的应用

修饰回交育种法是将杂种品系间杂交和回交方法结合起来,用于棉花多个优良性状聚合的育种改良方法。随着分子标记技术日益完善地用于育种的选择中,我们提出了分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法。它以生产上推广或即将推广的品种为轮回亲本,将修饰回交育种法和分子标记辅助选择育种相结合,同时对轮回亲本的遗传背景和