小麦品种成株期抗条锈性表达生育期的研究

 对5个携带不同成株期抗性的小麦品种在温室和田间成株期抗病性的研究表明，Chuanyu 12在温室条件下表现感病到中度感病，而在田间表现抗病；携带慢锈性抗性的品种Weebill在温室和田间都表现中度抗病；携带Yr18和2~3个微效抗性基因的品种Chpaio, Tukuru 和 Saar，在温室和田间都表现高度抗病。在温室条件下，对在不同生育期5个抗病品种的反应型和潜育期的研究表明，反应型在分蘖期开始降低，而潜育期随着生育期的发展表现延长。虽然田间严重度和温室反应型、潜育期之间有良好的相关性，成株期抗性的鉴定仍最好在田间进行。     

成株抗条锈性小麦品种的筛选及应用前景

通过三年大田及室内试验,筛选出了我国成株抗条锈性的小麦品种47个.这些品种的抗性可分为三种类群:(1)高抗至免疫类型;(2)中抗类型;(3)介于高抗至中抗之间的类型,该类型的抗性表现取决于环境条件.并对成株抗条锈性品种的应用前景进行了评价.     

小麦高温抗锈品种与条锈菌互作的超微结构研究

 用典型小麦高温抗锈性品种作试材 ,研究了它们与条锈菌互作的超微结构。结果表明 ,高温抗锈性的表达使病菌和寄主叶肉细胞超微结构都发生明显的变化 ,形成了侵染诱导的防卫结构和物质。条锈病菌菌丝被抑制 ,细胞器泡囊化 ,迅速解体。吸器母细胞和吸器发育受阻 ,畸形 ,坏死。吸器外质膜皱褶 ,电子致密度加深 ,并出现孔洞。寄主叶肉细胞的膜系统明显病变 ,细胞器解体 ,细胞质凝聚 ,质膜内陷 ,最终整个细胞坏死解体。除了上述典型的过敏性坏死反应特征以外 ,寄主细胞还产生了细胞壁防御结构和次生物质。在讨论中比较了高温抗病性品种防卫反应与普通低反应型抗病性的异同。     

Ultrastructure of Slow-Rusting Expression of Wheat to Stripe Rust

The ultrastructure of wheat cultivars with slow-rusting resistance expression to the stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis, was studied through TEM. The results show that slow-rusting has the same hypersensitive response characters with the low infection type resistance, but the mesophyll cell necrotized less in number, thereby only partially inhibiting the extension of rust fungus, and the fungus being inhibited and necrosed slighter in degree. Apart from the occurrence of hypersensitiveness, the response of the host cells in slow-rusting wheat cultivars to the infection of fungus also produces structural materials associated with defense reaction, but distinctly less than that in resistant cultivar. Thus, it is suggested that the slow-rusting resistance might have a similar mechanism with the low infection type resistance of race specificity,but with lower intensity.     

小麦慢条锈性表达的超微结构特征

 用透射电镜研究了小麦品种慢条锈性表达的超微结构。结果表明,慢锈性具有与低反应型抗锈性相同的过敏性坏死反应特征,但慢锈品种中寄主叶肉细胞坏死数目较少,仅部分地阻抑了病菌的扩展,病菌受抑、坏死程度轻。慢锈品种寄主细胞对病菌入侵的反应除发生过敏性坏死反应外,还产生了防卫反应结构物质,但此物质明显比抗病品种的少。因此认为慢锈性可能与小种专化抗锈性具有相似的机制,只是强度较低。     

我国小麦农家品种白老芒麦的抗条锈性遗传分析

以感病材料铭贤169作母本,白老芒麦作父本配制杂交组合,获得杂种F1代种子;F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,以F1代作为父本与铭贤169回交获得BC1代种子。对亲本、F1代、F2代和BC1代植株接种鉴定,根据F1代、BC1代的抗性表现和F2代的抗感分离情况推知白老芒麦(甘地806)对CYSu-XI的抗病性是由一对显性基因和两对隐性基因的互补作用控制。     

我国小麦条锈病持续控制的策略

 本文总结了近 50年来我国小麦条锈病防治研究的经验 ,根据现代植物病理学理论和持续农业思想 ,科学分析了所存在的问题 ,提出了从提高生产品种抗病基因丰富度和阻断病菌侵染循环着手的控制策略和具体思路。充分利用现有有效抗病基因、发掘利用新的抗病基因、各类抗性兼蓄并用 ,培育多系品种和多基因聚合品种 ,实现生产品种抗病基因多样化 ,抑制病菌新毒性菌系的发展和优势小种的形成。同时 ,在陇南等条锈菌越夏易变菌源基地实施种植结构调整等综合治理措施 ;在条锈菌越夏区和越冬区、其它不同流行区域实施抗病基因合理布局 ,以阻断病菌的侵染循环 ,控制病菌的繁殖、扩散和病害流行。经过不断的努力 ,就可望实现我国小麦条锈病的持续控制 ,从而解决条锈病这一农业持续发展中的重大问题。     

2003年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴定分析

对2003年采自陕西省若干县(区)的205份小麦条锈菌标样生理小种的鉴定结果表明,出现频率较高的小种及类型主要是条中32号、水源11-14和水源11-4,分别为46．34％、11．21％和7．31％。其分布范围广,致病性强,是造成陕西省小麦条锈病发生流行的主要优势小种。条中31号出现频率为4．39％,仍呈下降趋势,其它各小种(类型)频率均较低。毒力频率分析表明,Yr9、Yr3b．4b、YrSu等抗性基因已经失效。     

Molecular Mapping of a Gene for Resistance to Stripe Rust in Wheat Variety PIW138

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most damaging diseases of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Wheat variety PIW138 introduced from Pakistan is resistant to the currently prevailing Pst race CYR32 in China. In this study, the bulked segregant analysis （BSA） method and simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers were used to map the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were prepared from the segregating F2 population of the cross between Thatcher, a susceptible variety as the female parent, and PIW138 as the male parent. The segregation of resistant and susceptible F2 plants inoculated with CYR32 indicated that single dominant gene determined the reactions of PIW138 line and temporarily designated as YrP138. Total 200 SSR primers were screened, and 4 SSR markers, Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153, on chromosome 1B were found to be polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible DNA bulks as well as their parents. Genetic linkage was tested on the segregating F2 population with 259 plants, including 196 resistant and 63 susceptible plants. All 4 SSR markers were linked to the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The genetic distances of Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153 to the resistance gene were 29.8, 6.2, 6.8, and 8.2 cM, respectively.     

小麦对条锈病的高温抗病性研究

植物的高温抗病性是由较高的环境温度所诱导的一种低反应型抗病性。1989年以来系统研究小麦对条锈病的高温抗病性,鉴选出28个高温抗条锈的小麦品种,利用这些品种作试材发现小麦的高温抗条锈性仅在病程的潜育期和显症期表达,最低诱导温度为18～21℃,最短诱导时间为8～12h,且温度诱导无累积效应。高温抗条锈性无小种专化性,是一种持久抗病性,防病保产效能很高。组织病理学和细胞学研究证实高温抗条锈性具有典型的过敏性坏死特征。在其表达早期,木质素合成关键酶活性显著增强,木质素迅速积累。蛋白质的体内合成和Poly（A#++）-RNA体外转译试验表明,伴随着高温抗病性表达产生了6种分子量不同的病程相关蛋白。     

小偃系列小麦品种对条锈病的高温抗病性研究

小麦高温抗条锈性是在较高温度下所诱导的一种低反应型抗病性。苗期接种条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis West.）后,分别采用高温（21±1）℃和常温（14±1）℃处理,测定小偃系列小麦品种的高温抗条锈性。结果表明,小偃系列品种中具有较多的高温抗条锈性资源。另外,以高温抗锈品种小偃6号为试材,以高感品种铭贤169为对照,分别接种不同条锈菌生理小种和类型,证实小麦高温抗条锈性不具有小种专化性。     

基于亲本对条锈病敏感性预测小麦杂交种的抗性

【目的】通过亲本条锈病的抗性评价预测F1代杂交种的抗病性,增强杂交小麦抗病育种的可预见性。【方法】以CYR23、CYR31、CYR33、CYR34 4个小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)生理小种作为供试菌源,感病小麦品种铭贤169作为阴性对照,通过成株期混合接种,对13份恢复系(父本)材料和21份不育系(母本)材料及其F1代杂交种进行抗病性鉴定,并利用Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26等抗条锈基因的分子标记或基因标记对其可能携带的抗条锈基因进行分子检测。同时通过半定量PCR方法在亲本及部分F1代植株的成株期进行条锈菌侵染量测定。【结果】所有材料均未鉴定到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15,Yr26多存在于四川品系,Yr9、Yr17多存在于北方品系,本研究所有恢复系材料均未鉴定到Yr18。亲本抗条锈基因在F1代杂交种得到了聚合,符合遗传规律,表明分子标记可以用于杂交小麦抗病辅助选育。来自四川的恢复系及其F1代杂交种整体表现优良抗性,推测其具有纯合显性的抗条锈基因,同时,这些小麦材料可以用于我国小麦抗条锈育种。F1代的...     

小麦品种川麦107对条锈病成株抗性的QTL定位

【目的】发掘川麦107中的条锈病成株抗性基因及与其紧密连锁的分子标记,为小麦持久抗性育种提供基因和分子标记辅助选择工具。【方法】在墨西哥国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)Toluca试验站、中国成都和雅安3个环境下,对川麦107/Avocet-YrA组合的F5代重组自交系(recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体进行了小麦条锈病成株抗性鉴定,在此基础上利用SSR标记和复合区间作图法对成株抗性基因进行定位。【结果】在1B染色体长臂远端的Xcwem32和Xgwm818位点之间(连锁距离3.9cM)检测到1个主效QTL,暂定名为QYr.saas-1BL。该主效QTL在3个试验环境下分别解释19.3%、16.9%和27.4%的表型变异。【结论】QYr.saas-1BL是川麦107中对条锈病有持久抗性的成株抗性QTL。     

小麦品种中梁88375抗条锈病基因的分子作图

【目的】中梁88375是甘肃省天水市农业科学研究所以中4/S394//咸农4号复合杂交选育而成的冬小麦品系,对小麦三锈免疫。明确其抗条锈病基因及遗传特点,建立与其连锁的微卫星标记,以利于抗源筛选和培育持久抗病新品种。【方法】将中梁88375与感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交和测交并对双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定。用小麦条锈菌条中31号对其进行遗传分析;采用SSR技术,选用普通小麦的320对微卫星引物对中梁88375及铭贤169的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增和电泳分析。【结果】中梁88375对多个条锈菌小种具有良好的抗病性,对CY31的抗病性由1对显性核基因控制,把该基因暂命名为Yr88375。建立了与Yr88375连锁的6个微卫星标记Xgwm335、Xwmc289、Xwmc810、Xgdm116、Xbarc59与 Xwmc783,并将Yr88375定位于小麦5BL。距离Yr88375 最近的两个微卫星位点是Xgdm116、Xwmc810,遗传距离分别是3.1 cM和3.9 cM,最远的标记Xwmc783与Yr88375之间的遗传距离为13.5 cM。【结论】系谱分析结合分子标记结果表明,Yr88375很有可能是一个来自中间偃麦草(E.intermedium)并与已知抗条锈病基因不同的新基因。     

Genetics and Molecular Mapping of a High-Temperature Resistance Gene to Stripe Rust in Seeding-Stage in Winter Wheat Cultivar Lantian 1

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a severe foliar disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the world. Resistance is the best approach to control the disease. The winter wheat cultivar Lantian 1 has high-temperature resistance to stripe rust. To determing the gene(s) for the stripe rust resistance, Lantian 1 was crossed with Mingxian 169 (M169). Seedlings of the parents, and F 1 , F 2 and F 2-3 progenies were tested with races CYR32 of Pst under controlled greenhouse conditions. Lantian 1 has a single partially dominant gene conferred resistance to race CYR32, designated as YrLT1. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to YrLT1. A linkage group of five SSR markers was constructed for YrLT1 using 166 F 2 plants. Based on the SSR marker consensus map and the position on wheat chromosome, the resistance gene was assigned on chromosome 2DL. Amplification of a set of nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with SSR marker Xwmc797 confirmed that the resistance gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D. Because of its chromosomal location and the high-temperature resistance, this gene is different from previously described genes. The molecular map spanned 29.9 cM, and the genetic distance of two close markers Xbarc228 and Xcfd16 to resistance gene locus was 4.0 and 5.7 cM, respectively. The polymorphism rates of the flanking markers in 46 wheat lines were 2.1 and 2.1%, respectively; and the two markers in combination could distinguish the alleles at the resistance locus in 97.9% of tested genotypes. This new gene and flanking markers should be useful in developing wheat cultivars with high level and possible durable resistance to stripe rust.     

小麦新抗源贵协3号抗条锈病的遗传特性

为探明普通小麦品种贵协3号抗条锈病基因的遗传特性,利用贵协3号与AVS杂交获得F1代和F2代群体,采用条锈病生理小种V26(G22-14)对双亲、F1代和F2代群体进行苗期接种鉴定。结果表明:贵协3号含有1对显性全生育期抗条锈病基因,对条锈病生理小种V26(G22-14)表现出高抗病性。贵协3号在抗条锈病育种中可作为重要抗源加以利用,以进一步丰富小麦的抗病基因类型,增加基因多样性,稳定条锈菌群体结构。     

Inheritance and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr88375 in Chinese Wheat Line Zhongliang 88375

Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance and mapping of resistance gene with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to stripe rust. Zhongliang 88375, a common wheat line, is highly resistant to all three rusts of wheat in China. The gene conferring rust disease was deduced originating from Elytrigia intermedium. Genetic analysis of Zhongliang 88375 indicated that the resistance to PST race CYR31 was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as Yr88375. To molecular map Yr88375, a F2 segregating population consisting of 163 individuals was constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhongliang 88375 and a susceptible wheat line Mingxian 169; 320 SSR primer pairs were used for analyzing the genetic linkage relation. Six SSR markers, Xgwm335, Xwmc289, Xwmc810, Xgdm116, Xbarc59, and Xwmc783, are linked to Yr88375 as they were all located on chromosome 5BL. Yr88375 was also located on that chromosome arm, closely linked to Xgdmll6 and Xwmc810 with genetic distances of 3.1 and 3.9 cM, respectively. The furthest marker Xwmc783 was 13.5 cM to Yr88375. Hence, pedigree analysis of Zhongliang 88375 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene Yr88375 derived from Elytrigia intermedium is a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. It could play an important role in wheat breeding programs for stripe rust resistance.     

2个小麦品种抗条锈基因遗传分析

采用常规杂交方法,以重要小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Heineskolben和StrubaDickkopf与冬性小麦感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交和回交,获F1、F2和BC1代种子,根据条锈菌系的毒性谱,选用2E16单孢菌系,在铭贤169上繁殖。苗期抗性鉴定在人工控制的环境中进行。当麦苗第一片叶全展大约7cm时,用扫抹法接种,置于(9±2)℃接种间内黑暗保湿24h后转入低温温室内(温度为昼15~19℃,夜10~14℃)潜育发病,待感病品种铭贤169充分发病时调查侵染型,苗期抗性鉴定,并进行卡方检验,结果表明:供试品种Heineskolben对条锈菌生理小种2E16的抗性由两对隐性互补基因控制;StrubaDickkopf对小种2E16的抗性由一对显性基因控制。     

80份国外春小麦种质资源抗条锈性评价

【目的】小麦条锈病是由小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）引起的世界范围内小麦重要病害之一,培育和种植抗病品种是控制该病害的最有效策略。评价80份国外春小麦种质资源对中国当前小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗条锈性,为中国小麦抗条锈病育种提供依据和抗源。【方法】应用中国流行小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型PST-HY8和PST-V26对80份国外小麦种质资源进行苗期温室抗病性鉴定,以铭贤169和AvS为感病对照品种;并于2013年和2014年分别在陕西省杨凌和甘肃省天水进行田间成株期抗病性鉴定。根据苗期和田间成株期的抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。【结果】80份小麦种质资源的抗病类型可分为3类。第1类为全生育期抗病类型,有8份。其中PI660067、PI660119和PI660122在苗期和田间成株期均表现较高水平的抗病性。其余5个品系PI660056、PI607839、PI591045、TA5602和PI660064在苗期则对个别小种表现感病,并且在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期也表现感病。第2类为成株抗病类型,有28份。其苗期对所有测试小种均表现感病,有23份在田间成株期均表现抗病。但PI660075、PI660083、PI660085、PI660097和PI660107在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期表现感病。第3类为兼具成株期和对部分中国小种失去抗性的全生育期抗病类型,有44份,其苗期至少对一个测试小种表现抗病。有37份在田间成株期均表现抗病。但PI660065、PI660076、PI660079、PI660080、PI660095、PI660096和PI610750在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期表现感病。【结论】80份国外小麦种质资源中大部分对中国小麦条锈菌流行小种表现优良的抗病性。这些种质资源可作为抗源在今后抗病育种中加以利用,将丰富中国小麦抗条锈病基因的多样性。可能由于不同年份田间流行小种不同,造成一些成株抗病品系在不同年份和不同测试地点表现感病,由此推测成株抗病性可能也具有小种专化性。