超高压处理对梅鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

考察超高压压力、保压时间、协同温度3因素,应用质构仪,得到了梅鱼鱼糜凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和凝胶强度等特性参数,并以凝胶强度为指标,对超高压压力、保压时间、协同温度进行了优化,通过正交试验确定了最优超高压处理条件,即:压力300MPa、保压时间15min、协同温度20℃,所得凝胶强度为363.15g.cm。分析凝胶特性结果得到:压力在200MPa时,梅鱼鱼糜已经开始形成凝胶;保压时间5min以后,凝胶特性无显著性影响;随着协同处理温度的升高,凝胶特性显著降低。压力、保压时间、协同温度3因素对凝胶强度的影响顺序为压力>协同温度>保压时间。压力大于300MPa、保压时间大于5min时,超高压处理对鱼糜凝胶内聚性无显著性影响;协同温度大于20℃时,内聚性随着处理温度的升高而显著降低。超高压与热处理比较结果发现,经超高压处理的梅鱼鱼糜凝胶强度优于热处理,是热处理的2.2倍,经超高压处理之后的凝胶硬度低于热处理的凝胶硬度,仅为热处理的67%,弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、持水性和白度,超高压处理均高于热处理的凝胶,其中弹性增加明显,为热处理的1.6倍。超高压和热处理两种组合处理方式结果表明,超高压处理之后再经热处理得到...     

鲜活小龙虾超高压剥壳预处理工艺比较及其对虾仁品质的影响

为探究超高压剥壳预处理工艺对鲜活小龙虾脱壳效果及品质的影响，本研究组合不同压力(150、200、250、300 MPa)和保压时间(1、3、5、7 min)对鲜活小龙虾进行超高压脱壳预处理。脱壳效果评价指标选用脱壳时间和虾肉完整率。品质评价指标选用汁液流失率及可表示肌原纤维蛋白变性程度的肌原纤维蛋白含量、表面疏水性、总巯基含量、羰基含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性等指标。结果显示：超高压处理有助于小龙虾脱壳，小龙虾的脱壳时间随着压力的增大而缩短；除150 MPa、3 min处理组外，其他超高压处理组的虾仁完整率可达100%;适当的压力可以降低小龙虾的汁液流失率，200 MPa、1 min和300 MPa、5 min处理后的小龙虾虾肉汁液流失率，分别为7.25%和9.16%,两者均低于生鲜组。随着压力的增大，肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降，表面疏水性及羰基含量上升；300 MPa(1、3、5 min)处理后的肌原纤维蛋白变性程度明显。综合分析脱壳效果及蛋白理化特性指标，本研究认为200 MPa、1 min处理能同时...     

超高压对秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

秘鲁鱿鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是一种高产量、低价格、低品质的海洋渔业资源,由于其肉质粗糙,还有酸、苦、涩等不良风味,使秘鲁鱿鱼的资源化利用成为一个难点问题。本研究以秘鲁鱿鱼为研究对象,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、弹性、电泳图谱等,研究了超高压对其凝胶特性的影响,并比较了其与热诱导凝胶的差异。结果表明,超高压300MPa、10min时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶弹性达到最大值1.43;超高压300MPa、25min时凝胶弹性为1.42;超高压400MPa、25min时凝胶硬度达到最大值52.5g;300MPa、保压25min时凝胶强度达到最高值68.4g。不添加TG-B型谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维难以形成热诱导凝胶;添加了2%TGase的热诱导凝胶硬度较高,可达到74.74g,但凝胶弹性仅为0.90,凝胶强度为67.0g,与超高压诱导凝胶的强度相近。研究表明,超高压具有促进凝胶形成和改善凝胶特性尤其是凝胶弹性的作用,可以成为替代热处理的一种秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜制品生产的新技术。     

超高压处理对鳙品质的影响

研究了不同超高压条件(0、50、150、300、450和600MPa,保压处理15 min)对鳙感官、色度、硬度、pH、氨基氮含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性和超微结构的影响.结果表明,超高压处理改善了鱼肉的气味、滋味和咀嚼度,300、450和600MPa处理能够显著提高鱼肉的感官品质(P＜0.05);改变了鱼肉的色度,使L *值和b*值升高,a*值下降.150MPa以上的高压能够显著提高鱼肉的硬度(P＜0.05).氨基氮含量在高压处理后显著升高(P＜0.05),50和300MPa处理组的氨基氮含量比对照组分别上升了15.19％和17.89％.鱼肉的pH随着压力的升高而上升.超高压抑制了肌球蛋白Ca2+-ATPase活性,当压力≥150MPa时,Ca2+-ATPase的失活速度明显加快.超高压对肌原纤维的超微结构也有较大影响,150MPa处理后,肌节收缩,肌原纤维变粗,M线、Z线和H区消失,A带和I带断裂.450MPa处理后,肌节结构被完全破坏,肌原纤维间隙消失,肌原纤维凝胶化现象严重.综合感官和理化测定结果可知,超高压在改善鳙品质方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

巴氏杀菌和超高压杀菌对即食小龙虾货架期的影响

为开发基于小龙虾(学名克氏原螯虾,Procambarus clarkii)的深加工产品,以质构、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH、色差为评价指标,探讨两种不同杀菌方式(巴氏杀菌80℃/15 min;超高压杀菌300 MPa/15 min)对4℃贮藏温度下真空包装即食小龙虾品质的影响。研究显示:巴氏杀菌组的菌落总数和TVB-N分别在第13天(5.5 log(CFU/g))和第14天(20.94 mg/100 g)超过国家水产限量标准(分别为5.0 log(CFU/g)和20 mg/100 g),而超高压杀菌组,分别在第15天(5.15 log(CFU/g))和第16天(21.26 mg/100 g)超过国家水产限量标准;且超高压杀菌组即食小龙虾硬度(1 358.33 g)、粘着性(987.66)、咀嚼性(840.84)均显著(P0.05)高于巴氏杀菌组(分别为1 188.42 g、769.00和551.07);两组即食小龙虾pH均呈先下降后上升趋势,且无显著性差异(P0.05);此外,经超高压杀菌处理的即食小龙虾色泽也略优于巴氏杀菌组,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明:在4℃的贮藏条件下,超高压杀菌处理的即食小龙虾货架期为14 d,相比80℃巴氏杀菌处理组,延长了约2 d的货架期,但两种杀菌方式处理的即食小龙虾产品的理化性质和菌落总数差距不大。     

水分活度对干制虾仁产品的货架寿命和质构的影响

采用真空微波脱水的方法将虾仁干制成不同水分活度(Aw)的样品,测定样品在20℃时的水分吸附等温线,并通过保藏试验分析比较Aw对常温保藏后虾体内的细菌菌落总数以及对虾体的弹性、硬度等质构参数的影响。结果表明,当Aw控制在0.86~0.9(水分含量约25%(W/W))时,常温保藏的虾仁干制产品在口感及微生物指标等方面可取得平衡。     

凡纳滨对虾熟虾仁的工艺研究及保藏特性分析

研究了凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannmei）虾仁在煮制过程中煮制时间及NaCl添加量对其感官品质的影响。通过测定失重率、感官评分等指标,得到凡纳滨对虾虾仁的优化煮制工艺为虾质量规格41／50,沸盐水煮制,NaCl添加量4％,煮制时间2min。测定真空包装后的虾仁在常温（25℃）下保藏过程中的细菌总数。结果显示其保藏期能达到7d。     

一种复方中草药消毒液杀菌效果试验

选择几种体外有良好杀菌效果的中草药制成一种复方制剂,研究其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、链球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌作灭活效果。实验结果表明:其3.30%稀释液作用3min对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率达99.96%,作用5min对大肠杆菌杀灭率达99.95%,作用5min对白色念珠菌杀灭率达99.98%;作用3min对链球菌和枯草芽胞杆菌杀灭率均≥99.94%,在有机物存在下杀菌效果不受影响。置54℃温箱14天后,杀菌效果基本不变。     

枯草芽孢杆菌的活性与环境因子的相关性研究

通过改变水体的盐度、温度、pH值等环境因子的药物敏感试验 ,观察环境因子的改变及不同抗生素对枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。结果表明 ,枯草芽孢杆菌的活性受环境因子及抗生素的影响较大 ,酸性环境、低温及多种常用抗生素对芽孢杆菌有明显的抑制作用 ,其最适生长环境是 :pH 7 5～ 8 5 ,温度 6～30℃ ,而盐度对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长影响较小。     

海虾超高压灭菌的试验研究

以新鲜海虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)为对象,研究了重复加压对超高压灭菌效果的影响.采用正交试验设计方法考察了不同工艺参数(处理压力、保压时间、加压次数)对海虾中微生物存活量的影响,确定超高压处理海虾的最佳工艺条件.试验结果表明,当处理压力为300～400 Mpa,保压时间为10～20 min,加压2~3次时,对海虾中各种微生物杀灭作用显著.在重复3次加压,压力为400 Mpa,保压时间为15 min的条件下,可以杀灭海虾中99.3%的微生物.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.