不同调制方法紫花苜蓿干燥特性及干草质量的研究

对6种调制方法紫花苜蓿干燥特性及干草质量进行研究,结果表明,1)在参试的6种调制方法中,紫花苜蓿干燥的快慢顺序是:65℃烘干>压扁 喷碳酸钾溶液=喷碳酸钾溶液>压扁茎秆>自然晒干>风干.2)65℃烘干、压扁 喷碳酸钾溶液及喷碳酸钾溶液3种调制方法因缩短了干燥时间,从而提高了紫花苜蓿干草的质量;压扁茎秆虽可缩短紫花苜蓿的干燥时间,但在提高干草质量上效果不显著.3)采用灰色关联度分析对参试调制方法进行综合评价,结果表明,65℃烘干综合表现最好;其次是压扁 喷碳酸钾溶液及喷碳酸钾溶液,此2种方法调制的干草质量较高且操作简单易行,在生产中可优先选用.     

调制方法对多花黑麦草干燥特性及干草质量的影响

研究6种调制方法对多花黑麦草干燥特性及干草质量的研究,结果表明：（1）与自然晒干相比,烘干、压扁茎秆、压扁茎秆＋喷碳酸钾3种调制方法可显著缩短多花黑麦草干燥所需时间,提高多花黑麦草干草质量,而喷碳酸钾溶液和风干处理在缩短多花黑麦草干燥时间及提高其干草质量上效果不显著;（2）灰色关联综合评价结果表明,与自然晒干相比,烘干...     

调制方式对苜蓿青干草干燥特性和营养品质的影响

本研究以种植第2年处于初花期的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料,设压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）、压扁茎秆、自然晾晒和阴干4种青干草调制方法,以105 ℃烘干为对照,研究不同调制方法对苜蓿干燥特性和营养品质的影响,并对干草质量进行综合评价。结果表明,除对照外,参试调制方式的苜蓿干燥速率均呈现先快后慢的趋势;对照、压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）都能加速干燥,减少干草营养物质损失;常规晾晒虽缩短了干燥时间,但对干草品质的保持效果不显著。采用灰色关联分析对参试方法的调制效果进行综合评价表明,对照的综合表现最好,其次是压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）,该晾晒方法快速、简便、实用,在生产中值得推荐。     

4种调制方法下多变小冠花营养品质的灰色关联度综合评价

选用4种干草调制方法下多变小冠花营养品质研究的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析法对调制方法进行综合评价,得出调制方法的优劣顺序为:烘干阴干压扁茎秆自然晒干。烘干处理的干草营养品质最好,但高温快速干燥设备价格昂贵,成本较高,在实际生产中不易推广;其次是阴干和压扁茎秆,此2种方法调制的干草营养品质较高且操作简单易行,是目前追求干草质量和经济效益的优先选用方法;晒干处理牧草营养损失大,不是理想的调制方法。     

刈割时期和调制方法对紫花苜蓿干草质量的影响

为筛选紫花苜蓿适宜的干草调制方法,开展了不同刈割时期和调制方法对紫花苜蓿干草质量影响的研究。结果表明:(1)单从紫花苜蓿的营养品质考虑,最适宜的刈割时期是现蕾期,其次是始花期。由现蕾期至结荚期,紫花苜蓿的干草质量随着生育期延迟显著下降(P<0.05)。(2)烘干和机械压扁茎秆可显著缩短紫花苜蓿的干燥时间,提高紫花苜蓿的干草质量(P<0.05)。(3)灰色关联综合评价结果表明,紫花苜蓿的适宜刈割时期是现蕾期和始花期,适宜的干燥方法是烘干和机械压扁茎秆,另从资金投入和可操作性考虑,认为机械压扁茎秆资金投入少,操作简单易行,在生产中可优先选用。     

刈割时期和调制方法对紫花苜蓿营养品质的影响

对不同刈割时期和调制方法的紫花苜蓿营养品质进行了研究,结果表明:(1)随着生育时期由现蕾期延迟至结荚期,紫花苜蓿的营养品质显著下降(P<0.05)。其中,粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗灰分(CA)含量分别下降37.67%,12.62%和7.08%,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别增加26.43%和29.84%。(2)与自然晒干相比,烘干和机械压扁茎秆可显著缩短紫花苜蓿干燥时间,提高紫花苜蓿的营养品质(P<0.05)。烘干后紫花苜蓿的CP含量提高10.87%,NDF和ADF含量下降4.33%和4.72%;压扁茎秆调制的紫花苜蓿干草,其CP含量可提高5.92%,NDF和ADF含量降低3.80%和4.09%。(3)烘干和机械压扁茎秆是适宜的紫花苜蓿调制方法,但考虑到资金投入和可操作性,认为机械压扁茎秆资金投入不大,操作简单易行,在生产中可优先选用。     

收获期和调制方法对草木樨干草产量和质量的影响

研究刈割时期和调制方法对二年生草木樨干草产量和质量的影响。结果表明,初期头茬刈割可获得较高的鲜干草产量及最高及最高粗蛋白南总产量。现蕾至初花期刈割,干划的营养成分含量最高。在直接晾晒、喷碳酸钾（２．５％）晾１压扁茎杆景和压扁茎杆后喷碳酸钾（２．５％）四种调制方法中,后三种方法都能加速干燥,减少营养物质损失,其中以喷碳酸钾（２．５％）的晾晒方法快速简便,值得推荐。     

不同干燥方法对金荞麦干草品质的影响试验

试验采用不同的干燥方法对"黔中金荞麦"茎叶进行加工,并测定各处理组植株的营养成分,以确定调制优质金荞麦干草的有效方法。结果:65℃烘干和"2.5%K2CO3干燥剂+压扁"干燥处理的金荞麦干草营养价值较高。其中65℃烘干处理的金荞麦叶、茎、全株粗蛋白含量分别为22.07%、14.01%、18.55%,营养成分含量最高,但此法加工成本较高;其次"2.5%K2CO3干燥剂+压扁"处理的叶、茎、全株粗蛋白含量分别为21.67%、13.74%、17.66%,干燥效果也较佳,营养损失较少,此法比烘干处理的成本相对较低。结论:在生产上可应用"2.5%K2CO3干燥剂+压扁"的方法加工金荞麦优质干草。     

干燥方法对几种牧草营养价值和体外消化率的影响

研究了不同干燥方法对盛世紫花苜蓿、环峡南苜蓿、特高多花黑麦草营养价值和体外消化率的影响,结果表明:喷化学干燥剂和压扁茎秆结合喷化学干燥剂使两种豆科牧草茎叶干燥速度趋于一致,缩短了干燥时间,减少了营养物质损失,从而提高了干草的质量;喷化学干燥剂在缩短特高多花黑麦草干燥时间上无效,但在提高其体外消化率上效果显著;与自然晒干和阴干相比,压扁茎秆,喷化学干燥剂及两者结合使用有效提高了牧草的体外消化率。     

喷洒化学试剂能加快鲜草刈割后脱水速度

鲜草刈割后,立即快速烘干,调制成青干草,脱水量很大,能耗很高.如自然晒干,营养损失较大.用1.5%K2CO3或Ca(OH).溶液喷洒鲜草,刈割后3～4h,可将鲜草含水量降至70%,再进行快速烘干,可节省50%能源,降低调制成本.与自然干燥比较可缩短脱水时间,减少调制过程中蛋白质和胡萝卜素的损失,提高青干草的质量.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -