择伐对生长季针阔混交林土壤分室呼吸的影响

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统和与之配套的土壤温度、湿度传感器,对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场观测样地不同强度择伐后,测定林地生长季土壤分室呼吸速率以及10 cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤各分室呼吸的年际变化.结果表明:枯枝落叶层土壤呼吸速率生长季平均值呈逐年增加的趋势,观测期内枯枝落叶层土壤呼吸速率均值与采伐强度呈二次相关的关系(R2=0.806);根系呼吸速率生长季平均值逐年变化较复杂,差异较大,观测期内根系呼吸速率均值与采伐强度亦呈二次相关的关系(R2=0.415);矿质土壤呼吸速率生长季平均值呈逐年增加的趋势,与采伐强度相关性不显著.土壤温度和湿度是影响土壤分室呼吸速率变化的2个重要因素.枯枝落叶层和矿质土壤层是控制择伐后林地土壤呼吸变化的关键组分.为降低择伐后林地CO2排放增加速率,应选用中小强度(52%以下)的择伐作业.     

长沙樟树人工林生长季土壤呼吸特征

用LI-COR-6400-09测定并研究湖南长沙樟树人工林生长季节土壤呼吸速率的日变化及季节变化规律,分析土壤呼吸与土壤水热因子的关系.结果表明:樟树林生长季土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,与5 cm深处土壤温度日变化相一致,2者呈显著指数相关,P=0.003;樟树林土壤呼吸速率季节变化显著,呈不规则曲线波动,平均呼吸速率为4.0 μmol CO2·m-2s-1,与5 cm深处土壤温度之间呈显著指数相关,拟合方程为Y=O.324 2e0.1064x,R2=0.903,P=0.001,与5 cm土壤湿度呈显著二次曲线相关,模拟方程为Y=-0.026 1w2 1.869w-28.406,R2=0.436,P=0.05,土壤温度和湿度可以分别解释土壤呼吸变化的90.3%和43.6%;由拟合的指数方程计算出樟树林生长季节的Q10值为2.9,4-6、7-8和9-10月Q10.值分别为3.08,1.59和2.72,呈现Q10.值随土壤温度升高而下降的趋势;土壤呼吸速率同时受土壤湿度的影响,当土壤湿度小于35.8%时,土壤呼吸与土壤湿度呈正相关,但当土壤含水量超过35.8%这个阈值,土壤湿度就成了土壤呼吸的抑制因子.     

采伐强度对小兴安岭低质林分土壤碳通量的影响

针对择伐后的小兴安岭低质林分,采用LI-8100碳通量自动监测系统在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对低质林分土壤碳通量进行观测,运用统计分析方法,分析采伐强度对土壤碳通量、土壤温度与湿度的影响。结果表明:采伐区的土壤碳通量高于对照区,随采伐强度的增加土壤碳通量呈现波动性,从采伐强度22%～47%,碳通量逐渐减小,之后趋于平稳,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节土壤碳通量的最大值出现在低度和中度采伐强度林分条件下;随采伐强度增加土壤温度增加,土壤湿度减少,土壤碳通量与距地表10cm处的土壤温度的关系符合指数模型,土壤碳通量与土壤湿度的关系符合一元二次模型;从标准化回归方程看出,土壤碳通量主要由土壤温度与湿度共同影响,且土壤湿度对碳通量的影响大于土壤温度的影响。采伐强度与土壤碳通量具有负相关性,二者的关系为双曲线。     

毛竹林土壤呼吸及组分对氮磷添加的非对等响应

【目的】探究毛竹林土壤呼吸及组分对氮添加、磷添加及其二者交互效应的响应差异，揭示生物和非生物因子在调控土壤呼吸中的作用，为评价养分添加影响毛竹林土壤碳排放过程及模型预测提供科学依据。【方法】以缺磷型毛竹林为对象，2017年6月采用林下喷施方式隔月进行氮(10 g·m^-2a^-1)和磷(10 g·m^-2a^-1)添加，设置对照(CK)、单一氮添加(N)、单一磷添加(P)和氮磷共添加(N+P)4个处理，2017年9月—2018年8月采用Li-8100土壤碳通量系统测量土壤总呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率，并测定土壤温度(T)、湿度(SM)、细根和土壤化学性质、细根生物量及土壤微生物特征。【结果】氮磷添加均未改变毛竹细根生物量，对土壤自养呼吸速率无显著影响，氮添加显著增加土壤可利用氮含量、磷添加降低土壤真菌和细菌生物量比值分别是氮磷添加抑制土壤异养呼吸速率的主要原因。氮磷添加对土壤自养呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率均存在交互作用。氮磷添加的交互效应对土壤总呼吸速率无显著影响，但磷添加显著增加土壤总呼吸速率。模型R=ae     

毛竹林土壤呼吸研究进展

介绍和分析了毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林土壤呼吸的研究方法、影响因子、时空变化、干扰响应、组分区分、模型构建等方面取得的研究成果,提出了今后毛竹林土壤呼吸研究应该加强:①土壤温度对毛竹林土壤呼吸影响机制研究;②对毛竹林土壤呼吸的时空变化进行长期的定位研究;③继续优化数学模型;④采用更多样化的方法来研究土壤呼吸各组分.     

马尾松人工林根呼吸的季节变化及影响因子

2007年1月至2008年12月,以长沙天际岭国家森林公园马尾松群落为研究对象,采用挖壕法研究马尾松群落去除根系后土壤呼吸速率动态及其与土壤温、湿度的相关关系。结果表明:马尾松群落和去除根系处理的土壤呼吸年变化范围分别为0.29～3.19,0.25～2.33μmol·m-2s-1,年均分别为1.56,1.03μmol·m-2s-1。去除根系土壤呼吸速率比对照降低12.2%～55.1%,根呼吸年均贡献率为28.3%。马尾松群落和去除根系的土壤呼吸速率与5cm土壤温度之间均呈显著指数相关,温度敏感系数Q10值分别为2.10和1.82,估算出根呼吸的Q10值为2.94。马尾松群落和去除根系的土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度之间相关关系均不显著(P﹥0.05),但根呼吸与土壤湿度之间呈显著线性相关(P=0.023)。     

城市湿地毛竹林土壤二氧化碳通量研究

为了解城市湿地典型基塘系统的土壤二氧化碳(CO_2)通量特征,以杭州西溪国家湿地公园毛竹林为主要研究对象,通过静态箱式法进行土壤CO_2的通量观测。结果表明:西溪湿地毛竹林土壤是CO_2的排放源,为单峰型,CO_2通量最小值出现在冬季1月,为(127.41±24.06)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),最大值出现在夏季的9月,为(537.21±41.12)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),是1月最小通量的4倍多,全年毛竹林土壤CO_2的累积排放量为3 366.29 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。西溪湿地毛竹林土壤CO_2通量与10 cm土壤温度、0~20 cm土壤含水量有显著相关性,与土壤有机碳质量分数呈负相关。     

集约经营雷竹林土壤呼吸年动态变化规律及其影响因子

在浙江临安市雷竹主产区定位监测1年内土壤各组分呼吸动态。结果表明:雷竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、土壤生物异养呼吸速率及根系自养呼吸速率的年平均值分别为5.42,2.24和2.89μmolCO2·m-2s-1;1年中分别在2和7月出现土壤呼吸峰值;雷竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为73.40t·hm-2a-1,其中林地异养呼吸和自养呼吸分别占总呼吸的45.67%和54.33%;土壤呼吸、土壤生物异养呼吸和土壤根系自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈明显的指数关系,以土壤5cm深处温度为依据得到的温度系数(Q10值)分别为1.70,1.86和1.48,土壤总呼吸与土深5cm处土温、8:00气温、土壤水溶性有机碳含量和土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤含水量、8:00大气相对湿度和土壤水溶性有机碳含量与土壤呼吸无显著相关性。     

桂西石漠化退耕区樟树林土壤呼吸及影响因子

为了解石漠化区樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)林的土壤呼吸动态及影响因子,2014年9月至2015年8月间,采用Li-8100土壤碳通量测定系统对桂西石漠化区樟树退耕林的土壤呼吸进行测定,并研究土壤温度、湿度、细根等因子对其影响。结果表明:樟树林土壤呼吸速率呈现夏季高、冬季低的季节动态特征,年均值分别为(2.89±0.30)μmol CO_2/(m~2·s),与同纬度带森林相近。在时间尺度上,土壤呼吸的季节动态主要由土壤温度决定,两者间存在显著正相关关系,但雨季过高土壤湿度会显著抑制土壤呼吸。在空间尺度上,土壤呼吸和土壤温度、植株胸径间存在显著相关性。     

不同强度采伐5年后杉阔混交人工林土壤呼吸速率差异

【目的】比较不同采伐强度下闽北杉阔混交人工林土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率差异,揭示土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子,以期为区域森林采伐对土壤呼吸速率的影响研究提供科学依据。【方法】以闽北杉阔混交人工林为研究对象,2011年8月实施了不同蓄积量采伐强度(中度择伐34.6%、强度择伐48.6%、极强度择伐67.6%、皆伐)作业试验,并与未采伐对照;2016年7月—2017年7月运用Li-8100 A土壤碳通量自动测量系统,对土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率、土壤5 cm深处的温度和湿度开展了为期1年的定位观测。【结果】未采伐和各种强度择伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值都出现在7月份,最小值出现在1—3月份;皆伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值出现在6月份,最小值出现在11月份;各种强度采伐林地的矿质土壤呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05);各种强度择伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(1.45和1.11 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了0.93和0.53 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;各种强度择伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(4.39 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了1.64 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;中度、强度和极强度择伐林地5 cm深处的土壤温度与未采伐林地没有显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐使林地土壤温度显著升高( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(18.52 ℃)增加了4.7 ℃;中度、强度择伐林地的5 cm深处土壤湿度与未采伐没有显著差异( P >0.05),而极强度择伐和皆伐使林地土壤湿度显著降低( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(30.67%)减少了2.17%和3.98%;土壤总呼吸速率的土壤温度指数模型拟合效果最优,能解释未采伐和各种强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸变化的77.8%~83.3%以及皆伐林地土壤呼吸变化的35.5%;未采伐、中度、强度和极强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸的温度敏感性参数Q 10 为1.77~2.72,皆伐林地的 Q 10 为1.49。【结论】不同强度采伐5年后,各种强度择伐林地土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率与未采伐林地没有显著差异;皆伐使凋落物呼吸速率、根系呼吸速率和土壤总呼吸速率都显著降低;各种强度择伐没有改变土壤总呼吸速率的季节变化规律,但皆伐使土壤总呼吸速率最大和最小出现时间有所提前;研究区土壤温度是土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子。     

第二代桉树人工纯林和混交林土壤呼吸及其组分研究

以广西凭祥中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心第二代桉树人工纯林(PP2)及其与降香黄檀混交的混交林(MP2)为研究对象,采用壕沟法,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸测定系统,对两种林分土壤呼吸组分进行分离研究。结果表明:PP2和MP2土壤呼吸速率及其各呼吸组分季节变化与土壤5 cm处的温度季节变化相似,峰值出现在6—8月份,谷值出现在12月底至次年1月初,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量无关;PP2全年土壤总呼吸为1 147.41 g·m-2,比MP2(844.07 g·m-2)增加了26.44%,MP2的自养呼吸(RR)累积量(136.87 g·m-2)比PP2(506.72 g·m-2)降低72.99%,而其异养呼吸(RH)累积量(707.21 g·m-2)却比PP2(640.69 g·m-2)增加了10.38%。纯林和混交林的细根生物量差异以及土壤有机质含量、凋落物有机质含量、土壤C/N、凋落物量和凋落物C/N的不同是导致自养呼吸和异养呼吸产生差异的主要原因。     

Impacts of understory species removal and/or addition on soil respiration in a mixed forest plantation with native species in southern China

Although the removal or addition of understory vegetation has been an important forest management practice in forest plantations, the effects of this management practice on soil respiration are unclear. The overall objective of this study was to measure and model soil respiration and its components in a mixed forest plantation with native species in south China and to assess the effects of understory species management on soil respiration and on the contribution of root respiration (R_r) to total soil respiration (R_s). An experiment was conducted in a plantation containing a mixture of 30 native tree species and in which understory plants had been removed or replaced by Cassia alata Linn. The four treatments were the control (Control), C. alata addition (CA), understory removal (UR) and understory removal with C. alata addition (UR + CA). Trenched subplots were used to quantify R_r by comparing R_s outside the 1-m² trenched subplots (plants and roots present) and inside the trenched subplots (plants and roots absent) in each treatment. Annual soil respiration were modeled using the values measured for R_s, soil temperature and soil moisture. Our results indicate that understory removal reduced R_s rate and soil moisture but increased soil temperature. Regression models revealed that soil temperature was the main factor and soil moisture was secondary. Understory manipulations and trenching increased the temperature sensitivity of R_s. Annual R_s for the Control, CA, UR and UR + CA treatments averaged 594, 718, 557 and 608 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. UR decreased annual R_s by 6%, but CA increased R_s by about 21%. Our results also indicate that management of understory species increased the contribution of R_r to R_s.     

Soil-CO2 flux after patch scarification,harrowing and stump harvest in a hemi-boreal forest

Abstract

Stump harvesting is one way of increasing the amount of bioenergy, but little is known about the consequences of tree-stump harvesting on the carbon balance in the forest. Therefore, soil-surface CO₂ flux (soil respiration, R _s) was determined two years after clear-cutting for common soil disturbances occurring after patch scarification, harrowing and stump harvest in southern Sweden. R _s from intact soil was found to be of the same magnitude as emissions from areas of mixed humus, indicating only small effects of disturbance. Elevated mounds produced lower emissions than in the intact soil during the second year despite larger amounts of organic matter, probably due to low soil moisture. The lowest R _s was found in soil surfaces with exposed mineral soil. The treatment effects on R _s were estimated considering the actual area of different disturbances. During the first year, there was no difference in R _s among the treatments, whereas in the second year the flux was 10% higher after harrowing and stump harvesting than after patch scarification, implying that the effects on CO₂ flux after stump harvest were comparable to conventional harrowing. However, it is unclear whether this finding basically applies to regions where decomposition is limited by soil moisture during the summer.     

不同林龄的木麻黄林下土壤异养呼吸特征

以中国亚热带木麻黄沿海防护林为研究对象,在2006年5月-2007年4月,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统对不同林龄（幼林、中林、成林）木麻黄人工林生态系统的土壤异养呼吸特征进行了监测。结果表明,不同林龄木麻黄林地土壤异养呼吸季节动态均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在6～7月份,最小值则出现在12～1月份。土壤温度和水分对土壤异养呼吸的季节变化存在显著影响,并有明显的交互作用,进行单因素方差分析发现,土壤异养呼吸季节变化与5cm深的土温存在着较好的指数相关关系（p〈0.05）,与土壤表层含水量存在较好的线性相关关系（p〈0.05）。双因素模型模拟结果显示,5cm土温和土壤表层含水量能够共同解释土壤异养呼吸变异的68.9%～91.9%（p〈0.05）。不同林龄下土壤异养呼吸速率差异显著（p〈0.05）,其平均土壤异养呼吸速率呈现为中林〉成林〉幼林。随着林龄的增大,土壤异养呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性增强。土壤异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献在幼林、中林、成林中分别达到71.89%、71.02%和73.53%。幼林、中林、成林样地土壤异养呼吸CO2年释放量分别为29.072、38.964和30.530t&#183;hm^-2&#183;a^-1。     

Soil CO2 efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.     

Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest,California

Soil respiration (R_S) is a major carbon pathway from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere and is sensitive to environmental changes. Although commonly used mechanical thinning and prescribed burning can significantly alter the soil environment, the effect of these practices on R_S and on the interactions between R_S and belowground characteristics in managed forests is not sufficiently understood. We: (1) examined the effects of burning and thinning treatments on soil conditions, (2) identified any changes in the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on R_S under burning and thinning treatments, and (3) indirectly estimated the changes in the autotrophic soil respiration (R_A) and heterotrophic soil respiration (R_H) contribution to R_S under burning and thinning treatments. We conducted our study in the Teakettle Experimental Forest where a full factorial design was implemented with three levels of thinning, none (N), understory thinning (U), and overstory thinning (O; September to October 2000 for thin burn combination and June and July 2001 for thin only treatments) and two levels of burning, none (U) and prescribed burning (B; fall of 2001). R_S, soil temperature, soil moisture, litter depth, soil total nitrogen and carbon content, soil pH, root biomass, and root nitrogen (N) concentration were measured between June 15 and July 15, 2002 at each plot. During this period, soil respiration was measured three times at each point and averaged by point. When we assumed the uniform and even contribution of R_A and R_H to R_S in the studied ecosystem without disturbances and a linear relationship of root N content and R_A, we calculated the contributions of R_A to R_S as 22, 45, 53, 48, and 45% in UU, UO, BN, BU, and BO, respectively. The results suggested that after thinning, R_S was controlled more by R_H while after burning R_S was more influenced by R_A. The least amount of R_S variation was explained by studied factors under the most severe treatment (BO treatment). Overall, root biomass, root N concentration, and root N content were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with soil respiration with correlation coefficients of 0.37, −0.28, and 0.29, respectively. This study contributes to our understanding of how common forestry management practices might affect soil carbon sequestration, as soil respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration.     

Partitioning of soil respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components by means of tree-girdling in old boreal spruce forest

Forests accumulate much less carbon than the amount fixed through photosynthesis because of an almost equally large opposing flux of CO₂ from the ecosystem. Most of the return flux to the atmosphere is through soil respiration, which has two major sources, one heterotrophic (organisms decomposing organic matter) and one autotrophic (roots, mycorrhizal fungi and other root-associated microbes dependent on recent photosynthate). We used tree-girdling to stop the flow of photosynthate to the belowground system, hence, blocking autotrophic soil activity in a 120-yr-old boreal Picea abies forest. We found that at the end of the summer, two months after girdling, the treatment had reduced soil respiration by up to 53%. This figure adds to a growing body of evidence indicating (t-test, d.f. = 7, p < 0.05) that autotrophic respiration may contribute more to total soil respiration in boreal (mean 53 ± 2%) as compared to temperate forests (mean 44 ± 3%). Our data also suggests that there is a seasonal hysteresis in the response of total soil respiration to changes in temperature. We propose that this reflects seasonality in the tree below-ground carbon allocation.     

Separating component parts of soil respiration under <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> plantation in the Taihang Mountains,China

Partitioning the respiratory components of soil surface CO₂ efflux is important in understanding carbon turnover and in identifying the soil carbon sink/source function in response to land-use change. The sensitivities of soil respiration components on changing climate patterns are currently not fully understood. We used trench and isotopic methods to separate total soil respiration into autotrophic (R _A ) and heterotrophic components (R _H ). This study was undertaken on a Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation in the southern Taihang Mountains, China. The fractionation of soil ¹³CO₂ was analyzed by comparing the δ¹³C of soil CO₂ extracted from buried steel tubes with results from Gas Vapor Probe Kits at a depth of 50 cm at the preliminary test (2.03‰). The results showed that the contribution of autotrophic respiration (fR _A ) increased with increasing soil depth. The contribution of heterotrophic respiration (fR _H ) declined with increasing soil depth. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was similar whether estimated by the trench method (fR _A , 23.50%) or by the isotopic method in which a difference in value of ¹³C between soil and plant prevailed in the natural state (RC, 21.03%). The experimental error produced by the trench method was insignificant as compared with that produced by the isotopic method, providing a technical basis for further investigations.     

Soil–atmosphere CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in boreal forestry-drained peatlands

Greenhouse gas emissions from managed peatlands are annually reported to the UNFCCC. For the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) balances on a country-wide basis, it is necessary to know how soil–atmosphere fluxes are associated with variables that are available for spatial upscaling. We measured momentary soil–atmosphere CO₂ (heterotrophic and total soil respiration), CH₄ and N₂O fluxes at 68 forestry-drained peatland sites in Finland over two growing seasons. We estimated annual CO₂ effluxes for the sites using site-specific temperature regressions and simulations in half-hourly time steps. Annual CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were interpolated from the measurements. We then tested how well climate and site variables derived from forest inventory results and weather statistics could be used to explain between-site variation in the annual fluxes. The estimated annual CO₂ effluxes ranged from 1165 to 4437 g m⁻² year⁻¹ (total soil respiration) and from 534 to 2455 g m⁻² year⁻¹ (heterotrophic soil respiration). Means of 95% confidence intervals were ±12% of total and ±22% of heterotrophic soil respiration. Estimated annual CO₂ efflux was strongly correlated with soil respiration at the reference temperature (10 °C) and with summer mean air temperature. Temperature sensitivity had little effect on the estimated annual fluxes. Models with tree stand stem volume, site type and summer mean air temperature as independent variables explained 56% of total and 57% of heterotrophic annual CO₂ effluxes. Adding summer mean water table depth to the models raised the explanatory power to 66% and 64% respectively. Most of the sites were small CH₄ sinks and N₂O sources. The interpolated annual CH₄ flux (range: −0.97 to 12.50 g m⁻² year⁻¹) was best explained by summer mean water table depth (r² = 64%) and rather weakly by tree stand stem volume (r² = 22%) and mire vegetation cover (r² = 15%). N₂O flux (range: −0.03 to 0.92 g m⁻² year⁻¹) was best explained by peat CN ratio (r² = 35%). Site type explained 13% of annual N₂O flux. We suggest that water table depth should be measured in national land-use inventories for improving the estimation of country-level GHG fluxes for peatlands.     

长白山白桦林地土壤呼吸的季节变化

2004年5月至9月,研究了长白山白桦林土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献随土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化,研究结果表明：土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸在生长季内有相似的季节变化趋势,夏季潮湿而且温度较高,呼吸速率也较高,春季和秋季温度较低,呼吸速率也较低。2004年5月至9月,土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的平均值分别为4.44,2.30和2.14μmol&#183;m^-2s^-1,三者与土壤温度均呈指数相关,与土壤湿度呈线性相关,三者的Q10值分别为2.82,2.59和3.16,这与其他学者的结果相似。根系呼吸是土壤呼吸的一个重要组成部分,2004年5月至9月,根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献在29.3～58.7%之间。根据Q10模型估算的土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的全年平均值分别为1.96、1.08和0.87μmol&#183;m^-2s^-1,即741.73、408.71和329.24gC&#183;m^-2&#183;a^-1,全年根系对土壤总呼吸的贡献为44.4%。土壤呼吸和土壤温度之间的关系模型是了解和预测长白山白桦林生态系统潜在的随森林管理和气候变化而变化的有用工具。