干旱胁迫下楸树无性系水分生理表征关系初探

植物节水性是抗旱性比较的重要指标之一,为造林选种提供重要参考依据。为挑选适合西北地区大面积造林的楸树无性系,在楸树生长旺盛期对3个无性系(7080、004-1及015-1)进行为期18天的盆栽自然干旱胁迫研究,比较分析3个无性系干旱期内耗水量、蒸腾量以及水分利用能力的变化。研究结果显示:3个无性系的土壤含水量随着干旱胁迫加剧而显著下降,无性系7080土壤含水量干旱胁迫前中期(第0天至第10天)显著高于其余两个无性系,正常水分条件下达到45.92±1.35%,但10天后三者无显著差异;3个无性系叶水势也随干旱胁迫而下降,但无显著差异,末期时叶水势平均在-3.0770±0.1457 MPa,变化区间为-0.658±0.057~-3.178±0.064 MPa;3个无性系干旱期间耗水量显著下降,在耗水速率日变化的比较中发现,无性系7080正常水分条件耗水速率显著低于其他两个无性系,干旱后差异不显著,但其耗水速率下降至几乎为0 g·h-1是在第10天,而其余两个无性系在第6天后即达到0 g·h-1水平;在蒸腾速率的变化中3个无性系表现一致,均随着干旱加剧而显著下降;而正常水分条件下蒸腾速率日变化比较后发现:无性系7080和004-1均出现12:00最低点,14:00达到第二个峰值("双峰")现象,而015-1在14:00时出现最低点1.548±0.104μmol·m-2s-1后不再上升。研究结果表明:楸树正常水分条件下10:00时蒸腾速率(Tr)与日间耗水总量呈良好线性关系,拟合公式为y=18.798x-81.7(R2=0.9815,p=0.0372),可利用该指标对于不同无性系耗水总量进行比较;干旱胁迫下土壤含水量变化值(y)与耗水总量变化(x)呈良好拟合关系,公式为y=1.9422x2+9.4586x+69.799(R2=0.9815,p=0.0372)。利用土壤含水量/耗水总量分析3个无性系水分利用能力后发现015-1水分利用能力较004-1及7080弱;楸树日间最大耗水速率/平均耗水速率在正常状态与重度干旱时期均稳定在1.38,在干旱过程中出现波动,其中015-1与004-1波动较大(即耗水速率起伏较大),而7080则稳定在一定范围内,体现较好水分利用能力。     

桉树无性系光合特性研究

以10个桉树无性系为试验研究材料,测定其净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率等光合参数。结果表明:无性系33-27、广林9号和广林4号等3个无性系光响应曲线呈显著的2次曲线相关关系,3个无性系光饱和点相差不大,分别为1 100、1 137.5、1 017.5μmol/(m2.s)。10个桉树无性系各光合性状在无性系间的差异都达到了极显著水平。无性系33-27在所有无性系中综合表现为最好,属于节水型的速生无性系。     

广西4个蒜头果家系幼苗光合生理特征分析

为探讨广西不同家系蒜头果(Malania oleifera)幼苗的光合生理特性,以4个蒜头果家系幼苗为试验材料,对其生长情况和叶片光合生理特征指标、叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,拟合光响应曲线并计算光合参数。结果表明,有效光辐射为0～600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,叶片实测净光合速率随有效光辐射增加呈增加趋势;有效光辐射为600～1 000μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,趋于平稳;有效光辐射为1 200μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,FS8幼苗的净光合速率下降;有效光辐射为1 800μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,TL3、BM1和FS1幼苗的净光合速率下降。随有效光辐射增加,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈上升趋势,胞间二氧化浓度呈降低趋势。水分利用效率和潜在水分利用效率均随有效光辐射增加表现为先增加再趋于平稳。光响应曲线模型计算结果显示,4个家系实生幼苗光补偿点为6.170～44.556μmol·m^-2·s     

光皮树不同无性系果期光合日变化研究

为研究光皮树光合特征的日变异规律,采用美国Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,对光皮树8个无性系8月份果期叶片的光合日变化进行了测定和分析,结果表明:(1)参试光皮树无性系净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均呈单峰曲线,多数无性系最大值出现在9:00左右;蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化除JX13和GY8040外,均呈双峰曲线,第一个峰值高于第二个峰值;胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)日变化曲线为扁平的"W"形;水分利用效率(WUE)日变化为不规则"V"形,谷底在15:00左右。(2)8个光皮树无性系净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、水分利用效率日均值间差异不显著,其中GY8040、JX3、LC7、JX6的净光合速率(P_n)较高,均达到10.0μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1)以上。(3)环境因子中,光照强度(PPAR)直接或通过大气温度(T_a)、大气湿度(HR)影响植物光合生理,大气CO_2浓度(Ca)仅与胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)呈显著正相关。净光合速率(P_n)与气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)呈极显著正相关,各因素对光皮树净光合速率(P_n)影响从大到小依次为气孔导度蒸腾速率光照强度大气湿度大气温度水分利用效率胞间CO_2浓度大气CO_2浓度。     

不同地理种源无患子苗期的光合及蒸腾特性

利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,野外实地测定了不同地理种源无患子苗期的光合及水分生理日动态。结果表明:3个参试地理种源无患子苗期的净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,都有明显的"午休"现象,但峰值出现的时间不同,不同种源地无患子苗期日均净光合速率浦城(5.301μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))德化(4.405μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))周宁(3.464μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));蒸腾速率日均值德化(2.530 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))浦城(2.097 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))周宁(1.701 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));水分利用效率日均值为周宁(1.769μmol·mol~(-1))浦城(1.593μmol·mol~(-1))德化(-0.039μmol·mol~(-1)),浦城无患子的日均净光合速率最高,周宁无患子的日均水分利用效率最高;引起3个地理种源无患子光合"午休"的主要原因均为非气孔限制;胞间CO2浓度是影响无患子光合能力及生产潜力的主要因素。     

不同浓度PEG处理对扶芳藤光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

文章研究不同浓度PEG-6000处理对扶芳藤光合速率及其水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,各处理的扶芳藤光合速率和水分利用效率都呈明显的双峰曲线,这与扶芳藤特性和环境因子的日进程密切相关;随着处理时间延长,扶芳藤幼苗的净光合速率都呈下降趋势;随着处理程度增强,各处理苗木的气孔导度与蒸腾速率日变化均大幅度下降,且呈明显的双峰曲线。随着浓度的增加,苗木的净光合速率明显下降,5%、15%和25%PEG处理的最大峰值分别比对照下降45.7%、49.5%、48.7%。而不同浓度PEG处理的苗木水分利用效率比对照均有所提高。     

墨西哥柏幼苗生长和光合生理对氮沉降的响应

选取2年生墨西哥柏幼苗为试验对象,以NH4NO3为外加氮源,通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应.结果表明:幼苗在高氮水平处理下其生长不断受到抑制,而在中氮水平处理下,幼苗生长不断得到促进.随着施氮浓度增加,墨西哥柏幼苗的根质量和根长均降低,表明氮处理抑制根的生长,分配到根部分的生物量下降.幼苗的净光合速率呈现出随氮处理浓度增加而先增加后降低的趋势,即中氮组的净光合速率最高,而高氮组开始逐渐下降.幼苗的水分利用效率变化趋势与净光合速率一致.幼苗叶片光合色素含量随氮处理水平增加而增加.说明短期内中氮水平对幼苗生长和光合作用影响最显著,而高氮水平对幼苗光合色素影响最显著.     

追施氮肥对'李广杏'树体营养及光合特性的影响

为给敦煌寒旱区‘李广杏’的栽培提供参考,测定不同沟施氮肥处理下‘李广杏’叶片的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、相对叶绿素含量及枝条淀粉和可溶性糖含量的变化。4个追施氮肥(用尿素折算)处理分别为CK(0)、N_1(60.0 kg/hm~2)、N2(120.0 kg/hm~2)和N3(180.0 kg/hm~2)。结果表明,与CK相比,适量施氮能提高‘李广杏’叶片的相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,降低胞间CO_2浓度,且不同时期N_2处理下叶片的净光合速率显著高于CK,分别高出81.6%、36.2%、19.7%、103.9%。初始荧光值随施氮水平的提高均表现为先降低后增加的趋势,不同时期N_2处理下的初始荧光值最低,分别为40.8、459.1、572.1、512.3。而最大荧光、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率、光化学猝灭系数、电子传递速率、非光化学猝灭系数和PSⅡ实际的光量子效率则随施氮量的提高表现为先升高后降低的趋势。同一时期N2处理下的枝条可溶性糖、淀粉含量及叶片瞬时水分利用效率高于其他处理,随着施氮量的增加,呈先升后降的趋势。综合分析结果表明,适量施氮(N_2)能够显著增加‘李广杏’的相对叶绿素含量、气孔导度、光合活性,从而使得净光合速率增加;氮素水平对‘李广杏’的光合及荧光特性影响存在差异,水分利用效率亦具有差异性。生产中通过综合评价叶绿素含量、光合作用参数、叶绿素荧光参数、可溶性糖及淀粉含量,可快速、直观地评价‘李广杏’对氮素营养的内在需求,为杏园施肥管理提供指导。     

不同氮素水平对红厚壳幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,设置0(对照)、50、100、150、200、300、400、600 mg.株-18个氮素处理,研究氮素供应对红厚壳幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:随供氮量的增加,红厚壳幼苗高、地径、叶面积及整株生物量均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,均在200 mg.株-1时达到峰值,分别为22.06 cm、0.65 cm、327.27 cm2和10.43 g.株-1,是对照的1.59、1.25、2.58、1.90倍;地下生物量N5显著高于N7、N8处理,但与其余处理无显著性差异,根冠比随供氮量的增加呈现单调递减趋势;红厚壳幼苗叶绿素a、b及总量随供氮量的增加而增加;红厚壳幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及蒸腾速率随供氮量的增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,均在200 mg.株-1时达最大值,分别是7.29μmol.m-2.s-1、0.071 mol.m-2.s-1、220.22μmol.mol-1和1.34 mmol.m-2.s-1,分别是对照的2.26、1.92、1.37、1.79倍,不同氮素处理间红厚壳光合气体交换参数差异均显著。结果表明:施氮量200 mg.株-1左右为红厚壳幼苗温室栽培的最佳施肥量。     

不同产量类型油茶无性系光合特性的研究Ⅳ—花期

以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种3种类型为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统在花期对其净光合速率(rnpr)、蒸腾速率(rtr)等日变化及光合-光响应曲线进行了比较研究。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线存在单峰和双峰两种类型,双峰曲线存在光合午休现象,光合午休是造成普通品种产量低的原因之一;3个品种上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"一降不起"的单峰曲线;3个品种的最大净光合速率10.561～14.716μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光饱和点在705～754μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光补偿点在45～60μmol.m-2.s-1之间;逐步回归分析表明:影响高产品种叶片rnpr的主导因子为光合有效辐射和叶面相对湿度;气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受光合有效辐射的影响。     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Anti-HBV activities of Streblus asper and constituents of its roots

The extracts from leaves, heartwood, barks and roots of the Streblus asper were investigated for anti-HBV activities, separately. The results suggested that the MeOH extracts of the heartwood, barks, and roots exhibited good anti-HBV activities. Further investigations displayed that ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble parts of their MeOH extracts showed more significant anti-HBV activities. Moreover, a new lignan, together with 11 known compounds, was isolated from n-butanol-soluble part of MeOH extract of the roots of S. asper. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D NMR ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR), 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC) and HR-EI-MS experiments. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their anti-HBV activities. Honokiol showed significant anti-HBV activity with IC(50) values of 3.14μM and 4.74μM for HBsAg and HBeAg with no cytotoxicity respectively, while lamivudine (3TC, positive control) exhibited weak anti-HBV activity with IC(50) values of 11.81μM and 25.80μM for HBsAg and HBeAg respectively.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Screening of antioxidant activity of three Euphorbia species from Turkey

Euphorbia acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida were investigated for their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of extracts of E. acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida was evaluated using different complementary antioxidant tests.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Insecticidal activity of Vitex mollis

Organic extracts from the leaves of Vitex mollis were assessed for their toxic effect on fall armyworm neonate larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda), an important insect pest of corn. The extracts showed insecticidal and insect growth regulatory activity, being CHCl(3)-MeOH (1:1) extract the most active, also found to be toxic in the Artemia salina test.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.