注射磷脂酰丝氨酸对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响

为研究磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响,并探讨PS激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的机制,实验采用5、10和20μg/mL 3个PS浓度对凡纳滨对虾尾节肌肉进行注射,注射量为50μL,对照组注射生理盐水,各处理组设3个平行组,取样时间为0、6、12、24、36、48和60 h,分别测定了血浆血蓝蛋白含量,肝胰脏血蓝蛋白p75、p77亚基和mRNA的表达以及血浆血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,血蓝蛋白含量在6 h内略有下降,6～36 h内呈峰值变化,24 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白亚基p75、p77和mRNA表达在0～36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性在36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05)。研究表明,PS能够激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,表现出明显的时间剂量效应,同时在短时间内引起血蓝蛋白含量下降,随后机体启动血蓝蛋白的合成机制,证实PS是凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的激活因子,为对虾血蓝蛋白免疫活性的研究奠定了理论基础。     

凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的细菌凝集活性

以凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeaus vannarnei）为研究对象，运用亲和层析、PAGE、SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting和细菌凝集实验等方法探索凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的细菌凝集活性。结果发现，血蓝蛋白对副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、溶藻酸弧菌（Vibrio alginolyticus）、河弧菌（Vibrio fluvialis）、哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）、嗜水气单胞菌（Agromona hydrophila）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Stphylococcus aureus）等6种虾类致病菌具有凝集活性，其凝集活性大小为0．27-1．08mg／L，其中对副溶血弧菌和溶藻酸弧菌凝集活性最大，是哈维氏弧菌的4倍。在此基础之上，选取α-D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖、D-山梨糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、α-D-乳糖、甘露醇和N-乙酰神经氨酸等9种糖考察其对血蓝蛋白细菌凝集活性的影响。结果显示，血蓝蛋白的细菌凝集活性可被α-D-葡萄糖和N-乙酰神经氨酸所部分抑制和全部抑制，其最低抑制浓度范围为50～100mmol／L。由此推测，血蓝蛋白确实具有细菌凝集活性，这对进一步研究血蓝蛋白的抗菌机理具有重要意义。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）囊膜蛋白VP110部分重组表达及其与对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白结合分析

将VP110基因的部分序列克隆到pET-28a载体中构建pET28a-vp110b重组质粒并进行原核表达,获得重组表达的蛋白rVP110-B;用rVP110-B注射凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei后,经WSSV感染,实验表明,该蛋白注射使凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV的半数死亡时间比对照组延长了20%。用表达纯化的该重组蛋白制备了兔抗rVP110-B多克隆抗体,该抗体用于凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白与rVP110-B的Far-western分析显示,凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白中除90 kDa左右的血蓝蛋白外,在41.7 kDa存在结合条带,经质谱分析表明这条鳃细胞膜蛋白是肌动蛋白。     

凡纳滨对虾血清中直接与病原菌相结合的主要蛋白的鉴定

以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,将其血清分别与溶藻酸弧菌,哈维氏弧菌,嗜水气单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等4种病原菌孵育,采用亲和蛋白质组学和Western-blotting等分子生物学方法纯化、鉴定和确证其中可与病原菌直接结合的蛋白.结果发现,与对照组相比4种病原菌与虾血清孵育5 h后均可与对虾血清中分子质量约为75 000 (p75) 的蛋白相结合,而孵育15 h后既可与p75相结合,还可与分子质量约为77 000 (p77) 的蛋白以及0～4种不同分子质量的蛋白相结合.经MALDI-TOF/MS分析和Mascot搜索引擎检索,p75和p77蛋白分别与凡纳滨对虾中分子质量约为75 000、77 000的2个血蓝蛋白亚基具有显著一致性.尤其是p75蛋白还可与兔抗血蓝蛋白75 000亚基抗体发生特异性结合.由此推断,凡纳滨对虾血清中与病原菌直接结合的主要蛋白为血蓝蛋白,提示血蓝蛋白全蛋白可能具有抗菌活性.     

凡纳滨对虾28.5D血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段,本研究以凡纳滨对虾旺itopenaeus vannamei）为研究对象,采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现,对虾感染副溶血弧菌（Hbrio parahaemolyticus）12h后,血清中新增一种28．5kD的蛋白（命名为p28．5）。经MALDI-TOF／MS分析,其与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白75kD亚基具有高度同源性。进一步研究显示,p28．5蛋白不仅可与抗血蓝蛋白抗体发生特异性结合,而且还与对虾抗感染能力呈正相关。由此推测,p28．5蛋白应该是对虾感染病原菌后产生的一种28．5kD血蓝蛋白降解新片段,其可能是血蓝蛋白发挥免疫学功能的一种新方式的产物。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：425-430]     

凡纳滨对虾28.5kD血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段,本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 为研究对象,采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现,对虾感染副溶血弧菌(V     

拟诺卡氏菌骨架对凡纳滨对虾生长及免疫功能的影响

将研究室分离纯化的卢森坦拟诺卡氏菌扩大培养,发酵液经过超声波破碎、离心、胰蛋白酶酶解、脱脂、冷冻干燥,得到白色细胞壁骨架。在基础饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%的拟诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架,饲喂凡纳滨对虾幼虾[体质量(4.21±1.28) g],养殖周期为4周,测定各处理组对虾体质量,统计各组存活率,使用南京建成试剂盒测定对虾血淋巴和肝胰腺组织中的一氧化氮合酶、超氧化物歧化酶、酚氧化酶、溶菌酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性及丙二醛的含量,佛波豆蔻酸乙酯法检测对虾血淋巴中呼吸爆发活性,采用副溶血弧菌对剩余对虾进行攻毒,统计对虾死亡率。试验结果显示,拟诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架能够明显促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,显著提高对虾血淋巴和肝胰腺中的超氧化物歧化酶、一氧化氮合酶、酚氧化酶、溶菌酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性( P <0.05, P <0.01),显著降低丙二醛浓度( P < 0.01 ),显著增强对虾血淋巴的呼吸爆发活性( P <0.05, P <0.01),可提高对虾的免疫保护率,从而提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率。研究结果表明,拟诺卡氏菌细胞壁骨架的适宜添加量为0.1%。     

壳聚糖硫酸酯提高凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒感染力的研究

论述如下一项研究,采用壳聚糖硫酸酯添加到饲料中投喂凡纳滨对虾,4周后检测对虾血清酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶活性;同时进行白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的肌肉注射感染实验,以检测壳聚糖硫酸酯对病毒的抗感染能力。实验结果显示,饲料中壳聚糖硫酸酯添加量为0.15‰和0.50‰,能显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶活性;添加量为0.15‰时,能显著提高对虾血清超氧化物歧化酶活性,但添加量继续增大时反而下降;在低添加量时,对虾血清溶菌酶活性与对照组相近,添加量为0.15‰和0.50‰时,对虾血清溶菌酶活性随添加量增大而升高。凡纳滨对虾摄食添加壳聚糖硫酸酯饲料4周后,经注射WSSV攻毒感染,壳聚糖硫酸酯添加量为0.04‰、0.15‰和0.50‰试验组,对虾比成活率分别为39.3%、42.9%和53.6%,而未摄食壳聚糖硫酸酯的对照组成活率仅为17.9%。结果表明,摄食壳聚糖硫酸酯可以明显提高对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。     

酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化机能的影响

为探明使用经氨基酸平衡后的酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化机能的影响,分别用酵母提取物替代饲料中15 %(B)、30 %(C)、45 %(D)、60 %(E)和100 %(F)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮、等能的试验饲料投喂凡纳滨对虾(6.328±0.630 g),以鱼粉含量为25 %的饲料为对照组(A)。饲养7 d后开始收集粪便,测定凡纳滨对虾对饲料的表观消化率。养殖试验结束后,研究酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化酶的影响。试验结果:凡纳滨对虾对各组饲料均具有较高的干物质表观消化率(77.96 %~81.21 %)和粗蛋白表观消化率(87.19 %~92.82 %)；各替代组饲料的表观消化率均高于对照组,其中C、E和F组的干物质表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率随酵母提取物用量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)；凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中类胰蛋白酶的活性随饲料中酵母提取物用量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪酶的活性随饲料中酵母提取物用量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)；肝胰腺中淀粉酶活性最高的为C组；各替代组凡纳滨对虾的肠胰蛋白酶活性均高于对照组。结果表明,以氨基酸平衡酵母提取物替代饲料中的鱼粉可以提高凡纳滨对虾对饲料的消化机能。     

与凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌有关的6.0 kD 血蓝蛋白降解肽段

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用人工感染、Tricine-SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting、MALDI-TOF/TOF、抑菌实验等方法对血蓝蛋白小分子降解肽段进行研究。结果发现,副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)刺激对虾24 h后,与对照组相比,其血淋巴中新出现5个分子量为6.0~31.0 k D的与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈阳性的小分子条带。其中,分子量为6.0 k D的a条带(命名为HMCp6肽段)与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白具有高度同源性,对副溶血弧菌具有明显的抑菌活性,与对照组相比,存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。由此说明,HMCp6应该是对虾感染副溶血弧菌后所产生的一种新的小分子降解肽段,推测其在对虾抗感染防御中发挥重要作用。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.