荷斯坦泌乳牛情期体内生殖激素与生化指标关系的研究

应用放射免疫法和生物化学方法测定随机选取的60头发情与乏情泌乳奶牛情期血液促黄体素、促卵泡素、催乳素、前列腺素、雌激素、孕酮和葡萄糖、尿素氮、白蛋白、总蛋白的变化情况。分析血液激素、生化指标与奶牛生殖机能之间的关系。结果:发情奶牛血液激素变化规律性显著,发情奶牛葡萄糖浓度显著高于乏情奶牛。发情奶牛血清尿素氮含量低于乏情奶牛。产后奶牛应该给予高能日粮,并适当控制蛋白质比例,有利于奶牛产后发情。     

复方中草药添加剂对围产期奶牛繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨在基础日粮中添加复方中草药对围产期奶牛生殖激素的影响,以期为更好地发挥奶牛的遗传潜力提供理论依据。选用健康的围产期荷斯坦牛32头,按照年龄相近、胎次相近、预产期相近的原则,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂常规基础日粮,处理A组、处理B组、处理C组在基础日粮基础上添加复方中草药,从产前21d~产后21d连续饲喂42d,添加量分别为50g/d、100g/d、150g/d。结果表明:奶牛围产期日粮中添加复方中草药可促进围产期奶牛生殖激素的分泌,促进遗传潜力的发挥;奶牛围产期日粮中添加复方中草药可提高第一情期受胎率、产后70d内第一次发情的母牛比率,缩短分娩至产后第一次配种间隔天数和产犊间隔,促进奶牛产后体况恢复,提高奶牛的繁殖性能。     

不同能量摄入对围产期奶牛脂肪组织胰岛素受体mRNA丰度的影响

将年龄、胎次相同,年产奶量大于5000kg的围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为3组,每组10头。按照中国奶牛饲养标准(2000),低能组饲喂减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组),对照组饲喂标准日粮(能量摄入100%组),高能组饲喂增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组),试验从产前14天开始至产后28天结束,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮。采用半定量RTPCR方法检测了不同能量摄入对围产期奶牛脂肪组织胰岛素受体(InsR)mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明:各组脂肪InsRmRNA相对表达量从产前14天至产后28天均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,产后14天达到最大值,且产后高于产前;低能组产前InsRmRNA相对表达量低于高能组和正常组,产后1天至产后28天高于高能组和正常组,产后14天显著高于高能组(P<0.01)。可见,干乳期低能饲喂奶牛,产后脂肪InsRmRNA表达增加,提示产前适当降低能量摄入水平,有利于胰岛素抑制泌乳初期脂肪动员作用的发挥。     

不同能量摄入水平对奶牛产乳性能及血液中Leptin和NPY浓度的影响研究

将30头围产期健康奶牛随机分为3组,每组均为10头,其中Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组为试验组;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于产前第28d开始饲喂标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、标准日粮增加20%能量(能量摄入120%组)和标准日粮减少20%能量(能量摄入80%组),产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准泌乳日粮,至产后第56d结束,观察不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛产乳性能及血液中瘦素(Leptin)和神经肽Y(NPY)浓度的影响。试验结果表明,产前饲喂低能日粮不仅提高了产后奶牛产乳性能,而且提高了产后奶牛血液中Leptin和NPY浓度。可见,奶牛不同能量摄入水平与产奶量及血液中Leptin和NPY浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛生产性能及生殖激素的影响

将30头健康的围产期奶牛随机分为三组，分别于产前28d开始饲喂NRC标准日粮（能量摄入100％组或Ⅰ组）、NRC标准增加20％日粮（能量摄入120％组或Ⅱ组）和NRC标准减少20％日粮（能量摄入80％组或Ⅲ组），产后各组奶牛均饲喂NRC标准泌乳日粮，至产后56d结束，观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛千物质摄入量（DMI）、泌乳量及生殖激素的影响。试验结果表明：围产期生殖激素的剧烈变化影响奶牛的DMI，泌乳量，糖、脂和蛋白质代谢，并主要通过调整NEFA的去路，适应机体的各种生理变化。干乳期能量摄入水平很可能是通过生殖激素对奶牛的DMI、泌乳和能量平衡进行影响和调节的。     

不同能量水平对围产期奶牛脂肪动员的影响

将围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为3组,分别于产前第28天开始饲喂标准日粮、标准日粮增加20%日粮和标准日粮减少20%日粮,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准泌乳日粮,至产后第56天结束,观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛血液甘油三酯(TG)、非脂化酯肪酸(NEFA)和总酮体浓度的影响。结果表明:产前低能饲喂可以降低产后奶牛血液TG、NEFA和总酮体浓度。提示干乳期能量摄入水平是影响和调节产后能量平衡状态的重要因素。     

不同能量水平对围产期奶牛脂肪动员的影响

将围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为三组,分别于产前第28d开始饲喂标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、标准日粮增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组)和标准日粮减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组),产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准泌乳日粮,至产后第56d结束,观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛血液甘油三酯、非酯化脂肪酸和总酮体浓度的影响。实验结果表明,产前低能饲喂可以降低产后奶牛血液甘油三酯、非酯化脂肪酸和总酮体浓度。提示干乳期能量摄入水平是影响和调节产后能量平衡状态的重要因素。     

经微量养分强化的4％预混合饲料对经产奶牛繁殖性能的影响

笔者选用120头经产中国荷斯坦牛随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂原日粮,试验组饲喂添加项目组研制的4%预混合饲料的日粮,研究其对经产奶牛繁殖性能的影响.试验结果显示,项目组研制的4%预混合饲料可以改善经产奶牛繁殖性能.产犊后试验组初次发情天数为34d,对照组为43d;产后60d内发情率和产后第一次配种受胎率试验组与对照组相比分别提高13.2个百分点和32.8个百分点.     

吡啶羧酸铬对热应激下泌乳前期奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和激素浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬对热应激下泌乳前期奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和激素浓度的影响及其机理.选用24头泌乳前期的荷斯坦奶牛(产后15～24 d),随机分为对照组A和吡啶羧酸铬试验组B、C、D.对照组A饲喂基础日粮,试验组B、C、D在此基础上分别添加铬3.6、7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d),饲养试验时间为9周.试验期内白天平均温湿度指数(THI)高于79,形成严重的热应激环境.试验结果表明:补铬可以显著提高热应激下奶牛的干物质采食量(P<0.05),添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以显著提高泌乳量、血糖浓度、胰岛索样生长因子-I(IGF-I)及胰岛素的活性(P<0.05).此外添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以显著提高发情后第1天黄体生成素(LH)浓度和发情后第10天孕酮(P4)和LH浓度(P<0.05).补铬使各试验组奶牛产后发情天数分别缩短1.85、4.00和3.84 d(P>0.05),添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)可以改善奶牛第一情期受胎率(P>0.05).由此可知,添加铬7.2和10.8 mg/(头·d)能显著提高热应激下泌乳前期奶牛的生产性能,改善机体代谢及调节生殖激素的浓度.     

围产前期饲喂DCAD对奶牛营养代谢疾病的影响

试验通过在奶牛围产前期日粮中以?瘙
厫560 g/kg的标准添加阴离子盐,以观察DCAD的饲喂效果.结果表明:在奶牛围产前期饲喂阴离子盐有利于牛体健康,能显著降低产后瘫痪及乳房炎的发病率(P＜0.05),极显著降低胎衣不下和子宫内膜炎的发病率(P＜0.01),同时有利于奶牛产后体况的恢复,缩短奶牛产后第一次发情时间26.5天(P＜0.05),显著提高奶牛产奶量,产后30天奶牛日产奶量可提高11.7%(P＜0.05).     

亚临床酮病对泌乳早期奶牛繁殖性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究围产期亚临床酮病与泌乳早期奶牛繁殖性能、卵泡发育之间的关系,并检测试验牛血液生化指标的变化。试验在黑龙江某大型集约化牛场开展,根据产后血酮水平确定亚临床酮病组（SCK）和健康组（C）奶牛共60头,根据试验牛产后50 d内发情状况,将SCK组再分为发情组（SCKE,16头）和乏情组（SCKA,14头）,C组也同样分为发情组（CE,25头）和乏情组（CA,5头）。所有试验牛在产后50 d通过直肠检查和B超检查了解子宫复旧及卵泡发育状况,记录繁殖性能数据,并进行血液生化指标分析。结果表明：与健康组发情奶牛相比,亚临床酮病发情奶牛产后首次发情日期推迟约10 d（P<0.05）;产后50 d卵泡直径差异极显著（差值约4 mm）（P<0.01）。亚临床酮病乏情奶牛子宫复旧延迟发生率显著高于健康组发情奶牛（P<0.05）;亚临床酮病奶牛血浆中胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）含量显著低于健康奶牛（P<0.05）,而泌乳量极显著提高（P<0.01）。与发情奶牛相比,乏情奶牛血浆中甘油三酯（TG）含量显著升高（P<0.05）;葡萄糖（Glu）、胰岛素（Ins）、雌二醇（E₂）、孕酮（P₄）含量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）。综合以上试验结果,奶牛患亚临床酮病而导致能量代谢指标异常是引起奶牛乏情、产后卵泡发育受阻和繁殖障碍的主要因素,进而导致奶牛繁殖力下降。     

Efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered at the time of artificial insemination of heifers and postpartum and repeat breeder dairy cows

The efficacy of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on the fertility of dairy heifers and postpartum cows was studied. In one study, 300 cows were assigned randomly to 1 treatment from a 2 X 2 design, and 2 ml of 0.15M saline solution or 100 micrograms of GnRH was given IM on postpartum day (PPD) 14 and at the time of 1st postpartum breeding. In a 2nd study, repeat breeder cows (n = 346) were given saline solution or GnRH at the time of the 3rd breeding. In a 3rd study, heifers (n = 185) were given saline solution or GnRH at 1st breeding. Animals were observed for repeat estrus, and pregnancy diagnoses were made by rectal palpation 45 to 60 days after breeding. Conception rates were 15% to 18% higher for cows given GnRH, whether at PPD 14 or at the first postpartum breeding. When GnRH was given at the first breeding, conception rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.05). Conception rates for repeat breeder cows given GnRH were 25% higher than those in controls (P less than 0.005). Conception rates for heifers did not differ between treatments.     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅲ: Nutritional Metabolic Diseases

Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅲ:营养代谢性疾病

现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Interrelationships between postpartum events, hormonal therapy, reproductive abnormalities and reproductive performance in dairy cows: a path analysis.

Path analysis was used to determine the interrelationships between postpartum administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and cloprostenol and the occurrence of reproductive disease and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The data analysed were those collected on 226 Holstein-Friesian cows calving in a commercial dairy herd during a 17 month period (May 1, 1981 to October 1, 1982). Cows administered gonadotrophin releasing hormone at day 15 postpartum experienced an improved rate of uterine involution as determined by rectal palpation nine days later. Although this improved rate of uterine involution reduced the risk of pyometritis, it actually directly delayed conception. Also, gonadotrophin releasing hormone therapy directly resulted in an increased incidence of pyometritis which in turn resulted in an increase incidence of cystic ovarian disease and anestrus. The occurrence of these abnormalities resulted in increased intervals from calving to first observed estrus, first service and conception. In addition to this effect, the administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone was also associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations at days 24 and 28 postpartum which delayed conception. Cloprostenol therapy at day 24 postpartum resulted in a decreased plasma progesterone concentration at day 28 postpartum which was directly and indirectly associated with a decrease in the calving to conception interval. The indirect effects were mediated by a reduction in days to first estrus. Cloprostenol therapy also directly resulted in a decreased calving to first observed estrus interval for reasons not attributable to the level of progesterone at day 28.     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛肝MTP mRNA丰度的影响

将年龄、胎次相同，年产奶量大于7000kg的围产期荷斯坦奶牛30头随机分为3组，每组10头，低能量组（Ⅰ组）按中国奶牛营养标准2000年版减少20％日粮（能量摄入80％），高能量组（Ⅱ组）则按此标准增加20％日粮（能量摄入120％），对照组（Ⅲ组）按标准日粮（能量摄入100％）饲喂，试验从产前28d到产后56d结束，分娩后各组均按标准配制相同的泌乳日粮。分别于产前28、14d及产后1、14、28、56d采取肝活体组织。应用内对照RT—PCR方法检测肝脏组织MTPmRNA丰度。结果显示，各组奶牛肝MTPmRNA丰度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。产后均高于产前，且产后1～28d差异显著（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），而后回降，至56d趋于平稳（P〉0．05）；Ⅲ组肝MTP mRNA丰度在产后1d达到峰值，而Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在产后14d达到最大值（P〈0．01）；Ⅱ组产后1～28d显著高于I组。产后14d显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．01）；Ⅲ组产后1d和28d显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。这些结果表明，围产期奶牛能量摄入水平对肝MTP mRNA丰度有显著影响。     

定时输精对奶牛第一情期受胎率的效果分析

[目的]探讨不同月份和精液类型对利用定时输精程序处理奶牛后第一情期受胎率的影响.[方法]选择93头产后60 d以上不发情和产后配1～3次仍未受胎的奶牛,不检查卵巢直接利用激素生源2+1进行同期发情处理.1～3月份处理41头奶牛,6～8月份处理52头;其中,利用性控精液配种58头,常规精液配种35头.[结果]表明:经定时...     

An investigation of skin temperature differentials in relation to estrus in dairy cattle using a thermal infrared scanning technique

To evaluate the effectiveness of thermal infrared scanning as a technique to detect estrus, 27 Holstein-Friesian cows were observed for a 90-d period beginning in the second week postpartum. The area enclosed by the 37-C isotherm on the gluteal region of a cow's body tended to increase in association with the occurrence of estrus. This increase became statistically significant at the third postpartum estrus. During the first 50-postpartum d, infrared scanning enhanced detection of estrus when compared with standard dairyman-detection accuracy. However, detection of estrus using infrared scanning was hampered by false positives (33% around the third postpartum estrus) and inability to detect estrus for some cows (7%). It appears at present that the usefulness of infrared scanning for routine detection of estrus in dairy cows is limited, but the technique may have potential as a research tool for the study of skin temperature patterns.