鸡胚精原干细胞定向诱导分化为成骨细胞的初探

研究体外定向诱导鸡胚精原干细胞（Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）向成骨细胞分化的能力。采用地塞米松＋β-磷酸甘油钠＋维生素C组成的诱导液对鸡胚精原干细胞进行诱导,利用Von Kossa＇s法、改良的钙钴法及免疫组化I型胶原（CollagenⅠ）进行成骨细胞特性鉴定。结果表明：诱导后成骨细胞形成率达到82%,诱导后的细胞经Von Kossa＇s染色可见细胞间布满黑色颗粒,提示有矿化基质沉积;改良钙钴法碱性磷酸酶染色胞浆呈深棕色或深黑色,免疫组化法染色细胞呈阳性。因此可以得出：鸡精原干细胞（SSCs）具有向成骨细胞分化的能力。     

生精胶囊促进小鼠精原干细胞增殖的研究

为了探讨体外促进小鼠精原干细胞(SSCs)增殖的可行性,试验取7～8日龄雄性乳鼠睾丸,分离、纯化SSCs并分别接种于普通培养液、神经营养因子(GDNF)培养液和生精胶囊提取液的培养液内进行增殖培养,观察小鼠SSCs的生长状况.结果表明:将SSCs接种于普通培养液3 d后,出现了增殖现象,可见增殖培养产生SSCs克隆,并...     

鸡胚精原干细胞体外保存能力的研究

采用二酶3步法获取孵化第19 d的鸡胚精原干细胞（SSCs）,比较在快速冷冻条件下3种冷冻保护剂（DMSO、乙二醇、甘油）在3个浓度5%、10%、15%条件下对鸡胚精原干细胞的冷冻保存效果进行研究。结果显示：（1）当DMSO的浓度为5%、10%及15%时,复苏后细胞存活率分别为73.1%、88.6%和74.8%,三者差异显著（P〈0.05）;而10%DMSO保存精原干细胞的存活率、复苏后培养细胞生长和集落形成均显著高于其它2个浓度;当乙二醇浓度为5%、10%和15%时,复苏后细胞存活率分别为69.4%、83.1%和65.2%,三者差异显著（P〈0.05）;复苏后无论饲养层存在与否,SSCs均能增殖,但未有AKP阳性集落生成;当甘油浓度为5%、10%、15%时,复苏后细胞存活率均小于15%,三者差异不显著（P〉0.05）;复苏后细胞存活时间极短,仅存活12 h左右;（2）当在10%DMSO浓度条件,复苏后SSCs在有饲养细胞层的条件下,培养5 d形成集落,表明10%DMSO是鸡胚精原干细胞适宜的冷冻保护剂。     

鸡精原干细胞定向诱导分化特性的研究

取孵化18～20d的鸡胚睾丸，分离精原干细胞（SSCs），培养传代3次后，用特异性化学物质定向诱导分化，以研究鸡培养传代后SSCs保持多向分化的潜能。①用特异的化学物质地塞米松、β-磷酸甘油钠、维生素C诱导鸡SSCs向成骨细胞分化，用Von Kossa＇s法、改良的钙钴法及免疫组化法进行成骨细胞鉴定；②用维甲酸（RA）、3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤（IBMX）诱导SSCs向神经元样细胞分化，甲苯胺蓝特异染色和组织化学鉴定。③用地塞米松、胰岛素、3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤（IBMX）诱导SSCs向脂肪细胞分化，特异性的油红O染色和脂肪细胞标志基因PPAR7检测。结果显示，SSCs被诱导15～21d后分化为成骨细胞，诱导形成率为80％；Von Kossa＇s染色细胞间布满黑色颗粒，具有矿化基质沉积；改良钙钴法碱性磷酸酶染色胞浆呈深棕色或深黑色，免疫组化染色细胞呈阳性。SSCs被诱导3～7d后分化为神经元样细胞，甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率为85％。SSCs被诱导7～21d后，分化成脂肪细胞，分化率为85％。诱导的脂肪细胞经特异性的油红O染色为阳性，并高表达脂肪细胞标志基因PPARγ。结论：在不同的诱导条件下，SSCs可被定向诱导分化为3种成体细胞，证明其培养传代后仍具有多向分化能力。     

鸡胚原始生殖细胞定向诱导分化成骨细胞的研究

探讨体外培养的鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞(EPGCs)的多向分化潜能。分别从发育至19期和28期的鸡胚胎性腺中获取EPGCs,体外培养传代。通过地塞米松、β-甘油磷酸钠和维生素C诱导EPGCs向成骨细胞分化,分别进行碱性磷酸酶改良钙钴法染色鉴定、钙结节Von Kossa's染色鉴定和免疫组化鉴定。结果表明:EPGCs被诱导21 d后,定向分化成成骨细胞,诱导率达到80%,碱性磷酸酶改良钙钴法染色、钙结节Von Kossa's染色和免疫组化鉴定均呈阳性,阳性率为75%-85%。由此可得出在诱导条件下,EPGCs体外可定向诱导分化为成骨细胞。     

MicroRNAs对精原干细胞自我更新与分化调控的机制研究进展

精原干细胞(SSCs)是具备自我更新与分化潜能的生殖干细胞,其通过协调自我更新与分化之间的动态平衡来维持SSCs群体数量的稳定并保证精子发生的持续进行。SSCs的自我更新和分化受细胞因子、转录因子和其他增殖分化相关蛋白等多种因素调控。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类很小的非编码内源性RNA,广泛存在于机体各组织器官,且差异性表达于精子发生的各个时期,在精子发生过程中发挥重要调控作用。本文主要综述了miRNAs对SSCs自我更新和分化相关转录因子及其他蛋白等表达的调控,并简要论述了miRNAs调控SSCs增殖与分化的其他方式,以期为后续SSCs的研究提供科学参考。     

支持细胞对精原干细胞增殖、分化调控的研究进展

哺乳动物精子发生是在睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli cells,SCs)调节下完成的,SCs不但为精子发生提供物理支撑和稳定微环境,而且通过分泌多种蛋白对生殖细胞发挥增殖、分化、凋亡、吞噬、免疫豁免等多种调节作用。生理状态下,SCs调控精子发生的确切机制还不是很清楚。因此,本文对SCs与精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)及系列生精细胞特殊的结构关系以及二者间的调控关系进行了综述,以期为推动二者间调控机理的深入研究及提高动物育种繁殖效率提供参考。     

精原干细胞研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)具有自我更新和分化产生子代的能力,并且SSCs本身就是生殖细胞,能将遗传信息传递给下一代,是雄性成体内唯一可复制的二倍体的永生细胞。SSCs在有限时间内可在体外培养扩增,并且能定向诱导为特异性细胞,可以为探讨精子的发生机制,治疗雄性不育和胚胎干细胞建系提供一条新的途径。通过对SSCs的体外培养,为细胞移植提供足够的来源,再植入受体内,达到修复损伤、治疗疾病的目的,是临床医学、干细胞生物工程库和组织工程理想的种子细胞之一,在干细胞生物学、医学、畜牧业等领域具有重要价值。本文对SSCs的生物学特性、分离培养、分化潜能和移植技术等做一概述。     

视黄酸诱导鸡胚胎干细胞向雄性生殖细胞分化的研究

体外胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）向生殖细胞分化可用于治疗不育症,同时也为揭示种系世代的分子机制提供最佳模型。试验旨在探讨视黄酸（retinoic acid,RA）诱导鸡胚胎干细胞（chicken embryonic stem cells,cESCs）向雄性生殖细胞（male germ cells,MGCs）分化的作用效果。利用胰蛋白酶消化法从新鲜种蛋X期鸡胚中分离胚胎干细胞,以鸡胚成纤维（chicken embryo fibroblast,CEF）细胞为滋养层,进行体外培养,利用形态法、碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AKP）染色和胚胎阶段特异性表面抗原（embryo specific surface antigen 1,SSEA-1）检测对获得的胚胎干细胞进行鉴定。结果表明,获得典型的呈巢状或岛状的cESCs克隆,细胞AKP染色呈蓝紫色,表明其具有较高的内源性AKP活性;SSEA-1鉴定结果呈阳性,显示cESCs克隆具有多能性。采用10^-5 mol/L RA诱导鸡胚胎干细胞向雄性生殖细胞分化,镜下观察细胞形态变化,分别于诱导第0、2、4、6、8、10天提取细胞总RNA,反转录成cDNA,用于实时荧光定量PCR检测生殖细胞标志基因的表达。结果表明,在此诱导过程中,作为胚胎干细胞标志基因Nanog、Sox2表达量持续显著下降,而生殖细胞特异性基因Dazl、Stra8、c-kit、integrin α6表达量呈持续上升趋势;免疫细胞化学检测可观察到特异基因相关蛋白的阳性克隆。本研究成功分离出cESCs,可体外培养并保持未分化状态及多能性。10^-5 mol/L RA能够促进cESCs向雄性生殖细胞方向分化,可以引起生殖细胞相应基因的表达,为进一步研究雄性生殖细胞的形成和调控机制提供参考。     

哺乳动物精原干细胞研究进展

雄性生殖干细胞,即精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)可以自我更新产生大量可发育为精子的已经分化了的生殖细胞,并将遗传信息传递到下一代。SSCs是成体中唯一的生殖干细胞,因为所有雌性生殖干细胞在出生前已经停止分化。本文首先总结了SSCs的起源、标志物和分离纯化方法,然后重点概述啮齿类动物、灵长类以及人类SSCs的移植以及诱导分化方法,最后论述了人类SSCs体外培养和移植技术的现状以及在人类医学上的应用前景。     

奶山羊睾丸组织冷冻保存及复苏后精原干细胞的分离培养

以关中奶山羊为材料,比较了2种玻璃化冷冻法和1种慢速冷冻法对睾丸组织保存的效率,复苏后发现3种冻存方法均有较高的成活率(超过50%),其中玻璃化Ⅱ组达65%以上,培养及检测后均有精原干细胞存活,在体外培养可以形成胚胎干细胞样克隆,其表达精原干细胞和多能性干细胞的相关特异性标记:碱性磷酸酶(AP)、CD49f、CD133、C-Myc、Oct4和Klf4阳性,证明睾丸组织冷冻可以提供一种有效的奶山羊精原干细胞的保存方法。试验中所使用的低温保存方法简便易行,效果良好,表明这些方法可为癌症治疗等造成的无精症及少精症等不育症患者的医治以及一些珍稀濒危物种和优良畜禽的生殖细胞保存提供一种简捷有效的途径。     

温度对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞的影响

将分离纯化的小鼠精原干细胞分别置于37、34、30℃及50％CO2、饱和湿度条件下进行体外培养。结果表明，3种温度下的精原干细胞均可以存活并增殖，但随着体外培养时间的延长，细胞的生长状态、增殖数量和存活时间有明显差异。34℃下细胞平均存活时间最长，增殖数量最多。统计分析显示，34℃与30、37℃下细胞平均存活时间有显著差异（P＜0．05），表明34℃是小鼠精原干细胞较为适宜的生长环境。     

体外诱导牛BMSC向上皮样细胞分化的研究

为培育转基因肉牛提供种子细胞以及进一步丰富牛骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,BMSC)的多向分化潜能,利用细胞免疫荧光染色和分子生物学方法,初步探讨表皮生长因子和胰岛素体外诱导牛BMSC向上皮样细胞分化的可能性。利用含细胞因子的诱导液对纯化稳定的P4代牛BMSC进行体外诱导,并对诱导后的细胞进行细胞角蛋白18的细胞免疫荧光观察和细胞角蛋白19的RT-PCR鉴定。结果表明,诱导后细胞经细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色后出现明显的荧光。RT-PCR结果显示诱导分化后细胞角蛋白19基因在细胞中表达。因此,在体外,表皮生长因子和胰岛素可诱导牛BMSC初步分化为上皮样细胞。     

Comparative study of the developmental competence of cloned pig embryos derived from spermatogonial stem cells and fetal fibroblasts

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are promising resources for genetic preservation and restoration of male germ cells in humans and animals. However, no studies have used SSC as donor nuclei in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This study investigated the potential for use of porcine SSC as a nuclei donor for SCNT and developmental competence of SSC‐derived cloned embryos. In addition, demecolcine was investigated to determine whether it could prevent rupture of SSC during SCNT. When the potential of SSC to support embryonic development after SCNT was compared with that of foetal fibroblasts (FF), SSC‐derived SCNT embryos showed a higher (p < .05) developmental competence to the blastocyst stage (47.8%) than FF‐derived embryos (25.6%). However, when SSC were used as donor nuclei in the SCNT process, cell fusion rates were lower (p < .05) than when FF were used (61.9% vs. 75.8%). Treatment of SSC with demecolcine significantly (p < .05) decreased rupture of SSC during the SCNT procedure (7.5% vs. 18.8%) and increased fusion of cell‐oocyte couplets compared with no treatment (74.6% vs. 61.6%). In addition, SSC‐derived SCNT embryos showed higher blastocyst formation (48.4%) than FF‐derived embryos without (28.4%) and with demecolcine treatment (17.4%), even after demecolcine treatment. Our results demonstrate that porcine SSC are a desirable donor cell type for production of SCNT pig embryos and that demecolcine increases production efficiency of cloned embryos by inhibiting rupture of nuclei donor SSC during SCNT.     

In vitro neuronal and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord blood

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capabilities for self-renewal and differentiation into cells with the phenotypes of bone, cartilage, neurons and fat cells. These features of MSCs have attracted the attention of investigators for using MSCs for cell-based therapies to treat several human diseases. Because bone marrow-derived cells, which are a main source of MSCs, are not always acceptable due to a significant drop in their cell number and proliferative/differentiation capacity with age, human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are good substitutes for BMCs due to the immaturity of newborn cells. Although the isolation of hematopoietic stem cells from UCB has been well established, the isolation and characterization of MSCs from UCB still need to be established and evaluated. In this study, we isolated and characterized MSCs. UCB-derived mononuclear cells, which gave rise to adherent cells, exhibited either an osteoclast or a mesenchymal-like phenotype. The attached cells with mesenchymal phenotypes displayed fibroblast-like morphologies, and they expressed mesenchym-related antigens (SH2 and vimentin) and periodic acid Schiff activity. Also, UCB-derived MSCs were able to transdifferentiate into bone and 2 types of neuronal cells, in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that the MSCs from UCB might be a good alternative to bone marrow cells for transplantation or cell therapy.     

Simplified isolation and enrichment of spermatogonial stem-like cells from pubertal domestic cats (Felis catus)

The efficiency of spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) isolation and culture from pubertal donors is currently poor primarily, because of contamination with other testicular cells. This study aimed to purify SSC-like cells using different extracellular matrixes and a discontinuous gradient density. In experiment 1, testes (n=6) were analyzed for histology and SSC-related protein expressions (laminin, SSEA-4, DDX-4 and GFRα-1). After enzymatic digestion, the cell suspension was plated onto either a laminin- or gelatin-coated dish. The number of SSC-like cells was determined at 15, 30 and 60 min of culture (experiment 2). Experiment 3 was performed to test whether or not the additional step of Percoll gradient density centrifugation could really improve purification of SSC-like cells. Testicular histology revealed complete spermatogenesis with laminin expression essentially at the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules. SSEA-4 and GFRα-1 co-localized with DDX-4 in the spermatogonia. The relative percentage of SSC-like cells, as determined by cells expressing SSEA-4 (59.42 ± 2.18%) and GFRα-1 (42.70 ± 1.28%), revealed that the highest SSC-like cell purity was obtained with the 15-min laminin-coated dish compared with other incubation times and gelatin treatment (P<0.05). Percoll treatment prior to laminin selection (15 min) significantly improved SSC-like cell recovery (91.33 ± 0.14%, P<0.001) and purity (83.82 ± 2.05% for SSEA-4 and 64.39 ± 1.51% for GFRα-1, P<0.05). These attached cells demonstrated a typical SSC-like cell morphology and also expressed POU5F1, RET and ZBTB16 mRNA. In conclusion, double enrichment with Percoll gradient density centrifugation and laminin plating highly enriched the SSC-like cells population.