长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究 Ⅴ.典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃的污染状况及其源解析

对长江三角洲典型地区(无锡和台州)农业表层土壤(0~20cm)中15种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量和来源进行了研究。结果表明,无锡地区农业土壤中15种PAHs总量的含量范围为1058~9500μgkg-1,PAHs污染较重,主要来源于石油以及石油和草/木材/煤的燃烧,PAHs的组成以4~6环为主;台州地区农业土壤中PAHs的含量范围为128~604μgkg-1,PAHs污染较轻,主要来源于石油以及石油的燃烧,PAHs的组成以3~6环为主。     

气相色谱–质谱法测定含油污泥污染土壤中的多环芳烃

按照实验室测定油泥污染土壤等复杂介质样品中的多环芳烃分析要求,从消除背景干扰、提高测定数据质量出发,对样品前处理和仪器分析的各环节进行了系统的试验研究,建立了该类污染土壤中多环芳烃的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法,并对该方法进行了质量控制研究.结果表明:针对含油污泥污染土壤中的多环芳烃,该方法对16种多环芳烃的相关系数为0.999 3 ～ 0.999 7,各化合物线性关系良好;最低检出限为0.11 ～ 2.54 ng/ml;回收率为70.5％～107.0％;相对标准偏差为0.09％ ～ 3.15％.本方法能够满足油泥污染土壤等复杂介质样品中的多环芳烃分析要求.     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定资源化利用畜禽粪污中16种多环芳烃

多环芳烃是畜禽粪污中的重要有机污染物,我国目前尚未建立畜禽粪污中多环芳烃测定的标准方法,制约了畜禽粪污资源安全利用.建立了气相色谱-质谱法同时测定畜禽粪污中16种多环芳烃的新方法.结果表明,16种多环芳烃在0.02～2.00mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,方法检出限在0.005～0.046 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏...     

不同类型表面活性剂增效去除焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的研究

Surfactant enhanced remediation is thought to be an effective method for the remediation of soils polluted with hydrophoblc organic compounds. Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from an abandoned manufactured gas plant （MGP） soil was evaluated using four eluting agents including Triton X-100 （TX100）, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate （SDBS）, rhamnolipid water solution （RWS） and rhamnolipid fermentation broth （RFB）. The weight solubilization ratios for acenaphthene and fluorene were in the order of TX100 〉 SDBS 〉 RWS 〉 RFB. The Sm value, which indicates the maximum amounts of surfactants adsorbed in the soil, was in the order of RWS 〉 RFB 〉 SDBS 〉 TX100. By using 8 g L-1 of TX100, SDBS and RWS and 100% of RFB, the T-PAHs removal for the MGP soil contaminated with 207.86 mg T-PAHs kg-1 dry soil was 48.0%, 45.7%, 1.9%, and 8.6%, respectively, while that decreased to 41.6%, 37%, 0.38%, and 1.3% for the soil contaminated with 3494.78 mg T-PAHs kg-1 dry soil. Only 8 g L-1 TX100 could remove all types of the 16 PAHs partly in the MGP soil, and the removal efficiencies of different PAHs ranged from 13% to 77.8%. The results of this study herein provide valuable information for the selection of TX100 surfactant for remediating PAH-contaminated soils in MGP.     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅴ.典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃的污染状况及其源解析

对长江三角洲典型地区(无锡和台州)农业表层土壤(0～20 cm)中15种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量和来源进行了研究.结果表明,无锡地区农业土壤中15种PAHs总量的含量范围为1 058～9 500 μg kg-1, PAHs污染较重,主要来源于石油以及石油和草/木材/煤的燃烧,PAHs的组成以4～6环为主;台州地区农业土壤中PAHs的含量范围为128～604 μg kg-1,PAHs污染较轻,主要来源于石油以及石油的燃烧,PAHs的组成以3～6环为主.     

长江三角洲地区污泥中多环芳烃的污染研究

To ascertain the contaminated conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in sludge and to evaluate the risk of application of this sludge for agricultural purposes, 44 sludge samples obtained from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were investigated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. PAHs＇ contents ranged from 0.0167 to 15.4860 mg kg^-1 （dry weight, DW） and averaged 1.376 mg kg^-1, with most samples containing 〈 1.5 mg kg^-1. Pyrene （PY）, fluoranthene （FL）, benzo[b]fluoranthene （BbF）, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene （IND）, benzo[a]pyrene （B[a]P）, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） were the most dominant compounds, ranging from 0.1582 to 0.2518 mg kg^-1. Single PAH, such as naphthalene （NAP, 2-benzene rings）, phenanthrene （PA, 3-benzene rings）, PY （4-benzene rings）, and FL （3-benzene rings）, had high detection rates （76.1%-93.5%）. The distribution patterns of PAHs were found to vary with the sludge samples; however, the patterns showed that a few compounds with 2- and 3-benzene rings were commonly found in the samples, whereas those with 4-, 5-, and 6-benzene rings were usually less commonly found. All the 44 sludge samples were within the B[a]P concentration limit for sludge applied to agricultural land in China （〈 3.0 rag kg^-1）. The probable sources of PAH contamination in the sludge samples were petroleum, petroleum products, and combustion of liquid and solid fuel. The concentrations and distributions of the 16 PAHs in sludge were related to sludge type, source, and treatment technology, together with the physicochemical properties.     

一株副球菌对污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解研究

从受多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染的土壤中分离到一株降解PAHs的噬氨副球菌(Paracoccus aminovorans)HPD-2.使用HPD-2的菌液对PAHs污染的土壤进行了2周的生物降解试验,结果表明加入HPD-2能够明显提高土壤中PAHs的降解率.加菌土壤中PAHs的总去除率为22.9%,PAHs各组分的降解率在19.5% ～ 36.2% 之间.其中三环PAHs的降解率最高(36.1%),五环次之(26.0%),四环的最低(20.9%).对土壤微生物的计数结果发现,HPD-2的加入显著提高了土壤中细菌的数量,而对放线菌和真菌的影响不明显.PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,降解过程中HPD-2可能成为土壤中的优势菌.以上结果表明该菌株在PAHs污染土壤的生物降解中具有较好的应用前景.     

石油污染土壤中芳烃降解菌及邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶的克隆

石油污染土壤中的芳烃降解菌是进行土壤修复的主要生物资源,本研究对某炼油厂附近土壤中的芳烃降解菌及邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因进行了研究。结果表明,部分石油烃污染土壤中存在着大量的芳烃降解菌;对其中一个土壤样本中的邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因进行克隆,获得了7个不同的邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因序列,序列分析表明这些基因可能来源于土壤中的假单胞菌,且该基因在土壤中的丰度与污染水平及芳烃降解菌的数量相关。可见,土壤中芳烃降解菌数量及降解基因的丰度和多样性,可以对石油污染土壤的生物修复进行监控并为生物修复提供丰富的微生物资源。     

应用双层平板技术评估海水沉积物中多环芳烃-芘的污染研究

应用双层平板计数技术对厦门西海域海水沉积物中 4环多环芳烃 芘降解菌数量调研结果表明 ,除靠近马銮湾养殖区站位Ⅵ外 ,芘污染较严重站位Ⅳ样品中芘降解菌数量为 4 .7万个 /g(干物质量 ) ,而芘污染相对较轻站位Ⅱ样品中芘降解菌数量为 1.2万个 / g(干物质量 ) ,海水沉积物中芘含量与芘降解菌数量呈正相关。     

苏南地区农田表层土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染特征及来源

采用气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）法测定了苏南地区13个农田表层土壤样品中的多环芳烃（PAHs）和酞酸酯（PAEs）污染物,分析比较了不同区域农田表层土壤,尤其是来自钢铁企业周边的表层土壤中PAHs和PAEs的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,苏南地区农田土壤中总PAHs和总PAEs的浓度分别在147～40300μg·kg-1和0.575～762μg·kg-1之间,其中钢铁厂周边的平均浓度分别为6130μg·kg-1和47.4μg·kg-1。土壤样品中苯并（a）芘的浓度与总PAHs的浓度显著相关,高分子量PAHs在钢铁厂周边表土中含量较高,钢铁冶炼焦化和烧结等工序是其污染来源。酞酸正丁酯（DBP）和酞酸乙基己基酯是苏南地区农田土壤中含量最高的两种PAEs类物质,钢铁厂周边有较高的DBP检出可能与炼钢、冷轧和炼铁等工序有关。本研究将为经济高速发展地区农田土壤环境质量评价、农产品安全生产及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。     

三叶草对污染土壤中芘的去除研究

Phytoremediation has been used as an emerging technology for remediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants derived from natural and anthropogenic processes, in the last decade. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of phytoremediation of pyrene from spiked soils planted with white clover (Trifolium repens) in the greenhouse with a series of pyrene concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 365.38 mg kg^-1. The results showed that growth of white clover on pyrenecontaminated soils was not affected. The removal of pyrene from the spiked soils planted with white clover was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils. At the end of the experiment (60 d), the average removal ratio of pyrene in the spiked soils with white clover was 77%, which was 31% and 57% higher than those of the controls with or without micobes, respectively. Both roots and shoots of white clover took up pyrene from the spiked soils and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration. However, the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil pyrene may be the result of plant-promoted microbial degradation and direct uptake and accumulation of pyrene by white clover were only a small part of the pyrene dissipation. Bioconcentration factors of pyrene (BCFs, ratio of pyrene, on a dry weight basis, in the plant to that in the soil) tended to decrease with increase in the residual soil pyrene concentration. Therefore, removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using white clove.     

长期不同施肥处理下有机质含量变化对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响——以太湖地区黄泥土长期试验为例

采集太湖地区一个水稻土长期肥料试验定位监测田【化肥与秸秆配施（CFS）、化肥与猪粪配施（CFM）、单施化肥（CF）和不施肥（NF）】表层（0．15cm）土壤样品,用高效液相色谱测定了原土中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量和培养下外加芘的含量变化。结果显示,无论是PAHs的土壤本底含量还是培养下外加芘残留量,在不同施肥处理间均呈现显著差异;相对于单施化肥（CF）,化肥与有机肥配施下PAHs土壤降解能力显著提高。统计分析表明,增强的有机污染物降解能力与土壤有机质含量变化及其带来的微生物活性的变化有关。因此,长期实行有机无机配施有利于增强土壤的环境功能,促进生态系统健康。     

皂角苷增强洗脱复合污染土壤中多环芳烃和重金属的作用及机理

通过增溶实验和土壤洗脱实验,研究了一种生物表面活性剂——皂角苷（saponin）对多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的洗脱作用及机理。结果表明,皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃有极强的增溶作用,当皂角苷浓度为0.04%时,菲、芘在液相中的表观溶解度分别增大了约22倍和128倍,因而皂角苷能显著增强多环芳烃污染土壤中菲、芘的洗脱,洗脱效率最大分别可达84.1%和81.4%,增大了约2倍和17倍。皂角苷可与重金属离子形成水溶性的络合物,从而增强洗脱重金属污染土壤中的Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋,在皂角苷浓度为0.4%时,Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率分别可达93.0%和79.4%,增大了约75倍和8倍。皂角苷可同时洗脱多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤中的菲、芘和Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋,洗脱效率分别达87.6%、83.5%和92.3%、78.6%,重金属的存在略增大了皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃的洗脱效率,但多环芳烃对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率没有明显影响。皂角苷可同时增强洗脱复合污染土壤中的多环芳烃和重金属,从而为多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的修复奠定基础。