近年我国农业植物检疫疫情新发形势分析

植物检疫的目标是控制检疫性有害生物传入、扩散和蔓延。在我国现行的农业植物疫情报告管理制度中,疫情快报最能反映疫情新发情况。为了准确掌握我国农业植物疫情新发动态,本文系统整理了2010年-2018年全国农业植物疫情快报数据,从时间和空间两个维度分析了我国疫情发生的严峻形势,并分析了不同种类农业植物检疫性有害生物的发生动态,以期为我国农业植物疫情及农业植物检疫性有害生物的研究和管控提供参考依据。     

A methodology for preparing a list of recommended regulated non‐quarantine pests (RNQPs)

The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development.     

2010年—2022年我国农业植物检疫性有害生物发生防控形势分析

植物检疫是旨在防止检疫性有害生物传入及扩散, 或确保其官方防治的一切活动。本文整理了2010年－2022年全国农业植物检疫性有害生物的快报和年报, 分别从植物疫情新发突发及总体发生防控形势、红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren和柑橘黄龙病等部分重大农业植物疫情监测防控情况等方面开展分析, 以期为我国农业植物检疫性有害生物的基础研究和科学管控提供参考依据。     

Plant Protection and Production in Modern Society1

Many currently existing agricultural production techniques have been developed in total reliance on effective chemical pest control. Today, however, it is becoming clear that chemical pest control has a number of limitations, and its ever increasing costs may well make it a limiting factor in agricultural production. This has already occurred in a number of cotton growing areas. The need for increased world food production will require improved pest control methods. If no special precautions are taken, we will undoubtedly end up in many other crops with a situation similar to that of cotton. In view of the reduced availability of new pesticides, those currently available should be used in the optimal way. At the present time, the integrated pest control approach is the best means of accomplishing this. The introduction of such programs will require official support through legislation or technical assistance. In the future, various new developments in pest control are to be expected. Greater reliance will be placed on the use of computer science. Further effort will be needed in areas such as crop loss assessment, stored product pests, technical assistance to farmers and pesticide selectivity. Closer international collaboration on plant quarantine matters and pesticide registration are essential for the future of pest control.     

外来植物有害生物入侵及其对策

分析了外来植物有害生物传入我国蔓延危害的主要特点、发展态势及潜在风险.我国防范外来植物有害生物入侵,主要存在管理体制、法规制度、检疫手段和技术、人员素质和资金投入等诸方面问题.加强植物检疫职能、整合检疫管理力量、构建快速反应机制、确保安全服务贸易等是有效防范外来生物入侵的重要组织步骤;完善植物检疫立法和管理体制、重视技术标准研制和采用国际标准惯例、加快有害生物风险分析和重新确定检疫性有害生物名录、改进植物检疫检验手段和技术、加强非疫区和非疫生产基地建设、设立植物检疫专项基金、加强国际合作与交流等尤为迫切.     

棉田黄萎病菌致病型结构初步研究

棉花黄萎病是棉花生产中的主要病害之一,广泛分布于世界各产棉国.控制该病的猖獗危害,已成为棉花生产可持续发展的主要问题[1].利用不同抗性的棉花品种对棉黄萎病菌的选择作用,从棉田中分离获得不同的黄萎病菌菌系,在温室中采用2个抗病性差异明显的品种对其致病力进行测定,以明确同一块棉田是否存在不同致病力菌系.     

Biological control and plant health in the UK1

The protected crop environment has long been recognized as offering particularly good opportunities for the application of biological control and this is reflected in the predominance of integrated pest management programmes and the wide range of biological control agents available. The introduction of new pest species of quarantine concern can often occur in glasshouse crops, as a result of international trade in plant material, and can have a highly disruptive impact upon well established, integrated pest management programmes. The use of biological control agents against quarantine pests is discussed, including both the use of exotic species and those established in the UK. The relevant legislation in the UK is outlined in relation to the introduction of non-native species, including both plant protection and conservation interests. Environmental safety aspects such as the impact of such introductions on non-target species and issues of quality control to prevent the introduction of contaminants are noted as of particular plant health interest.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

Regulated non‐quarantine pests: fact or fiction?

A new category of officially regulated pests has been introduced during the past decade. The aim of this new categorization is to protect plant health and, in particular, farmers’ and growers’ crops against the introduction of pests via propagation material. The phytosanitary term ‘regulated non‐quarantine pests’ (RNQPs) is relatively new. It was introduced in 1997 as part of the new revised text of the International Plant Protection Convention. These RNQPs differ from the common category of quarantine pests in that they can be widespread within the territory of concern. Unlike quarantine pests, a level of tolerance could be applied for RNQPs infesting certain plants for planting. Some certification systems for the production of propagation material may specify certain tolerance levels, however, these systems are usually not regulated by national plant protection organizations and the tolerance levels are usually not based on scientific evidence. To date, only a few countries have applied the concept of RNQPs: notably Uruguay and Brazil. To apply the concept and, in particular, to determine specific tolerance levels presents many challenges. The concept may be embraced in the coming years by the European Community as part of the revision of the EU Council Directive 2000/29/EC.     

QBOL: a new EU project focusing on DNA barcoding of Quarantine organisms

In 2009 a new three year EU funded project (QBOL) started on DNA barcoding of important plant pests. An international consortium of 20 partners (universities, research institutes, and phytosanitary organizations) from around the world, coordinated by Plant Research International (Wageningen, the Netherlands), will collect DNA barcodes from many plant pathogenic quarantine organisms, store these sequences in a database accessible over the internet, develop a DNA bank and train end-users. All these activities should help National Plant Protection Services in the correct identification and detection of plant pathogenic quarantine organisms.     

PQ—the EPPO data base on plant quarantine pests

PQ is a relational data base, in dBase IV, composed of files PESTFILE (of plant pest names), HOSTFILE (of host plant names), GEOGFILE (of names of countries and geographical areas), GEOGLINK (of relationships between geographical entities), PQATTACK (of host/pest combinations) and PQOCCUR (of country/pest combinations). It holds all the relevant information from EPPO data sheets on quarantine organisms, together with equivalent information from FAO and from other Regional Plant Protection Organizations, whose data bases are of the same origin and fully compatible with PQ. PQR is a menu-driven on-screen system for consulting the data base, to be made available to Member Governments as a compiled run-time version. Other EPPO systems (for fruit-tree viruses, for the European Handbook of Plant Diseases, for intercepted consignments) also use the central files PESTFILE, HOSTFILE and GEOGFILE.     

International standards for the diagnosis of regulated pests

For the last 10 years, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 80 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2003, the Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all contracting parties to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics for regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would be very useful in technical assistance programmes. In 2004, the CPM adopted a mechanism for rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, particularly suitable for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel was accordingly established to develop protocols for specific pests and meets on an annual basis. A format for international diagnostic protocols was adopted in 2006 and a list of priority pests was established. In 2003, EPPO initiated a new programme on quality management and accreditation for plant pest laboratories and Standards are now also being developed in this area. In 2006, a survey of existing diagnostic capacities in EPPO member countries was undertaken and a database on diagnostic expertise was created.     

国际农药管理的现状及趋势(下)

在世界农药管理日趋严格,公众参与度日益增加,新产品和新技术不断涌现的大背景下,本文借笔者一年在联合国粮农组织作物生产和保护司病虫害和农药管理组做访问学者的经历,结合工作实际,从国际组织广泛参与、区域间加强协调、统一标准和准则等方面,对当今世界农药管理现状进行了总结分析。同时以《国际农药管理守则》倡导的对农药实行“全生命周期”管理方式为起点,对未来农药管理的趋势进行了分析。农药不尊重国界,未来世界农药管理势必越来越突破区域和国家的界限,以地球村为视角,实现全球可持续发展的目标。     

Integrated pest management in olive in the Mediterranean area1

The FAO Interregional Cooperative Research Network on Olives is working on plant protection with the main objective of setting up an integrated pest management system aimed at controlling the main insect pests attacking Mediterranean olive orchards. The study of the factors controlling populations of both olive pests and their natural parasites and predators has therefore taken a great share of that cooperative effort. This paper reviews the work developed so far, while describing the computerized pest management programme now in use in Spain. This is directed by the national and some regional Plant Protection Services and based on the cooperation of olive growers' associations named Agrupaciones para Tratamientos Integrados (ATRIAs). Each ATRIA provides the meteorological and insect population data needed for plant protection researchers to take decisions about where and when to treat each pest.     

The regulatory landscape for biological control agents

A biological control agent (BCA) has been defined as ‘an organism [used] to reduce the population density of another organism’. However, an organism which is a BCA may, in addition, fall within the regulatory definition of an invasive alien species, a plant pest, a quarantine plant pest, a harmful organism, a plant protection product, or any combination of these. Therefore the regulatory landscape which has to be navigated by applicants wishing to release BCAs is complex. Examples are given of this complexity, drawing on relevant international standards and European Union legislation. A clearer understanding of the regulatory landscape across the EPPO region is necessary for agreeing routes through it to facilitate rapid adoption of biological control options, where these are available, and to ensure that potential risks and benefits are assessed in a coherent and consistent way.     

FAO Crop Protection Activities in Cereal Growing2

FAO is responsible for various projects in cereal growing that have a crop protection component. Within this the overall approach followed is along the lines of integrated pest control. The following field activities are briefly reviewed: research on and control of grain-eating birds; breeding for stable resistance in wheat; integrated pest control in sorghum and millet; integrated pest control in rice-growing in South and Southeast Asia; reduction of post-harvest losses. The effective application of new plant protection technology depends on a better understanding of the agro-ecosystem concerned in order to make maximal use of knowledge collected elsewhere.     

A Concept of Pest Risk Analysis

A pest risk analysis curve on a graph is used to present diagramatically 1) the concept of pest risk analysis, and 2) the interaction of biological, economical, social, and political factors with quarantine policies, regulations, or decisions. The culmination of these regulatory activities often leads to a decision about the entry status of a wide spectrum of imported “items”. While the concept pertains to animal as well as plant quarantine matters, this paper concentrates on plant quarantine. Most of the examples presented relate specifically to the pest risk associated with importing plants or plant parts for propagation. Some of the examples presented have wide application in international quarantine circles while others relate only to the United States. The method of illustrating pest risk analysis as a curve should be useful in effectively communicating quarantine philosophy, principles, policies, and decisions not only to the commercial, lay, and scientific public, but to plant quarantine officers. For within–house quarantine activities, the diagrams may be useful in training, explaining assignments or responsibilities to officers, determining priorities or planning budgets, and as a means for emphasizing the biological aspects of decisions about entry status of imported items.     

基于风险管理的全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单制修订思考

为保障全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单的科学性和可行性,农业农村部植物检疫机构根据有害生物风险分析结果对名单进行管理。本文从全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单历史、现状、制修订要求和程序、管理以及几个我国不同检疫性有害生物名单的关系进行了阐述,并提出建议,以期为农业植物检疫性有害生物名单的风险管理提供思路。     

The International Plant Sentinel Network: a tool for Regional and National Plant Protection Organizations

Botanic gardens and arboreta are valuable but currently under‐utilized resources in plant health research. Within their vast collections of living plants, gardens play host to expatriate plant species from across the world. These plants offer unique opportunities to study damaging pest and pathogen threats before their introduction into a region where they would be considered invasive aliens. Through these studies, scientists can determine vital information related to these organisms, which can in turn be used to strengthen understanding, contribute to pest risk analysis activities and put in place appropriate quarantine measures or other management programmes. The International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN) has been working for the last 3 years to provide the support and resources needed for gardens to contribute to such research. The next phase of the IPSN will be to coordinate this research; it will identify, facilitate and provide the already developed tools to contributing gardens. In this way, the IPSN will provide meaningful and valuable information to plant health experts which could help mitigate, or stop altogether, the damaging impacts of new and emerging invasive alien organisms.     

Dispersal of Liriomyza trifolii

The agromyzid fly Liriomyza trifolii , which has generally been considered as a secondary pest, could turn into a major international pest. Up to the seventies this leafminer occurred only in Caribbean countries, and southern and eastern USA. It then became resistant to several insecticides in Florida. Extensive transport of plant material between production areas has resulted in the establishment of this insect in many countries, despite chemical treatment before and after transport and quarantine procedures. The human-mediated dispersal of L. trifolii is described, phytosanitary and quarantine measures are reviewed and finally plant protection policy is discussed.