氮肥用量和插秧密度对寒地粳稻籽粒转氨酶活性及蛋白质含量的影响

试验以寒地粳稻牡丹江30、东农426、松粳14为材料,采用裂区设计,研究氮肥用量和插秧密度对寒地粳稻籽粒转氨酶活性、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:3个品种齐穗后籽粒谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性呈单峰曲线变化,到达峰值时间不同;齐穗后21、28、35 d GOT活性和齐穗后14、21、28、35 d GPT活性分别与齐穗后21、28、35 d籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关;籽粒蛋白质含量均随施氮量的增加而升高,插秧密度处理间差异不明显;综合水稻产量和蛋白质产量,牡丹江30最佳处理为N2D3(N 150 kg/hm2,30 cm×16.6 cm),东农426为N3D2(N 225 kg/hm2,30 cm×13.3 cm),松粳14为N3D1(N 225 kg/hm2,30 cm×10.0 cm)。     

The assessment of genetic variation in Spanish primitive cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by a combination of isozymes and hordeins

Five isozyme and endosperm reserve protein systems were analysed using electrophoretic techniques in order to investigate the genetic diversity of 222 accessions of Spanish, local varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., maintained at the Centro de Conservación de Recursos Fitogeneéticos of the I.N.I.A. (Alcalá de Henares, Spain). The esterase (EST) isozymes provided more information than did the other systems analysed, showing a total of 14 variable markers. The cathodic peroxidases (CPX) and acid phosphatases (ACPH) were also polymorphic. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were monomorphic. The hordeins showed patterns of up to 15 bands, the majority of which were very useful in distinguishing genotypes. 17.2% of accessions showed a uniform genotype, 29.8% showed practically identical genotypes and 53% showed mixtures of different genotypes. It is noteworthy that the use of only two systems (EST and hordeins) and the analysis of only six loci (Est-1, Est-2, Est-4, Hor-1, Hor-2 and Hor-3) is sufficient to reveal the genetic diversity of the collection.     

水氮配施对绿洲温室黄瓜氮素代谢及产量品质的影响

为明确绿洲温室黄瓜的水氮适宜用量,以黄瓜品种"卓越99F1"为材料,采用田间随机区组排列设计,研究了不同水氮处理对黄瓜氮素代谢及产量品质的影响.结果表明:土壤含水量为田间持水量65％～80％、施氮量为234 kg·hm-2的处理,黄瓜植株体内硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶活性最高;...     

水稻氨基酸态氮营养效应及其机理研究

在＾１５无菌水培试验条件下水稻氨基酸态氮和铵态氮的营养效应及其氮营养贡献,氨基酸态氮的同化机理等问题作了比较研究。结果表明,等氮量（１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）无菌水培５１天后,甘氨酸态氮（Ｇｌｙ－Ｎ）单施或与硫酸铵态氮（ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ）配施处理的干物重、吸氮量均大于硫酸铵态氮单施处理;Ｇｌｙ－Ｎ对水稻干物重及吸氮量的促进作用大于ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ;Ｇｌｙ－Ｎ与ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ配施条件下,以吸氮总量为基础计算的Ｇｌｙ－Ｎ氮营养贡献率可达５５．６６％。采用Ｇｌｙ－Ｎ培养的籼、粳稻整株谷草转氨酸ＧＯＴ、谷丙转氨酶ＧＰＴ及谷氨酸脱氢酶ＧＤＨ活性均大于ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ,且根中ＧＯＴ和ＧＰＴ活性、叶中ＧＤＨ活性明显高于相同部位ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ培养的水稻。水稻ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ及ＧＤＨ活性受对应底物谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）营养的促进。     

TOXICOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF A CYANOBACTERIUM, PHORMIDIUM FRAGILE, TO MERCURY

The effects of different concentrations of mercury on the cyanobacterium Phormidium fragile were studied. The results revealed that the dry biomass yield, protein content, chlorophyll a and carotenoids decreased with increased concentration of mercury from 0.01 to 1.5 mg L^-. Also, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GIDH) and nitrate reductase activity was suppressed by increased metal concentration whereas glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were hardly affected. Mercury uptake increased at the higher levels of the metal. On the other hand, all the amino acid components gradually increased with rise of the metal level except isoleucine, histidine and methionine which were suppressed by the smaller doses and completely disappeared by the larger doses of the metal.     

Application of Isozyme Data in Fingerprinting Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for Germplasm Management

Sixty-four accessions of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), a forage crop of tropics and subtropics, were assessed for polymorphism in isozymes and total proteins (TP). The national germplasm collection exhibited polymorphism in all the three isozymes viz., malate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and peroxidase (POX) besides TP profile. Though POX and TP showed comparatively higher polymorphism, the study indicated the efficiency of three-enzyme system in identifying more than 90% of the accessions. The combination of TP and three-enzyme systems provided unique isozyme/TP banding patterns for all the 64 accessions leading to development of accession specific profile/fingerprints. In Napier, which is perennial with long vegetative phase, it is difficult to discriminate germplasm accessions based only on morphology. Thus biochemical markers could be efficiently utilized to complement morphological evaluations, in maintaining identity and purity of germplasm for proper conservation and management, for better use in breeding and for proprietary reasons.     

Germplasm characterization of Sesbania accessions based on isozyme analyses

Twenty-two accessions belonging to seven species of Sesbania Scop. (S. emerus, S. exasperata, S. grandiflora, S. rostrata, S. sesban, S. tetrapteraand S. virgata), were evaluated in order to characterize the isozyme electrophoretic patterns and to estimate their genetic variability and outcrossing rates. Eight isozyme systems were used: acid phosphatase (ACP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), peroxidase (PRX) and catalase (CAT), with two gel/electrode buffers and distilled water as the extraction buffer. Cotyledons were chosen for enzyme extraction. The accessions were compared considering the presence/absence of bands for each system. A dendrogram was obtained using the Jaccard similarity index and the UPGMA clustering method, classifying the accessions into eight groups, evidencing both inter- and intraspecific variability. Annual species were classified in one major group separate from the perennials (S. grandiflora, S. sesban, S. virgata), which were allocated into two other main groups. S. virgata accessions (subgenus Daubentonia) were clearly separated from the other species. Isozyme banding patterns for the accessions are presented for each system. A high incidence of intraspecific monomorphism was observed. Interpretation in terms of loci and alleles was made for S. sesbanand S. virgataaccessions, which presented polymorphism for the systems PGI, GOT (S. sesban) and MDH (S. virgata). The average expected heterozygosity estimates varied from 0.0 to 0.231 for S. sesban and 0.0 to 0.20 for S. virgata. A mean number of 2.0 alleles per locus was observed for both species. Population multilocus outcrossing rate (t _m) of 0.62 was estimated for S. sesban, indicating a partial allogamy mode of reproduction. Individual families presented multilocus rates varying from 0.00 to 1.00, indicating both self-pollination and cross-pollination.     

Study of allozyme diversity in guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] germplasm

Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] is an important commercial crop of India, mainly cultivated in the northwestern part and neighboring areas of Pakistan. High morphological diversity is reported in guar. The present study attempts to analyze the genetic diversity in cultivated guar using allozyme polymorphism and compare it with reported morphological diversity. Accessions for the study were selected from a set of guar germplasm conserved at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. The morphological data of 108 selected accessions was subjected to UPGMA clustering. Fifty-five accessions were then picked randomly from the clusters generated. Tris-borate system (pH 8.3) was found to be most effective for detection of allozyme polymorphism in guar. Ten enzymes were selected for the study out of 18 systems tried, namely, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, phosphogluco isomerase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, esterase, peroxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase. A total of 20 loci were detected with 34 alleles. The number of polymorphic loci in different accessions was observed to be highly variable (0–9). An average of 1.27 allozyme per polymorphic locus was observed. The allele frequency data of the 55 accessions was used to determine genetic diversity parameters. The dendrogram generated on genetic distance showed three clusters in the distance range of 0–0.28. Most of the accessions were in the first clusters in a narrow distance range of 0–0.08. The second cluster consisted of improved varieties and accession from Pakistan. The third cluster of accessions was genetically more distant but there was no definite segregation of accessions according to the place of collection. The accessions from south west Rajasthan were scattered in all the three clusters showing higher variability in this region, also supported by higher morphological variation. The genetic distance was low among accessions of guar, indicating low diversity in India.     

Identification of table grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) by the isoenzymes from the woody stems

Results from the identification of a collection of 43 table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars by isoenzymes from woody stems are presented. Plant extracts were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoenzyme analysis was carried out for peroxidases, catechol oxidase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, superoxide dismutase, esterases, and acid phosphatase. The last two systems were not adequate, while the rest showed a more or less marked polymorphism. Catechol oxidase was the system with the highest level of polymorphism. The combination of the zymograms allowed the separation of 31 out of the 43 studied cultivars. The other 12 cultivars were separated in five groups. The use of this methodology for differentiation of grapevine cultivars is recommended.     

Genetic diversity within a range of cultivars and landraces of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as revealed by RAPDs

Analysis of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity incrop plants is essential for optimizing sampling and breedingstrategies. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers to assess genetic diversity and relationships in 22 Canadiancultivars, 29 selected world cultivars and 10 landraces of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.). RAPDvariation was generally low and more variation was detected among,than within, the investigated flax accessions. Based on 53 variableRAPD loci observed for the 61 accessions, the landraces had a lowerproportion of fixed recessive RAPD loci (0.427) (i.e.,more genetic variation) than all of the flax cultivars examined(0.492). The linseed cultivars had a lower proportion ofrecessive loci (0.469) than the fiber flax cultivars(0.529). Canadian linseed cultivars had a lower proportionof recessive loci (0.465) than the selected world flaxcultivars (0.512). A trend was also observed that the rateof loss in genetic variation in Canadian flax breeding programs overthe last fifty years was approximately two variable loci per 100 lociper 10 years. Clustering analyses based on similarity estimatesshowed that the fiber cultivars were more related (or similar toeach other) and were classified as a homogeneous group. All ofthe linseed cultivars were clustered in diverse groups with the ninelandrace accessions. Implications of these findings for flax breedingand germplasm management are discussed.     

高温胁迫下水稻氨基酸态氮与铵态氮营养效应研究

在高温胁迫无菌砂培条件下对无机氮 (硫酸铵 )、有机氮 (甘氨酸 ,谷氨酸和赖氨酸 )和缺氮 (对照 )培养的水稻植株干物重、总氮量及其根、叶谷草转氨酶 (GOT)和谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)活性作了研究。结果表明 ,有机、无机氮均被水稻吸收 ,且吸收量相当。低浓度无机氮 (N 10mg/L)或有机氮培养 2 0d后的水稻植株总氮量比对照的高 50%以上 ;无机氮培养的植株干物重显著低于有机氮培养和对照 ,表明植株受NH4+毒害。培养 15d后 ,多数有机氮培养的植株根或叶GOT或GPT活性显著高于对照 ,但根、叶间有较大差别 ;而无机氮培养的植株根GOT及根、叶GPT活性是对照的 2倍或以上。高浓度无机氮 (N 500mg/L)处理 6h后稻株根、叶GPT活性分别是对照的2.5和4倍 ,而高浓度甘氨酸 ,谷氨酸和赖氨酸态氮 (N 500mg /L)处理 6h后 ,根、叶GPT活性分别是对照的 5.7、9.4、1.9倍及1.8、2.3、1.4倍。     

硫磺与水杨酸配施对韭菜硝酸盐累积及氮代谢的影响

以3年生韭菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度的硫磺（S,土施）和3 mmol/L水杨酸（SA,叶面喷施）配施对韭菜硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,韭菜鲜重、硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）、PSII 最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、电子传递速率（ETR）和可溶性蛋白含量均与硫磺和水杨酸的配施浓度有密切关系,与对照相比,7.2 kg/hm2的硫和 3 mmol/L 的水杨酸配施处理韭菜叶片的硝酸盐含量明显降低,降幅为16.6%;鲜重、NRA、Fv/Fm、ETR和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了10.7%、12.3%、10.1%、21.2% 和 4.2%;谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶（GOT）和谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GPT）活性却随着硫浓度的增加呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,当硫浓度为 54 kg/hm2 时,GOT和GPT的活性达到最高,分别比对照增加了13.6% 和 9.4%。由此可以看出,适宜浓度的硫磺和水杨酸配施可促进韭菜叶片氮代谢中硝酸盐的还原与同化,同时调动转氨作用的积极协同配合,促进了硝态氮转化为游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白,这可能是硫磺和水杨酸配施降低韭菜硝酸盐累积的一个重要原因。     

Microsatellite analyses for evaluation of genetic diversity among Sicilian grapevine cultivars

A total of 82 grapevine genotypes were sampled from several areas of the Italian region of Sicily where vineyards are widely spread. The grapevines were characterized using six microsatellite markers (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79) to evaluate genetic diversity. Thirty-seven of the 82 cultivars sampled had their names quoted in historical and literary sources, while 45 cultivars from old vineyards did not have their names reported in ancient literature. According to their genetic profiles at SSR loci, 70 different cultivars were found, while interesting cases of synonymies (Regina and Moscato bianco, Alicante and Dolcetta or among different clones of Zibibbo and Catarratto) and cases of homonymy (Frappato and Nerello Mascalese) were discovered. Several genetic parameters were calculated to assess the efficacy of the loci chosen in this work. Pairwise genetic distances between all cultivars were calculated. A dendrogram representing the genetic similarities among cultivars was depicted using the UPGMA method to investigate their relationships, explaining them from a historical point of view. The cluster distribution of cultivars clearly does not reflect their current geographical distribution, suggesting successive introductions of cultivars in Sicily from different areas of origin.     

Genetic diversity of storage protein genes in common wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) cultivars from China and its comparison with genetic diversity of cultivars from other countries

Contemporary trends and perspectives of Chinese winter wheat breeding programs were explored using multiple alleles of gliadin (Gli) and glutenin (Glu)-coding loci as genetic markers. To estimate genetic diversity and specific features of Chinese cultivars, the allele frequencies and genetic diversity H in Chinese wheat pool were calculated and compared to those of cultivars from 11 regions of the world. Among all these cultivars the Chinese ones exhibited the highest allelic diversity of the Gli loci while showing relatively low genetic variability for the Glu loci. Most (96%) of the cultivars examined had unique Gli allele compositions, which enabled to differentiate these cultivars with high precision. Cluster analysis of the genetic distances among the wheats from different regions showed that the Chinese cultivars were close to Italian and Russian ones, sharing with them the common Gli alleles. Clustering of modern cultivars and that of cultivars bred 10–15 years ago was essentially the same. All cultivars from all of the countries examined were classified into three groups according to their quality based on their Glu allele compositions. The Chinese cultivars showed a moderate quality score of 7.0, which conforms to the quality evaluation based on SDS sedimentation. This quality proved to be insufficiently high as compared to cultivars from other countries. However, the genetic diversity estimation suggests that Chinese cultivars have a potential for quality improvement.     

Potassium effect on iron stress in tomato

Tomato plants, two Fe‐efficient cultivars and one Fe‐inefficient cultivar, were grown in treatment combinations of normal and low Fe and K concentrations (Normal Fe, Normal K; Low Fe, Normal K; Low Fe, Low K). Iron‐stressed plants with normal K levels were the first to show elevation of root proton excretion and an enhanced ability to regreen. Roots from the Fe‐efficient cultivars had a marked increase in the rate of CO₂ dark fixation that was most prominent with a Normal K, Low Fe. The amount of ¹⁴C labeling of root organic acids, particularly malate, citrate, lactate and oxaloacetate increased under Fe‐stress conditions in the Fe‐efficient cultivars; Fe stress with low K resulted in less ¹⁴C labeling. A scheme for Fe reduction, uptake and transport is discussed related to CO₂ fixation and organic acids (malate, citrate and oxaloacetate.)

¹Part of the research done by the senior author while on leave at the Institute for Whole Body Metabolism, Inba, Chiba, Japan. The helpful assistance of Mr. Y. Mabuchi and T. Sakemoto is recognized.     

Walnut polyphenols prevent liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride and d-galactosamine: hepatoprotective hydrolyzable tannins in the kernel pellicles of walnut

The polyphenol-rich fraction (WP, 45% polyphenol) prepared from the kernel pellicles of walnuts was assessed for its hepatoprotective effect in mice. A single oral administration of WP (200 mg/kg) significantly suppressed serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) elevation in liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4), while it did not suppress d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. In order to identify the active principles in WP, we examined individual constituents for the protective effect on cell damage induced by CCl 4 and d-GalN in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. WP was effective against both CCl 4- and d-GalN-induced hepatocyte damages. Among the constituents, only ellagitannins with a galloylated glucopyranose core, such as tellimagrandins I, II, and rugosin C, suppressed CCl 4-induced hepatocyte damage significantly. Most of the ellagitannins including tellimagrandin I and 2,3- O-hexahydroxydiphenoylglucose exhibited remarkable inhibitory effect against d-GalN-induced damage. Telliamgrandin I especially completely suppressed both CCl 4- and d-GalN-induced cell damage, and thus is likely the principal constituent for the hepatoprotective effect of WP.     

Comparison of isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA data for determining intraspecific variation in Cucumis

Variation at isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci in eight cucumber and seven melon cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions were used to determine the utility of these markers for assessing genetic variation among populations of each species. Although dendrograms derived from cluster analyses using species' variation at marker loci were dissimilar, these disparities were consistent with differences in the pedigrees and/or other information (e.g., morphological) known about each accession and species. Empirical estimations of variances associated with each marker type in the cucumber and melon accessions examined indicate that, per band, lower coefficients of variation can be attained in the estimation of genetic difference when using RAPDs compared to isozymes. The disparity between the marker analyses made may be related to the amount of genome coverage characteristic of a particular marker system in a species and its efficiency in sampling variation in a population.     

不同栽培法对高蛋白饲料稻籽粒氨基酸含量的影响

通过田间小区试验分析探讨了水稻高蛋白高产栽培综合技术体系、三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法对湘丰早119（早稻）和培两优288（晚稻）稻米蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培法相比,水稻高蛋白高产栽培综合技术体系能明显促进灌浆中后期水稻功能叶和籽粒中谷草转氨酶和天冬氨酸激酶的活性,明显提高糙米氨基酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、人体7种必需氨基酸、猪11种必需氨基酸、鸡14种必需氨基酸和蛋白质含量、产量和蛋白质产量;能促进水稻功能叶、籽粒中谷草转氨酶和天冬氨酸激酶活性和提高糙米蛋白质产量。研究说明,水稻高蛋白高产栽培综合技术体系能满足高蛋白饲料稻高产优质栽培的需要。     

Geographical distribution of genes causing hybrid breakdown in varietal crosses of Asian cultivated rice

In a backcrossing program to introduce the wx (glutinous endosperm) gene from a Thai upland rice cultivar, Col.No.15, to a Japanese cultivar, Sasanishiki, of Asian cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L., weak plants were observed in the BC1F1 generation. These weak plants were characterized by poor growth and discoloration at the tillering stage, though they were completely fertile. Hybrid breakdown, which is defined as hybrid weakness and sterility detected in the F2 and later inbred generations of varietal crosses, is controlled by a pair of recessive genes, hwd1 and hwd2, at unlinked loci. Two dominant genes at either the same or different loci, Hwd1/Hwd1 hwd2/hwd2, hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/Hwd2 or Hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/hwd2, are needed for normal growth. Using tester lines homozygous for a pair of recessive genes selected in the BC1F3 generation, the genotypes for hybrid breakdown of 100 Asian rice cultivars were determined based on the phenotype of F1 plants. Clinal variation for hybrid breakdown was observed. Cultivars with two dominant alleles at either hwd1 or hwd2 locus, were mainly found in insular Asia (Japan, Philippines and Indonesia), while the frequency of cultivars with four dominant alleles was more common in cultivars from continental Asia. Roles of hybrid breakdown in genetic differentiation of Asian cultivated rice are discussed.     

Mycorrhizal etiology of favorable proteoid rhizogenesis,nodulation, and nitrogenase of lupines

Lupine (Lupinus albus L.) has been cultivated as a food‐grain legume for more than 3,000 years. Persistent productivity occurs on low fertility soils within regions of drought and unfavorable temperature extremes. Distinctive rhizosphere characteristics of Proteaceae genera include development of determinate rootlet clusters termed proteoids. This unique morphology contributes to adaptive tolerance with soil‐climate duress prohibitive to most food Leguminosae. Objectives of this study were to determine tripartite components for mycorrhizal colonization and effective Rhizobium symbiosis with proteoid nodulation governing productivity, nitrogenase activity and subsequent nitrogen (N) fixation of Lupine. Highest nitrogenase activity levels with largest top growth, nodulation and seed yield resulted with mycorrhizal colonization plus calcium (Ca) treatments. Mycorrhizal colonization without soil fertility amendments resulted in higher yields and nodulation than all phosphorus (P), Ca, and potassium (K) soil fertility treatment combinations without mycorrhizae. Phosphorus+Ca soil additions were greater than either plant nutrient used separately without mycorrhizal colonization. Nodule histological determinants were highly correlated with governing cytosol enzyme activity levels. Nitrate reductase (NR)was significantly lower and phosphoenol‐pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was significantly higher with mycorrhizal colonization. Differences were not significant for cytosol components of amine‐amide N, aspartate transaminase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine syn‐thetase (GS) and glutamate oxoglutarate transaminase (GOGAT).