猕猴桃AcWRKY70基因序列克隆及其对溃疡病病原菌和激素处理表达模式分析

为探究猕猴桃AcWRKY70转录因子在不同抗病性品种中响应猕猴桃溃疡病胁迫的作用机制,以抗性病品种徐香和高感病品种红阳猕猴桃叶片cDNA为模板克隆AcWRKY70基因,并对红阳AcWRKY70基因序列特征进行分析,对编码蛋白进行系统进化分析及亚细胞定位预测。通过RT-qPCR分析AcWRKY70基因的组织特异性,不同抗性猕猴桃品种对丁香假单胞杆菌猕猴桃致病变种(Psa)和水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理下表达模式的差异。结果显示,红阳AcWRKY70基因序列总长906 bp(GenBank登录号：MW881147),开放阅读框885 bp,编码294个氨基酸;含有典型的WRKYGQK保守结构域,锌指结构为C2-HC,属于WRKY家族第Ⅲ类组,亚细胞定位预测表明,其定位于细胞核,系统进化树分析表明,其与茶树亲缘关系最近。红阳和徐香AcWRKY70基因均在叶片中表达量最高。在Psa处理下,12 h徐香品种AcWRKY70基因相对表达量迅速上升至对照的80.58倍;而在红阳中48 h该基因相对表达水平上升至最高。在SA与Psa(SA+Psa)和MeJA与Psa(MeJA+Psa)共...     

红肉猕猴桃新品系SF-HY-0201遗传特性

以红肉猕猴桃品种"红阳"为对照,通过生物学特性调查、体细胞染色体数目的观察和ISSR标记分析,对红肉猕猴桃新品系SF-HY-0201形态水平、细胞水平和分子水平的遗传特性进行了检测和比较。结果表明,SF-HY-0201和红阳的花、叶、果等生物学特性均存在显著差异;SF-HY-0201和红阳的染色体均为2n=2x=58,都是二倍体;7对ISSR引物共扩增出56条带,其中多态性条带27条,达48.21%,各引物扩增的多态性条带数在1~8条之间,能揭示红阳与SF-HY-0201间的遗传差异,为今后猕猴桃育种和杂交亲本的选择提供依据。     

贵州西部‘红阳’猕猴桃溃疡病与温湿气象条件的联系

为了研究温湿气候变化对‘红阳’猕猴桃溃疡病发生的影响,以‘红阳’猕猴桃为试材,基于2013—2018年贵州猕猴桃主要种植区的水城县猴场、米箩、勺米、六枝特区郎岱、盘州市普古共5个试验区3—4月溃疡病监测资料以及同期温度、湿度、持续降雨日数资料,运用数理统计方法,分析溃疡病发生和流行与温度、湿度、持续降雨日数的联系。结果表明：‘红阳’猕猴桃溃疡病始发的气象条件为持续4天及以上有降水天气（日降水量≥0.1 mm）出现,且日平均温度≤15.0℃、日平均相对湿度≥80%,同时溃疡病始发之后继续维持1天及以上的低温阴雨高湿天气;溃疡病流行的气象条件为持续4天及以上有降水天气（日降水量≥0.1 mm）出现,且日平均温度≤18.0℃、日平均相对湿度≥80%,同时溃疡病流行之后继续维持1天及以上的低温阴雨高湿天气。贵州西部‘红阳’猕猴桃溃疡病的发生、流行对温湿变化有较好的响应。     

2种药剂对猕猴桃溃疡病防治效果较为明显

<正>为探讨有效防治猕猴桃溃疡病方法,陕西省农村科技开发中心联合陕西西大华特科技实业有限公司科研人员在周至县楼观台镇田峪河果园,以春季高接换头海沃德、西选二号、华优、红阳4个猕猴桃品种为试材,用梧宁霉素、农用链霉素、噻霉酮、醚菌酯喷雾处理,以甲基托布津喷雾为对照;用噻霉酮涂抹剂及多羟基双萘醛涂抹进行了防治试验。     

红阳猕猴桃溃疡病的发生及其综合防治

<正>红阳猕猴桃自1997年开始在金华市栽培,与传统绿色猕猴桃相比,红阳猕猴桃口味浓甜,香气浓郁,品质极优,深受消费者欢迎,市场售价高,种植效益好,近几年在金华市的栽培面积逐渐扩大。但该品种极易感染溃疡病,此病是严重影响猕猴桃产业的毁灭性病害,应引起种植户及相关部门的重视。现将溃疡病的发病症状、发生原因以及综合防治措施介绍如下:1.发病症状该病以为害1~2年生枝梢为主,一般不为害根和     

如何防治猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病

<正>猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病是一种腐生性强,又极能耐低温的细菌性病害,侵染传播具有隐蔽性,发生具有暴发性,危害具有毁灭性,对猕猴桃产业最具威胁,广大种植户应抓住关键时期,及时采取有效措施进行综合防治。选用抗病品种。目前生产上应用的优良品种有徐香、金魁、华优、海沃德等品种较抗病,红阳等品种最易感病,应慎重发展。     

猕猴桃高产栽培技术

一、选择好品种 猕猴桃品种较多，要选择高产优质品种栽培，如秦美、红阳、川猕2号、川猕3号、海沃特、布鲁诺、青城1号等。     

云南几个苹果新品种对腐烂病的抗性鉴定

为了引进抗腐烂病新品种,调整云南苹果品种结构,需要对新拟引进品种抗性进行鉴定。以目前主栽品种红富士作为对照,通过观察果园自然发病程度和人工接种腐烂病原菌进行抗性鉴定相结合,对苹果品种对腐烂病的抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,这些测试的苹果新品种对苹果树腐烂病的抗性均存在差异,云南6个苹果新品种对腐烂病的抗性均比主栽品种红富士强。其中斯维塔、玉华早富对腐烂病的抗性表现较好,其次为新嘎啦、短枝富士、皇家嘎啦和金世纪。通过鉴定,明确这些品种均为云南未来可以推广使用的抗腐烂病的新品种。     

高山红阳猕猴桃栽培管理技术

红阳猕猴桃是我国特有的红肉果型品种,其果实细嫩甜美、外形美观,具有丰富的营养价值,同时具有一定的药用价值,受到人民群众的普遍喜爱和欢迎。随着社会经济的发展,人们生活水平逐渐提升,对高档水果的需求逐渐增加。主要从建园选择、定植时间及方法、幼树管理、整形修剪、水肥管理、病虫害管理、果实套袋与果实采收8个方面,对高山红阳猕猴桃栽培管理技术进行了详细分析。     

早熟油桃紫金红1号亲本的SSR鉴定

油桃新品种紫金红1号是从早熟油桃中实生选育的,果实经济性状优良.以23个疑似亲本的油桃品种为试材,利用SSR标记共显性的特点,进行了紫金红1号亲本鉴定.SSR-PCR扩增结果表明,163对SSR引物中有48对能在试材中扩增出多态性良好、谱带清晰的产物,其中17对SSR引物扩增出的20个SSR位点呈现共显性带型.基于185个SSR等位基因信息的亲缘关系分析发现,紫金红1号与早红2号之间的亲缘关系最近,相似系数为0.881,在树状图上也聚为一类.经共显性SSR位点遗传规律分析,使用3个SSR引物(CPPCT15、BPPCT031、UDP96-018)的扩增位点,可排除早红2号以外的其他品种作为紫金红1号亲本的可能.认为早红2号自交获得紫金红1号可能性很大,或至少是其亲本之一.     

Inheritance of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and genetic correlations with fruit characters in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit, caused by a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), has resulted in serious damage to kiwifruit industry worldwide. The variability and inheritance of resistance to Psa and fruit characters in a disconnected factorial mating population of diploid Actinidia chinensis Planch were investigated. Significant variation in all characters was found, and this appeared to be under polygenic control. Results indicated the extent and nature of genetic variation in Psa resistance available in our breeding gene pool. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability were moderate-high to high for Psa resistance, fruit weight, dry matter content (DM) and soluble solids contents (SSC), but low for fruit number per vine. The moderate-high heritability for Psa resistance indicated a genetic control of the observed variation, and selection for Psa resistance could be possible. Psa resistance had a high negative genetic correlation with fruit number per vine, but a moderate positive correlation with fruit weight, DM and SSC. The results implied that yield penalty of Psa resistance might exist in kiwifruit. Thus, selection strategies based on Psa resistance need to take account of its negative correlation with fruit number per vine. Male and female parents useful for improving Psa resistance and fruit characters simultaneously were identified. Two full-sib families were outstanding, as they combined high degrees of resistance to Psa with high yield components and reasonable amounts of DM and SSC.     

Postharvest performance of the yellow-fleshed ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit in relation to fruit maturation

Postharvest performance of fruit is dependent on the maturity or physiological state of the fruit at harvest in conjunction with the postharvest management applied. For yellow-fleshed kiwifruit, the flesh colour is a significant quality attribute, and for ‘Hort16A’, flesh colour has been used for timing harvest. Variability in the postharvest performance of ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit suggests that flesh colour alone is not as strongly indicative of postharvest performance as soluble solids content (SSC) was found to be for ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit 30 years ago. The postharvest performance of ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit, assessed as the fruit firmness and chilling injury expression during storage, has been associated with a range of fruit characteristics: flesh colour, SSC, firmness, seed colour, fresh weight, dry matter, starch and soluble carbohydrates measured at harvest throughout maturation. The changing responses of the fruit SSC to temperature, and softening to ethylene, have also been determined. The data illustrate the complex nature of ‘Hort16A’ fruit maturation, even when looking only at simple, easy-to-measure fruit attributes. While a yellow flesh colour is a commercial necessity for ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit, flesh colour is not a robust indicator of postharvest performance and is not tightly linked to SSC or firmness. Changes in the capacity of fruit to respond to temperature or ethylene are not reflected in on-vine changes. Softening in storage is strongly linked to the softening rate occurring on the vine at the time of harvest. Any association between at-harvest characteristics and chilling susceptibility is less clear, and chilling tolerance appears more associated with the completion of growth and carbohydrate accumulation than with increased soluble solids accumulation rates as in ‘Hayward’. Approaches to extend the understanding of the link between maturation, harvest indices and postharvest performance are discussed.     

多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄抗晚疫病关系

以对番茄晚疫病抗性较强的番茄品种‘25-1’和易感染番茄晚疫病的品种‘京乐502’为试材,通过人工接种病原的方法,研究多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄品种晚疫病抗性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）健康叶多酚类和甾醇类含量在2 个品种间无显著差异;黄酮类含量抗病品种‘25-1’显著高于感病品种‘京乐502’。（2）接种后,多酚类和黄酮类含量在2 个品种中均呈先增后减的趋势。峰值出现时间‘京乐502’晚于‘25-1’。总甾醇含量与番茄晚疫病抗性密切相关。接种晚疫病病原后,2 个品种中总甾醇含量均都呈下降趋势。随着病情的发展,感病品种‘京乐502’的总甾醇含量迅速下降,抗病品种‘25-1’下降较为缓慢。     

黔东南州红心猕猴桃叶尖干枯病病原鉴定

为减少黔东南州的红心猕猴桃病害危害、保证产品质量,对产区内的新病害发生情况进行调查研究及病原鉴定。采用组织分离法对病叶进行病原菌分离,使用核糖体rDNA-ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)区序列分析法进行DNA测序,使用MEGA 4.0软件构建分子进化树,结合形态学观察对致病菌进行分类鉴定。结果表明,由病原菌高粱附球菌(Epicoccum sorghinum)导致的一种新病害——叶尖干枯病对红心猕猴桃有严重危害。     

New sources of resistance for stripe rust in barley

Eight spring barley accessions from the gene bank in Gatersleben, Germany, and 10 cultivars were tested for stripe rust resistance. Tests were performed at the seedling stage in the growth chamber and as adult plants in the field. All accessions and six cultivars were scored as resistant against race 24 under all test conditions, with very few plants as exceptions, while the susceptible control cultivars ‘Karat’ and ‘Certina’, and four other cultivars were attacked in all cases. Differences between accessions and between cultivars were detected after infection with isolates from ‘Trumpf’ and ‘Bigo’ (seedling tests only). Infection structures within seedling leaves without pustules and for the first time within leaves of adult plants from the field were analysed by fluorescence microscopy. With this method additional genetic Differences in the resistance reaction could be detected which could not to be seen in the resistance test. Crosses between the accessions and the susceptible cultivar ‘Karat’ led to segregating F₂ progenies. The percentage of resistant plants varied between the accessions. This also indicates a different genetic basis of resistance in the accessions. The infection structures observed by fluorescence microscopy stopped earlier in leaves of the two accessions HOR 8979 and HOR 8991 than in leaves of other accessions in all the tests. These accessions were the only ones with more than 50% resistant plants in all F₂ tests. In general, the accessions from the gene bank can be used as new resistance sources against stripe rust.     

Inheritance of salt tolerance in rice

Summary The genetic behavior of salt tolerance was studied in artificially salinized conditions at the International Rice Research Institute.Divergent selection, carried out at a salinity level where the ECe was 15.2 mmhos/cm at 25 C in F₃ lines from two crosses confirmed the effects of salt tolerance on F₄ progeny with realized heritability values of 0.39 and 0.62, respectively.In a cross between two tolerant cultivars there was clear over-dominance for tolerance, despite the high environmental fluctuation which resulted in a low genetic response as indicated by a low but significant repeatability of 0.20–0.25, and many progeny lines more tolerant than the parents were recovered. The superior tolerance of these progenies compared to the parents was confirmed subsequently at 3 different salt levels. In the same experiment a cross between tolerant and susceptible cultivars produced some progeny of comparable tolerance with tolerant sources.In a 6×6 diallel cross experiment with two tolerant, moderate, and susceptible varieties each, both general and specific combining ability were significant.The findings indicate the possibility of breeding rices more tolerant than existing tolerant cultivars through cumulative crosses of tolerant cultivars. Further improvement can be attained by crossing highly tolerant lines with donors of good agronomic traits and pest and disease resistance.     

四川省丁香假单胞猕猴桃致病变种的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省猕猴桃溃疡病菌丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa)的遗传多样性及群组划分与地理来源的相关性。以四川省不同地理来源的40个Psa菌株为研究试材,用rep-PCR技术进行分子标记,NTSYS软件分析UPGMA聚类。3对rep-PCR检测引物(REP、ERIC和BOX)共获得42个位点,其中38个为多态位点,占90.5%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,以相似系数为0.70阀值时,40个Psa菌株被分为2个类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),其中85.0%的菌株属于第Ⅱ类群;在相似性系数为0.80时,第Ⅰ类又可分为2个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2),第Ⅱ类则分为5个亚类(Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3、Ⅱ-4、Ⅱ-5),菌株无明显的采集地聚类。以上结果表明,四川省各地区的猕猴桃溃疡病菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

Classification of Brazilian wheat cultivars for aluminium toxicity in acid soils

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is an important limiting factor for wheat Triticum aestivum L. adaptation to acid soils in different regions of Brazil. The purpose of this research was to classify the reaction of recommended wheat cultivars in Brazil in relation to Al toxicity. Seventy-five cultivars were tested from 3 to 15 years under field conditions from 1980 to 1995 in Passo Fundo, Brazil. Soils with pH between 4.2 and 4.9 contained from 2.50 to 4.27 cmol Al/1. The resistance to aluminium in acid soil was evaluated visually before heading time in some years and at maturity in all years in three replications, using a score ranging from 0.5 (highly resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). Using the over-years mean index, 19 cultivars were classified as resistant, 33 as moderately resistant, 17 as moderately susceptible, and six as susceptible. The cultivars ‘BH 1146’, ‘Embrapa 15’, ‘Embrapa 24’, ‘Embrapa 49’, ‘IAC 5-Maringá’, ‘IAC 18-Xavantes’, ‘IAC 27-Pantaneiro’, ‘IAPAR 46’, ‘IAPAR 53’, ‘RS 8-Westphalen’, Trigo BR 15’, ‘Trigo BR 20-Guató’, ‘Trigo BR 25’, ‘Trigo BR 35’, and ‘Trigo BR 41-Ofaié’ were the most Al resistant of the 75 tested. It is highly probable that all Brazihan Altolerant cultivars have a major gene known to be on the long arm of chromosome 4D. Aluminium tolerance was traced by pedigree analysis to a small number of landraces introduced and grown in Brazil in the early twentieth century. Breeding for resistance to Al is required because soil amehoration by liming is effective only in the upper root zone and susceptible or moderately susceptible cultivars do not develop extensive root systems and suffer under drought or heat stress.     

Microstructural characterisation of commercial kiwifruit cultivars using X-ray micro computed tomography

The skin is the physical barrier between the fruit and the environment in which it develops. Environmental conditions during fruit development have a large influence on fruit quality, both at the time of harvest and during subsequent storage. It is hypothesised that some features of the skin and sub-epidermal tissues could provide information about the past growing conditions to which the fruit was exposed and therefore be of predictive value for storage quality. In this study, five commercial kiwifruit cultivars (‘Hayward’, ‘Hort16A’, ‘G3’, ‘G9’ and ‘G14’) were studied, and ‘Hayward’ fruit were manipulated during growth with different cultural practices. After harvest at horticultural maturity, X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) was used to investigate features of the skin and the immediate parenchyma tissue. Despite orchard management practices (crop load and girdling) being observed to effect macro fruit quality parameters (mass, firmness, SSC, and DM), differences in microstructure (e.g. porosity) caused by these practices were not observed. However, porosity and pore size were found to be highly variable between cultivars. The thickness of dense sub-epidermal tissue could be readily measured and the 3-D distribution of raphide bundles was visible as high density particles distributed within the parenchyma. Overall, μCT was found to be a powerful technique to explore fruit epidermal and sub-epidermal structures in three dimensions at a micro level. However, the length of time required for data capture and analysis and the large number of samples required to overcome natural variation within horticultural products need to be considered. Future work may define the impact of differences in porosity or sub-epidermal anatomy on kiwifruit physiology (e.g. firmness change or sensitivity to low oxygen storage atmospheres). With this information, μCT could be used as a screening tool during plant breeding, or to determine the response to agronomic treatments, without conducting lengthy storage trials.     

Changes in volatile production and sensory quality of kiwifruit during fruit maturation in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and A. chinensis ‘Hort16A’

Although volatiles have been previously studied in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), there has been no co-ordinated study of volatile release and softening through the full edible period. In this report, the two most important commercial cultivars A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and A. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ were evaluated for volatiles released at different ripening stages corresponding to their typical commercial shelf life, and compared to the sensory quality assessed by a trained taste panel. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data indicated that large amounts of straight-chain aldehydes and esters were the dominant volatiles in the two cultivars. In particular, butanoates, the main fruity esters in both fruit, significantly increased during ripening and an extremely high level of butanoates was found in the over-ripe fruit. Sensory results indicated that with fruit softening, some of the changes in volatile content could explain changes in fruit flavor detected by a trained panel, and differences in characteristic flavor of the two cultivars. The results have implications for fruit sample handling and volatile assessment.