Beneficial Effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on Blood Glucose and Pancreatic Antioxidant System in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of S-allyl cysteine (SAC) on the antioxidant defense system of pancreas in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetes in rats. The levels of blood glucose and TBARS in plasma and pancreas were estimated in control and experimental groups of rats. To assess the changes in the cellular antioxidant defense system, the level of reduced glutathione in plasma and pancreas and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were assayed in pancreatic tissue homogenate. The levels of glucose, TBARS and enzymatic antioxidants were altered in diabetic rats. These alterations were reverted back to near control levels after the treatment of SAC. The antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of SAC was compared with glyclazide, a well-known hypoglycemic drug. These findings suggest that SAC treatment exerts a therapeutic protective nature in diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress.     

Interaction of Dietary Fat and Soybean Isolate (SBI) on Azaserine-induced Pancreatic Carcinogenesis

Raw soybean flour contains high levels of both soybean trypsin inhibitor and unsaturated fat. The chronic ingestion of this flour enhances pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats that have been treated with pancreatic carcinogens. In these studies we have examined the separate and combined effects of trypsin inhibitor in purified soybean isolate (SBI) and a high level of unsaturated fat fed during the postinitiation phase of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were injected with the known pancreatic carcinogen azaserine (30 mg/kg, ip) 14 days after birth and were weaned to the test diets. No further exposure to carcinogen occurred. Dietary composition (% by weight) of fat (corn oil) was either 5%, or for the high fat group 20%. Dietary protein (20% in all diets) was supplied as either casein, or heated or raw SBI. All diets were fedad libitum for the postinitiation phase. The number and size of transections of azaserine-induced putative, preneoplastic foci and the volume of pancreas occupied by these foci were determined by light microscopy. High fat diet increased the number and transectional size of the azaserine-induced foci as compared to the control (5% corn oil) group. The volume of pancreas occupied by foci doubled. Heated SBI had no effect upon the foci. Raw SBI, however, significantly increased the number and size of foci. The combination of raw SBI plus the high fat diet elicited an increase in focal growth that was greater than that produced by either component alone. These observations indicated that both trypsin inhibitor and the high unsaturated fat content of raw soy flour contribute to the enhancement or promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis.     

Effect of feeding crude Red Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) and grain Amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) to hens on total lipids,cholesterol, PUFA levels and acceptability of eggs

Eggs, though a very nutritious food, also have high amounts of cholesterol and hence are not recommended to be consumed regularly by persons having hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this context, an attempt was made in this study to reduce the cholesterol content of eggs by diet manipulation, using two naturally available and already proved hypocholesteromic agents [Red Palm Oil (RPO) and Grain Amaranth]. Thirteen experimental rations using raw and popped grain Amaranth and RPO were fed to 24 weeks old hens for a period of 6 weeks, singularly and in combinations. Total lipids, cholesterol and PUFA contents were analyzed in the experimental and control eggs. The results showed that RPO and RPO + Popped Amaranth feeding resulted in a maximum reduction in total lipids and cholesterol contents. Significant increase was observed in linoleic acid content in RPO + popped Amaranth; raw Amaranth and RPO fed groups. Acceptability studies showed that the products made from lower cholesterol eggs were well accepted.     

茶叶对老龄大鼠血糖、血脂及抗氧化功能的影响

108只12月龄退役SD大鼠分成13组经二个半月的红、绿茶添加饲料和茶汤的饲喂试验,结果表明,红茶和绿茶无论是干茶添加在饲料中还是茶汤,各处理均能显著降低老龄大鼠的血糖含量（P＜0．05）、血脂含量（P＜0．01）;显著提高其SOD酶活力（P＜0．01）;显著降低其MDA含量（红茶达P＜0．01水平,绿茶达P＜0．05水平）,其中绿茶降血脂能力比红茶强,而红茶抗氧化效果比绿茶显著。后者说明,茶叶的生物抗氧化机制除茶多酚类物质起作用外,还存在着其他更为重要的机制。     

Positive Effects of Astaxanthin on Lipid Profiles and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Subjects

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, has antioxidant activity as well as many positive effects, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight and obese adults in Korea. In total, 27 subjects with body mass index >25.0 kg/m² were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups administered astaxanthin or placebo capsules for 12 weeks. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured before and after intervention. Malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostane (ISP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as oxidative stress biomarkers, were measured at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after intervention. LDL cholesterol and ApoB were significantly lower after treatment with astaxanthin, compared with the start of administration, whereas none of the lipid profiles was changed in the placebo group. At the baseline, all four biomarkers were not significantly different between the two groups. Compared with the placebo group, MDA and ISP were significantly lower, but TAC was significantly higher in the astaxanthin group at 12 weeks. These results suggest that supplementary astaxanthin has positive effects by improving the LDL cholesterol, ApoB, and oxidative stress biomarkers.     

Influence of Amino Acid Compositions and Peptide Profiles on Antioxidant Capacities of Two Protein Hydrolysates from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Dark Muscle

Influence of amino acid compositions and peptide profiles on antioxidant capacities of two protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dark muscle was investigated. Dark muscles from skipjack tuna were hydrolyzed using five separate proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, Neutrase, papain and Alcalase. Two hydrolysates, ATH and NTH, prepared using Alcalase and Neutrase, respectively, showed the strongest antioxidant capacities and were further fractionated using ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Two fractions, Fr.A3 and Fr.B2, isolated from ATH and NTH, respectively, showed strong radical scavenging activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (EC₅₀ 1.08% ± 0.08% and 0.98% ± 0.07%), hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ 0.22% ± 0.03% and 0.48% ± 0.05%), and superoxide anion radicals (EC₅₀ 1.31% ± 0.11% and 1.56% ± 1.03%) and effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. Eighteen peptides from Fr.A3 and 13 peptides from Fr.B2 were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. The elevated antioxidant activity of Fr.A3 might be due to its high content of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues (181.1 and 469.9 residues/1000 residues, respectively), small molecular sizes (3–6 peptides), low molecular weights (524.78 kDa), and amino acid sequences (antioxidant score 6.11). This study confirmed that a smaller molecular size, the presence of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues, and the amino acid sequences were the key factors that determined the antioxidant activities of the proteins, hydrolysates and peptides. The results also demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates and fractions from skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) dark muscles could prevent oxidative reactions and might be useful for food preservation and medicinal purposes.     

Acute Effects of Pomegranate Extract on Postprandial Lipaemia, Vascular Function and Blood Pressure

We investigated whether a test drink enriched in pomegranate polyphenols, consumed with a high-fat meal, can reduce postprandial lipaemia and improve vascular function and blood pressure compared to placebo. Nineteen young, healthy men completed a randomized, controlled crossover trial. The active drink (containing a pomegranate extract) was consumed during a high-fat meal (ET-DUR) or 15 min before (ET-PRE), and the placebo drink (no pomegranate extract) was consumed during the high-fat meal (CONTROL). Postprandial lipaemia was assessed by venous plasma TAG 0–2 h, and capillary plasma TAG 0–4 h. Blood pressure and digital volume pulse, to measure reflection index (DVP-RI) and stiffness index (DVP-SI), were monitored at baseline, 2 and 4 h. There was no inhibition of postprandial lipaemia by the active drink compared to CONTROL. ET-PRE caused a greater increase in the venous plasma TAG at 2 h compared to CONTROL and ET-DUR (treatment effect P?=?0.001). The incremental area under the curve 0–4 h for capillary plasma TAG was not significantly different between treatments. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased in the ET-PRE and ET-DUR groups to a lesser extent than the CONTROL group (treatment effect P?=?0.041). There were no treatment effects for DVP-RI, DVP-SI or diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, the consumption of a single drink containing ET-rich pomegranate extract did not decrease postprandial plasma TAG concentrations, but suppressed the postprandial increase in SBP following the high-fat meal.     

超高压处理对豆乳总多酚、类黄酮含量及其抗氧化性的影响

研究了豆乳经超高压处理后,其总多酚、类黄酮含量的变化,并用DPPH法、FRAP法分析了上述处理对豆乳体外抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明:200 MPa处理对豆乳中总多酚无显著影响(P>0.05),300、400、500 MPa处理后的总多酚则显著增加(P<0.05),加热处理后显著下降(P<0.05).400、500 MP...     

Effects of germination and kilning on the phenolic compounds and nutritional properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) are nutritious pseudocereals that originate from the Andean region. The aim of this research was to study the effect of germination and the subsequent kilning on the phenolic compounds and proximate composition in selected Peruvian varieties of quinoa (“Chullpi”) and kiwicha (“Oscar Blanco”). The germination process was carried out for 24, 48 and 72 h at 22 °C, and the kilning was performed with samples germinated for 72 h by drying the seeds at 90 °C for 5 min. Both processes increased the protein content of the samples. However, lipid content was reduced during germination. On the other hand, germination and kilning clearly increased the concentration of total phenolic compounds in both quinoa and kiwicha. Germination for 72 h either with or without kilning process resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total content of phenolics compared to untreated materials, which was especially due to coumaric acid and a kaempferol tri-glycoside in quinoa and caffeoylquinic acid in kiwicha. Based on the results, germination and kilning may improve the nutritional quality of the Andean grains, encouraging the usage of the processed grains as ingredients in functional products for people with special gluten-free or vegetarian diets.     

Increasing the Antioxidant Activity,Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents by Optimizing the Germination Conditions of Amaranth Seeds

The aim of this study was to optimize the germination conditions of amaranth seeds that would maximize the antioxidant activity (AoxA), total phenolic (TPC), and flavonoid (TFC) contents. To optimize the germination bioprocess, response surface methodology was applied over three response variables (AoxA, TPC, TFC). A central composite rotable experimental design with two factors [germination temperature (GT), 20–45?ºC; germination time (Gt), 14–120 h] in five levels was used; 13 treatments were generated. The amaranth seeds were soaked in distilled water (25 °C/6 h) before germination. The sprouts from each treatment were dried (50 °C/8 h), cooled, and ground to obtain germinated amaranth flours (GAF). The best combination of germination bioprocess variables for producing optimized GAF with the highest AoxA [21.56 mmol trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g sample, dw], TPC [247.63 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g sample, dw], and TFC [81.39 mg catechin equivalent (CAE)/100 g sample, dw] was GT?=?30?ºC/Gt?=?78 h. The germination bioprocess increased AoxA, TPC, and TFC in 300–470, 829, and 213 %, respectively. The germination is an effective strategy to increase the TPC and TFC of amaranth seeds for enhancing functionality with improved antioxidant activity.     

铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响

为了阐明黑麦对铝毒害的抵御机理,研究了铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响。结果表明,在铝胁迫条件下,黑麦幼苗根伸长生长受到抑制,且随A l3 浓度的增加,抑制程度加重;根尖和叶片的超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(M DA)含量均随A l3 浓度的增加呈现先增后降的趋势;根和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量增加,有助于将活性氧控制在一定浓度范围内,可有效地避免活性氧伤害。     

Effects of Blackcurrant and Dietary Fibers on Large Intestinal Health Biomarkers in Rats

This study examined the effects of anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract and dietary fibers individually and their combinations on biomarkers of large intestinal health in rats. After six weeks of feeding, rats fed diets with blackcurrant gained significantly less body weight and reduced their food intake resulting in a lower food efficiency compared with those rats fed control diets. Combining dietary fiber (apple or broccoli) with blackcurrant in the diet was more effective in reducing the body weight gain and food intake. Cecal bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acids differed between the experimental diets. Blackcurrants significantly altered the bacterial populations by increasing the abundance of Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group and Lactobacillus spp., while decreasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium perfringens. Propionic acid concentrations were increased by the diets with blackcurrant. Butyric acid concentrations were increased by dietary fiber supplementation. Dietary fiber increased the number of goblet cells in the colon. Diets with blackcurrant were more effective in altering the biomarkers of large intestinal health than those without blackcurrant.     

干旱胁迫对扁穗牛鞭草叶片抗氧化系统及膜脂过氧化的影响

通过室内盆栽试验,以抗旱能力不同的H036、H042、广益、2003-5扁穗牛鞭草为材料,定期测定土壤含水量、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛（MDA）、电导率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）等生理指标,研究干旱胁迫下扁穗牛鞭草叶片膜脂过氧化作用、非酶类保护物质含量和保护酶活性的生理变化情况,探讨扁穗牛鞭草材料之间抗旱机制的差异。结果表明：在干旱胁迫期间,扁穗牛鞭草叶片的MDA含量升高,而两种有关活性氧清除的物质CAT和SOD活性先增强后减弱,而非酶类抗氧化物质GSH含量呈现下降趋势。与抗旱性弱的扁穗牛鞭草材料相比,抗旱性强的材料,酶活性相对较高,丙二醛含量较低,在恢复正常供水后,能较快达到正常水平。综上所述,抗旱性强的扁穗牛鞭草材料在干旱胁迫下酶类和非酶类抗氧化保护系统比抗旱性弱的强。     

The Influence of Maca (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepidium meyenii</Emphasis>) on Antioxidant Status,Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Rat

This work focused on the effect of maca on lipid, anti-oxidative, and glucose parameters in hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rat. Maca (1%) was administred to rats as a part of a high-sucrose diet (HSD) for 2 weeks. Rosiglitazone (0.02%) was used as a positive control. Maca significantly decreased the levels of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins), LDL (low density lipoproteins), and total cholesterol, and also the level of TAG (triacylglycerols) in the plasma, VLDL, and liver. Maca, as well as rosiglitazone, significantly improved glucose tolerance, as the decrease of AUC (area under the curve) of glucose showed, and lowered levels of glucose in blood. The activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase) in the liver, the GPX (glutathione peroxidase) in the blood, and the level of GSH (glutathione) in liver increased in all cases significantly. Results demonstrate that maca seems to be promising for a positive influence on chronic human diseases (characterized by atherogenous lipoprotein profile, aggravated antioxidative status, and impaired glucose tolerance), and their prevention.     

磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同浓度磷对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长、叶片和根系中脂质过氧化特性及其抗氧化酶活性的变化.研究表明,盐胁迫下,增施磷可明显缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,各器官含水量增加,改善植株体内的水分代谢状况.随磷含量增加,玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性逐渐降低,叶绿素含量增加,叶片和根系中SOD、CAT和POD活性明显增加...     

Chia Sprouts Elicitation with Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide to Improve their Phenolic Content,Antioxidant Capacities In Vitro and the Antioxidant Status in Obese Rats

Elicitation is a biotechnological approach to improve phenolic compounds content and antioxidant properties of ready-to-eat functional foods. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical elicitation effects using salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in optimized-germination conditions on seedling vigor, phenolic content, and their antioxidant capacities in vitro and serum and urine of Wistar obese rats. Optimized-germination conditions of 26.5 °C and 178 h produced a 64% of germination and a sprout length of 56 mm. Only, the elicitation with H₂O₂ (20 mM) enhanced the germination (75%) and H₂O₂ (10 and 20 mM) the sprout length (69 and 59 mm, respectively). In contrast, both elicitors enhanced phenolic contents, being more significant total phenolic compounds content for SA (1 and 2 mM), up to 65.5–73.5%. SA and H₂O₂ improved total flavonoids content (36.5–64.1%), ABTS (19.3–61.1%), and DPPH capacities (51–86%), depending on SA and H₂O₂ concentration, compared with non-elicited chia sprouts. The QUENCHER antioxidant capacities of elicited chia sprouts increased up to three times more than extracts capacities, principally Q-ABTS, which could be attributed to phenolic bounds to dietary fiber. Rats fed with a high-fat and fructose diet (HFFD) and supplemented with chia sprouts, especially 1-mM SA, improve the obesity-related oxidative stress through an increase of antioxidant capacities, using DPPH and ABTS test, on serum (70–118%) and urine samples (80–116%). These results suggest that chia sprouts elicited with 1-mM SA are a source of antioxidant compounds that can be used to decrease obesity related oxidative stress.

     

富硒富锌绿茶对大鼠硒锌营养和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验通过正常和硒锌缺乏大鼠模型,研究了富硒富锌绿茶(SZT)对机体硒锌营养和抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,正常膳食中添加SZT,不影响硒锌的利用率,可以显著提高机体硒水平和抗氧化能力,且不会因硒锌过量而导致机体急、慢性中毒或病理变化.低硒锌膳食中补充SZT,能够显著改善大鼠硒锌缺乏症状,提高机体硒锌水平,增强抗氧化酶活力,降低丙二醛含量,缓解氧化应激,且功效显著优于无机硒锌.     

Chemical Composition and Bile Acid Binding Activity of Products Obtained from Amaranth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus cruentus</Emphasis>) Seeds

Cardiovascular diseases are currently the greatest cause of mortality in the world, and dislipidemia is appearing as one of the most important risk factors. The binding of bile acids (BAs) has been hypothesized as a possible mechanism by which dietary fibers lower blood cholesterol levels. Besides the fibers, other components in the amaranth seeds may be related to this hypocholesterolemic effect. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the BA binding capacity of some products obtained from defatted amaranth flour (DAF) and from the amaranth protein concentrate (APC). The alkaline residue, rich in fibers (8.6%), presented the lowest binding activity for the BAs tested, with the exception of glycocholic acid. The DAF showed intermediary binding activity for all the BAs tested, although similar to that of the APC for deoxycholic acid, and to that of the amaranth protein hydrolysate (APH) for taurocholic acid. The DAF and APC showed binding activity for secondary bile acids toxic to the intestinal mucus. From the results, amaranth products were shown to have the ability to bind BAs, but it was not possible to affirm whether the main component responsible for this activity was the proteins, fibers or eventually some other non-evaluated component.