基于高光谱技术的基质含水率快速测定方法

为了寻找一种基质含水率的快速检测方法,应用高光谱技术获得不同含水率基质样品光谱信息,阐释基质含水率光谱规律,对基质含水率进行定量分析,为设施基质栽培水分快速测定提供参考。以稻壳基质为研究对象,对基质光谱信息进行基线校正和平滑处理后,利用逐步回归分析法提取稻壳基质光谱反射率一阶微分变换的敏感波段,建立基于敏感波段组合的基质含水率预测模型,并对模型进行了检验。结果表明,在敏感波段527、796和959 nm处,采用反射率一阶微分建立的稻壳基质含水率三波段指数预测模型的预测效果较好,模型预测相关系数(RP)为0.91,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为5.55%,可以实现对稻壳基质含水率的快速准确检测。     

基于相关分析技术的近红外光谱信息特征提取

运用信号分析的理论，研究了把相关分析技术应用于近红外光谱信息特征提取的方法.结果表明：通过相关处理，光谱信息特征得到分离和增强，可以作为一种光谱信息特征提取的有效方法用于定性和定量分析，为解决近红外光谱检测中光谱叠加、信息率低等难题提供了一种方法。     

水培番茄施钾量诊断模型

探讨了不同施钾水平下水培番茄叶片光谱信息的变化规律，建立了基于水培番茄叶光谱信息施钾量的预测模型。研究表明:不同施钾水平下水培番茄叶片的光谱信息在整个测试范围（350～2 500 nm）内的变化规律比较复杂，在可见光波段469～743 nm和近红外波段743～1 392 nm、1 500～1 785 nm，高水平和低水平钾的叶片光谱反射率均低于正常养分的光谱反射率；在1 450 nm处，番茄叶片的光谱反射率随着施钾量的增加而增大。      

基于近红外光谱信息的土壤电导率预测模型研究

利用土壤含水率与近红外光谱土壤反射率和土壤电导率三者之间的关系,以土壤含水率为中间变量,间接表达土壤光谱反射率和土壤电导率之间的关系。土壤含水率与土壤光谱反射率存在指数关系,土壤含水率与土壤电导率存在线性关系,消除中间变量（土壤含水率）,得到土壤光谱反射率和土壤电导率之间的关系。以土壤水分敏感波段1450nm作为研究对象,研究土壤电导率的预测模型,分别建立指数预测模型和对数预测模型,并分别对两种模型进行验证。本文实验建模集样本72个,验证集样本48个,土壤电导率对数预测模型R2达0.80,土壤电导率指数预测模型R2达0.85,预测效果均可满足农田电导率估算,但对数模型在土壤电导率较低区间预测效果不理想,因此土壤电导率指数预测模型预测效果优于对数模型的预测效果。研究结果表明,土壤光谱反射率预测土壤电导率的方案可行,并为光谱信息预测土壤电导率提供了新思路。     

运用近红外漫反射技术检测苹果内部品质

为了建立山东烟台富士苹果糖度和硬度的近红外光谱测定法,本实验应用光纤漫反射近红外光谱检测技术快速定量分析苹果的糖分含量和硬度。使用偏最小二乘法建立预测模型,样品糖分预测值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.97210,校正标准差(RMSEC)为0.363;样品硬度预测值和实测值的相关系数为0.95452,校正标准差(RMSEC)为0.594。通过本次试验研究表明,近红外光谱测定法能准确地对富士苹果糖分含量和硬度进行无损快速定量分析。     

基于扫描成像的作物近地高光谱获取与特征分析

为了验证自主研制的扫描成像光谱仪（PIS）在近地应用的可行性,该文以小麦、玉米为研究对象,利用PIS近地获取作物冠层和叶片的高光谱图像,在对田间和室内获得的成像数据进行对比分析的同时,探讨了成像光谱采集过程中的影响因素。此外,将PIS获取的成像高光谱与地物光谱仪（ASD）测定的高光谱进行比对研究。结果表明：PIS能准确收集作物的光谱信息,且采集的高光谱数据与ASD具有很好的一致性;PIS在田间采集作物光谱信息时,受氧气吸收的影响,在760 nm处有明显的干扰吸收;PIS除了能反映作物不同叶位叶片、不同器官光谱的差异,还可依据影像提取杂草、土壤对作物冠层光谱的影响程度。上述初步结果为进一步应用PIS进行农作物长势诊断提供了参考。     

马铃薯晚疫病叶片SPAD值的高光谱研究

对晚疫病害胁迫下马铃薯叶片中叶绿素含量(SPAD)及植被指数与高光谱特性进行了关联研究。首先,对接种晚疫病菌的马铃薯叶片进行连续观测7天,获取375~1 018nm波段范围内叶片的高光谱信息和SPAD信息;然后,应用ENVI软件提取高光谱数据中感兴趣区域的平均光谱信息,选择预处理效果最好的方法建立不同的预测模型,包括基于全光谱和连续投影算法(Successive Projection Algorithm,SPA)选择特征波长的偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)模型与最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machines,LS-SVM)模型,以及4种植被指数RENDVI、VOG1、VOG2、VOG3建立的简单经验估测模型。建模结果表示:全光谱的PLSR模型预测效果最好,而基于特征波长的LS-SVM模型和植被指数的二次多项式模型预测效果稍差,但大大简化了模型,为后续开发便携式仪器提供理论依据。研究表明:应用高光谱技术检测遭受晚疫病害的马铃薯叶片的SPAD及植被指数是可行的,为病害胁迫下作物的其他化学指标实时监测提供了新的路径。     

基于粒子群聚类的牛肉含水率光谱检测技术

采用市场当日上架的生鲜牛肉外侧最长肌制作样本,在波长900~2300 nm内进行光谱检测和分析。利用基于粒子群算法(PSO)的聚类分析方法,对光谱信息进行优化以减少计算量,提高回归模型精度。该算法以经过多元散射校正(MSC)、变量标准化(SNV)等方法预处理后的光谱信息作为目标矩阵,以波长为目标进行聚类,根据聚类结果对不同波段进行重新组合,并建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型。结果表明,利用PSO聚类分析方法在900~1 400 nm波段内获得的生鲜牛肉含水率预测模型最优,Rc=0.920 5,Rv=0.919 1。该方法能够有效减少光谱的数量,提升回归模型的预测结果。     

基于双边滤波和空间邻域信息的高光谱图像分类方法

提出了一种基于双边滤波和像元邻域信息的高光谱图像分类(BS-SVM)算法。该方法首先利用双边滤波器提取经主成分分析降维后的高光谱图像空间纹理信息,然后通过设计一种高光谱像元邻域信息来构建高光谱的空间相关信息,最后将2种空间信息融合后与光谱信息结合,形成空谱信息(空间信息和光谱信息)后交由支持向量机完成分类。实验结果表明,相比单纯使用光谱信息的支持向量机的分类方法以及基于Gabor滤波的空谱信息结合分类方法,所提出的BS-SVM方法分类精度有较大幅度提高,充分证明了该方法的有效性。     

高光谱技术的赣南脐橙叶片含氮量分析

快速、精确、无损地检测脐橙叶片氮(N)素含量,对脐橙果树N肥施用、果树增产有重大现实意义。用正自适应加权算法(CARS)、遗传算法(GA)、连续投影算法(SPA)提取脐橙叶片高光谱图像的有效信息,对全氮含量用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、多元线性回归法(MLR)、主成份回归法(PCA)进行建模定量分析。高光谱图像标定后,提取感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱,选出敏感波段进行建模。结果表明:GA—MLR模型具有较高的优势,预测模型相关系数R=0.82,均方差RMSEP=0.32。应用高光谱技术结合此模型可以对对赣南脐橙叶片全氮含量快速、无损的定量分析。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。