不同来源罗氏沼虾幼体的培育对比试验

2010年2月,对采自江苏吴江、广西三塘和广西南宁国家级良种场共3种不同来源的罗氏沼虾（Macrobra-chium rosenbergii）进行从幼体阶段至变态苗阶段的培育试验;干量容积法推算产苗量,计算育苗成活率。试验结果表明,3种不同来源幼体的育苗成活率分别为73.6%、65.2%和90.4%,成活率差异明显;其中,国家级广西南宁罗氏沼虾良种场的育苗成活率最高。在育苗生产中,必须注重罗氏沼虾亲本的种质复壮与培育,才能保证幼虾的质量,有利于提高其养殖成活率。     

人工海水对罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育及能量收支影响初探

通过自制人工海水培育罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体,与天然海水对比分析人工海水特性及养殖过程中的水质状况,探究人工海水对罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育及能量收支的影响。试验在广西南宁国家级罗氏沼虾良种场进行,罗氏沼虾幼体和饵料丰年虫无节幼体均由该良种场提供,罗氏沼虾幼体规格(湿重)为(1.476±0.050)g,共80万尾;在幼体开始培育前配制人工海水1 000 kg,配比为海盐:MgSO_4∶CaCl_2∶KCl∶H_3B_3O_3∶KBr∶ETDA∶生石灰=2000∶600∶72∶36∶24∶4∶1∶2;设置天然海水为对照组,试验组及对照组分别设置4个重复。结果显示,人工海水中,Mg~(2+)∶K~+∶Ca~(2+)=3∶1∶1,与北部湾天然海水接近,且水质无毒性作用;与天然海水相比,人工海水培育的罗氏沼虾幼体成活率为95.00%,蜕皮率为16.82%,并提高了幼体的特定生长率和食物转化率,降低了摄食率;幼体在天然海水中生长和脱壳所用能量[(18.83±1.35)%和(0.99±0.16)%]分别显著低于人工海水[(19.64±0.51)%和(1.47±0.06)%](P0.05);而在呼吸、排泄和排粪上的能量比例无显著性差异。研究表明,自制的人工海水对罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育、蜕皮具有促进作用。     

罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体培育技术

<正>罗氏沼虾又名马来西亚大虾、金钱虾等,原产于东南亚地区,因其生长快、个体大、食性广、易养殖等优点,而深受养殖户欢迎。罗氏沼虾受精卵刚孵出的幼体即是罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体,经过11次蜕皮,变态成仔虾,此过程称为罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体培育。若培育池中已有80%幼体发育成为仔虾,便可淡化3天~5天再进行池塘养殖。沼状幼体能否变成仔虾,是罗氏沼虾育苗关键,本文为大家介绍罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体培育技术。     

“鱼虾可乐”对罗氏沼虾育苗水质和效果的影响

为加快水质培育速度,促进藻类快速繁殖,利用藻类降解有害物质,增强水体的自净能力,为幼体提供良好的生态环境,以提高罗氏沼虾育苗成活率[1],我们进行了"鱼虾可乐"对水质和育苗效果的影响试验,对照组不投放"鱼虾可乐"。在相同的技术管理条件下进行罗氏沼虾育苗试验,试验过程中注意观察育苗水体浮游生物的变化情况,定期检测水体中的有害物质的浓度,育苗结束时计算育苗成活率,通过水质培育效果和育苗效果来评估"鱼虾可乐"在罗氏沼虾育苗中的效果。结果显示:试验组水体中氨氮含量降低19.76%,亚硝酸氮含量降低21.43%,溶解氧提高11.93%,有效改善了育苗水质,为幼体生长和活动提供比较稳定的生态环境,使育苗成活率提高了11.29%。表明:"鱼虾可乐"能缩短育苗水质培育时间,有效改善育苗水体环境,是一种营养型水质改良剂。     

罗氏沼虾生态育苗技术

<正>为了提高出苗率,很多人应用了大量的抗生素类药物,这虽然能提高虾苗的出苗率,但对虾苗自身产生很大的危害,为探索罗氏沼虾全生态育苗技术,笔者于2014年3-8月多次在广西南宁国家级罗氏沼虾良种场进行幼体培育实验,并取得了理想的结果。一、育苗场地与设施育苗池规格为1.5米×4.0米×0.8米,为了方便控制温度,育苗池内装有加热管道,充气方式为底层微孔充气,由鼓风机经管道输送到育苗车间,同时备有海水、淡水蓄水池等设施。     

广西罗氏沼虾的引种和选育初显效果

广西水产研究所于2007—2008年实施区水产畜牧兽医局下达的《罗氏沼虾的引种》和《罗氏沼虾的良种选育》项目,近日已通过有关部门的阶段验收,该项目由国家级广西南宁罗氏沼虾良种场实施。两年来,项目组共引进孟加拉、越南和缅甸等3个天然野生罗氏沼虾原种,分别采取了选择育种和杂交育种两种方法进行良种选育工作,现已取得初步结果：     

提高罗氏沼虾育苗成活率的试验

提高罗氏沼虾育苗成活率的试验陆锦天，潘家模，洪新明（上海市水产研究所，２００４３３）近年来，罗氏沼虾的人工育苗技术虽已有所提高，但尚未完善。存在的主要问题是单位水体出苗量低；幼体成活率不高，以致生产成本居高不下；产量也很不稳定。为了提高罗氏沼虾的育苗...     

罗氏沼虾工厂化育苗试验

利用对虾育苗场的设计进行罗氏沼虾工厂化育苗试验，于１３６ｍ＾３水体中投放状幼体１４３８万尾，育出商品仔虾９６４万尾，幼体培育成活率为６７％，平均每尾亲虾出苗４７２５尾，单位水体平均出苗量为７．０９万尾，最高为１０．２万尾／ｍ＾３。从４月上旬到５月下旬，罗氏沼虾雌性亲虾可抑卵三次以上，前后抱卵批次所孵出的幼体质量没有明显差异。试验还证明，幼体培育池内氨氮浓度高达１０５６．４μｇ／ｌ对成活率没有多大曩     

低盐度条件下罗氏沼虾人工育苗试验

在水温30的条件下,用8个盐度梯度(4、7、10、13、16、19、22、25)的育苗用水进行罗氏沼虾人工育苗对比试验,结果表明:在7￣13的盐度范围内,罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育正常,变态时间均值为181d,而过高或过低盐度明显延长变态时间,且存活率很低;用淡水孵化罗氏沼虾幼体,每天增加盐度2￣10,幼体的生长发育和变态与育苗盐度始终保持在10的对照组相比没有显著差异;罗氏沼虾在盐度为10的水体中孵化并发育到第期后,每天降低盐度2直到变态,幼体变态时间平均缩短2￣3d,且变态同步性较高。研究表明,罗氏沼虾幼体对盐度变化有较强的适应能力,因此在低盐度条件下进行罗氏沼虾生产性育苗是可行的,本研究可明显节约罗氏沼虾育苗过程中的海水用量,降低育苗成本,为内陆地区大面积推广罗氏沼虾养殖提供了一定的技术依据。     

卤虫的营养强化及其对罗氏沼虾幼体培育的影响

用小球藻强化培育卤虫，研究不同时间后卤虫体内脂肪酸的变化，并用此卤虫投喂罗氏沼虾幼体，研究其对罗氏沼虾幼体发育及成活的影响。实验结果表明，卤虫在强化12h后EPA及HUEA含量最高，强化时间延长至24h，EPA和HUFA含量反而下降。卤虫经营养强化可明显地促进罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育并提高育苗成活率，而且在24h内随着强化时间的延长，效果越明显。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.