北盘江光照水电站建设前后鱼类资源变化

2009年9月和2010年5月,对北盘江光照水电站影响河段鱼类资源进行现场调查,采集鱼类45种,其中18种为新记录种,各河段鱼类组成特点与生态类型相符。结合相关文献资料,确定调查河段鱼类共71种,其中珍稀濒危鱼类4种,珠江水系特有鱼类3种。光照电站的建设对库区河段的鱼类资源影响显著,喜静缓流生境鱼类占76.5%,喜急流...     

水电站影响下太湖西苕溪鱼类产卵生境及其早期资源与环境因子的关系

水利设施运行影响下的鱼类早期资源发生规律被逐渐关注,坝下区域也成为鱼类产卵生境的关注热点。西苕溪作为太湖上游的重要补充支流,是太湖流域鱼类完成生活史过程的重要载体。为解析电站影响下的坝下河流生境变量与鱼类早期资源的内在联系,本研究于2022年4—7月在西苕溪江东电站坝下的东山段开展了持续90 d的鱼类早期资源调查以及时空格局研究。结果显示,该区域鱼卵日平均密度为(0.5±0.7)ind/m3,仔鱼日平均密度为(0.5±0.6) ind/m3。运用形态学结合分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定,共鉴定鱼类35种,隶属4目14科22属,其中产沉性卵鱼类9种,产浮性卵5种,产黏性卵9种,产漂流性卵12种。5月下旬、6月上旬和6月下旬为产卵高峰期。左右岸样线以沉性卵和以水生植物为黏附基质的产黏性卵鱼类为主,河心样线则以产漂流性卵、产黏性卵和浮性卵鱼类为主。该区域鱼类卵苗数量受水温、流速、水位影响较大,水位、流速是影响鱼类繁殖的主要因子,电站调度对卵苗量有显著影响。基于卵苗收获量、卵苗发育时期等结果,判定该采样区域——西苕溪江东电站坝下东山段为适宜多种鱼类繁殖的复合型产卵场,对太湖流域鱼类多样性和渔业资源...     

大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构及其多样性分布特征

了解安谷水电站建设后大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构与多样性现状特征及变化,探讨鱼类群落对安谷水电站工程建设的响应,可为河流生态系统保护和恢复提供基础信息。2016-2018年利用地笼、多网目复合刺网等渔具对大渡河乐山段鱼类资源进行调查。结果表明,调查期间共采集到鱼类10 751尾,隶属于5目12科45属54种;其中,鲤科鱼类最多,有27种,占总种数的50.00%。水电站库区段、坝下段、左侧生态河道段共采集到鱼类36、50、35种,优势种分别为6、7、7种。根据鱼类个体生态学矩阵分析,大渡河乐山段鱼类以杂食性、砂砾底栖型、产粘沉性卵类群为主,安谷水电站坝下河段喜流水性鱼类更多;鱼类种类数和群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、Pielou均匀度指数(J’)、Margalef丰富度指数(R)均以安谷水电站坝下段最高,分别为50种和3.2033、0.8188、5.7234。水电站库区、坝下、生态河道渔获物体长在4～10 cm的数量分别占各河段总渔获物的69.17%、76.11%、78.36%,鱼类群落个体小型化、低质化明显,表明大渡河乐山段渔业资源呈现衰退,其主要原因是受捕捞强度过大...     

二龙湖水库的鱼类群落结构

2017年2月和7月对二龙湖水库开展了鱼类群落结构调查,共采集到鱼类22种,隶属于4目8科22属,以杂食性鱼类为主,其中鲤科鱼类占59.09%,主要的经济鱼类为鲢、鲫和鲤。对调查获得的22种鱼类产卵类型进行分析结果显示,产黏性卵鱼类和漂浮性卵鱼类分别占总种数的68.18%和27.27%。夏季渔获物的种类、数量和多样性指数都高于冬季。库区鱼类具有群落结构简单化、鱼类资源小型化的特点,资源前景不容乐观,需加强保护措施。     

大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构特征研究

为了解大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构和多样性的分布特征,2015年11月至2017年4月,在大渡河河口乐山市沙湾区至市中区长约30km的河网段布置7个采样断面,采用定置刺网、地笼和电捕等方法,进行了4次鱼类资源调查。结果表明,调查期间共采集到鱼类57种,隶属于5目、13科、48属;其中,鲤形目(38种)占总数的66.67%;鲇形目(13种)占22.81%;鲈形目(4种)占7.02%;合鳃目(1种)和鳉形目(1种)均占1.75%。该区域鱼类群落以杂食性、底栖、适应缓流生境的种类为主。根据优势度指数(index of relative importance,IRI)分析,安谷电站坝上库区河段鱼类优势种有7种,坝下河段有8种,生态河道有8种。鱼类群落多样性指数以安谷电站坝下河段最高。生态类群分析表明,安谷电站坝上与坝下江段的鱼类群落结构差异显著,渔获物个体小型化趋势明显。目前的水电开发和过度捕捞是影响大渡河乐山段鱼类资源最主要的胁迫因素。     

大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类资源及其多样性分布

为进一步了解大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类群落结构及其多样性分布特征,2020年5和9月及2021年7月,对大渡河上游金川电站坝址至猴子岩电站库尾111.5 km干流及区间主要支流进行了系统的鱼类资源调查。结果显示,研究河段共分布鱼类18种,隶属2目6科10属;鲤形目有15种,占总种数的83.33%;鲇形目3种,占16.66%。土著鱼类主要为裂腹鱼亚科、高原鳅属和爬鮡属等适应高山峡谷流水生境、特化程度较高的鱼类;大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis malacanthus chengi）、细尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stenura）和齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）为研究河段的优势种。渔获物统计及多样性分析表明,小金川、革什扎河、东谷河及勒乌沟等支流与干流土著鱼类组成较为相似,但干流与支流以及各支流间鱼类资源及其多样性差异明显。研究表明,金川至丹巴河段鱼类群落组成简单,生态脆弱性较高,且大部分土著鱼类为珍稀濒危和特有鱼类,种群资源一旦遭到破坏将很难恢复。大渡河上游鱼类正面临严重的外来鱼类入侵威胁,需引起高度关注。     

汉江中下游产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状的初步研究

为了解汉江中下游江段的水文变化特点与鱼类早期资源分布状况,2009年6～8月在沙洋断面开展了汉江中下游产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状的调查。结果表明,汉江沙洋站以上可监测到的152.28km干流江段中共有3个产卵场,产卵场总长度为42.12km,占江段总长的27.7%。产卵总量为56601.9万粒,产漂流性卵鱼类约有21种,其中拟尖头鲌、蛇鮈、双斑副沙鳅、翘嘴鲌、吻鮈、赤眼鳟等为优势种。产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵次数和产卵量与江水的流速、温度、透明度、涨落水持续时间等多个因素都有一定的关联。近5年来,汉江中下游产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量因为各种因素的影响呈现出逐年下降的趋势,产卵场的位置也有所改变。本研究旨在为水利开发与水生态环境以及鱼类资源保护提供基础资料。     

人工鱼巢及孵化暂养槽在三峡水库产粘性卵鱼类资源保护中的应用

采用人工鱼巢及孵化暂养槽对产粘性卵鱼类的早期资源进行监测,为制定降低三峡水库消落过程对消落带产粘性卵鱼类繁殖的影响的保护措施提供支持。2016-2017年,在三峡水库重庆木洞江段桃花岛内河中段设置人工鱼巢(采用水生植物作为粘性卵附着物)和孵化暂养槽,对产粘性卵鱼类的早期资源及同步水温、水文状况进行103d监测。结果表明,鱼巢当天有新增卵(1~5级)的天数为52d(占监测天数的50.5%),其中产卵量较多(3~5级)的天数有19d(占监测天数的18.5%),主要集中在4月上旬至5月上旬。产卵时水温范围为13~30℃,产卵盛期水温范围为16~29℃。选取的29批卵孵化、成活率高达90%以上,苗体健壮。平均孵化水温在14.28~29.5℃时,孵化时间为1~8d。初步鉴定出在鱼巢上产卵的鱼有10余种。人工鱼巢和孵化暂养槽可直接作为产粘性卵鱼类资源恢复的技术手段,同时也可以作为鱼类产卵规律研究及资源调查的科研工具。     

汉江中下游产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状的初步研究

为了解汉江中下游江段的水文变化特点与鱼类早期资源分布状况,2009年6～8月在沙洋断面开展了汉江中下游产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状的调查。结果表明,汉江沙洋站以上可监测到的152.28km干流江段中共有3个产卵场,产卵场总长度为42.12km,占江段总长的27.7%。产卵总量为56601.9万粒,产漂流性卵鱼类约有21种...     

人工鱼巢及孵化暂养槽在产粘性卵鱼类资源保护中的应用研究

采用人工鱼巢及孵化暂养槽对产粘性卵鱼类的早期资源进行监测，为制定减少三峡水库在消落过程中对消落带产粘性卵鱼类繁殖的影响的保护措施提供支持。2016-2017年，在三峡水库重庆木洞江段桃花岛内河中段设置人工鱼巢（采用水生植物作为粘性卵附着物）和孵化暂养槽，对产粘性卵鱼类的早期资源及同步水温、水文状况进行103d监测。结果表明，鱼巢当天有新增卵（1~5级）的天数为52d（占监测天数的50.5%），其中产卵量较多（3~5级）的天数有19d（占监测天数的18.5%），主要集中在4月上旬至5月上旬。产卵时水温范围为13~30℃，产卵盛期水温范围为16~29℃。选取的29批卵孵化、存活率高达90%以上，苗体健壮。平均孵化水温在14.28-29.5℃时，孵化时间为1~8d。初步鉴定出在鱼巢上产卵的鱼有10余种。人工鱼巢和孵化暂养槽可直接作为产粘性卵鱼类资源恢复的技术手段，同时也可以作为鱼类产卵规律研究及资源调查的科研工具。     

Downstream effects of hydroelectric dam operation on thermal habitat use by Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus)

Hydroelectric dams can alter downstream water temperatures, impacting thermal habitat available for fishes. Decreases in river water temperatures resulting from hydroelectric dam operations may be beneficial to coldwater species and could potentially offset warming resulting from climatic trends. We used two coldwater fish species, Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to assess the impact of a cool water draw below a 15 MW hydroelectric dam on fish thermal habitat use relative to a nearby naturally flowing river. Cooler water temperatures below the dam corresponded with significantly cooler mean growth season temperature use for Slimy Sculpin, but not Brook Trout, relative to the natural river. As well, mean growing season temperature use by Slimy Sculpin was significantly cooler relative to Brook Trout in both rivers, and significantly different amongst studied sites in the regulated river. Fish condition was significantly correlated with temperature use for Slimy Sculpin in the naturally flowing river only. Our results indicate that manipulating river water temperatures through hydroelectric dam operations to benefit multiple fish species will be difficult given the complexity of riverine thermal habitat and species‐specific differences in thermal preferences and behaviour.     

瓯江口海域夏秋季鱼类初步调查

2007年6月和9月对瓯江口海域通过拖网和张网捕获的鱼类进行初步调查。结果表明:渔获物中出现2纲12目33科55属72种鱼类,其中软骨鱼纲2目2科2属4种,占调查鱼类总种数的5.6%;硬骨鱼纲10目31科53属68种,占调查鱼类总种数的94.4%。根据其适温性类型可分为暖水性种、暖温性种和冷温性种,其中,暖水性鱼类有27种,占总种数的37.5%;暖温性鱼类有41种,占总种数的56.9%;冷温性鱼类有4种,占总种数的5.6%。渔获物中底层和近底层鱼类占多数,其中,底层鱼类共有27种,占总种数的37.5%;近底层鱼类共有30种,占总种数的41.7%;中上层鱼类共有15种,占总种数的20.8%。渔获物中海洋性鱼类占绝大多数,共有59种,占总种数的81.9%;河口性鱼类11种,占总种数的15.3%;洄游性鱼类2种,占总种数的2.8%。与相邻海区鱼类区系特征比较,瓯江口海域具有我国亚热带北部河口海湾的鱼类区系特征。     

引大济湟总干渠工程对大通河水生生态环境的影响及对策

本文研究了青海省引大济湟调水总干渠工程建设对大通河干流中上游水生生态环境的影响及鱼类保护措施。现场捕获鱼类9种,采集浮游植物26种,浮游动物10种,底栖动物14种,水生维管束植物4种,分析了鱼类区系组成、种群结构及生境习性等,结合工程建设造成的水文情势变化、阻隔、生境条件变化等对鱼类产生的影响,提出生态放水、修建过鱼道、人工增殖放流等措施,切实保护鱼类资源和生态环境。     

三峡水库生态调度对沙市江段鱼卵和仔鱼的影响

2012年5-7月三峡水库试验性生态调度期间,在长江中游沙市江段设固定采样点,共采集到鱼卵和仔鱼35种,隶属于4目、8科、10亚科、28属。银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、细鳞鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)、蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)、花斑副沙鳅(Parabotia fasciata)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)构成了该江段的主要繁殖种类。鱼类繁殖盛期在5-6月,进入7月后鱼卵减少而仔鱼数量显著增加。调查期间鱼卵和仔鱼总径流量约为6.89×1010粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量1.1×1010粒,仔鱼径流量5.79×1010尾。定点采集的鱼卵、仔鱼随采样时间和垂向空间分布均无显著性差异。不同采集点仔鱼的横向分布存在显著性差异,平均漂流密度为江北江中江南;鱼卵的横向分布无显著性差异,且与流速、流态等水力学指标存在负相关性。生态调度期间沙市江段鱼卵总径流量和家鱼卵径流量均出现高峰,繁殖种类明显增加。初步研究表明,三峡水库生态调度制造的涨水过程能够在一定程度上满足不同鱼类自然繁殖的水文需求,对于减缓三峡水库运行对长江中游鱼类自然繁殖的不利影响、维护鱼类种群资源补充具有重要的意义。     

鱼类催乳素及其在渗透压调节中的作用

溶解于水中的各种盐类,主要通过水的渗透压影响鱼类的生活,它关系到鱼类的分布、洄游、生长、发育和繁殖等很多生命活动。随着全球气候不断恶化的影响,水域盐碱化面积在我国北方地区不断扩大,许多不耐盐碱的淡水生物逐渐消失,少数喜盐或耐盐碱种类也因水域盐碱含量的升高面临考验。如何提高鱼类的耐盐碱特性,增加盐碱水域养殖鱼类品种已成为鱼类育种研究的工作重点。针对催乳素在鱼类耐盐碱生理生化过程中发挥的重要作用,本文对鱼类催乳素基因的结构,催乳素的分布、功能及其在渗透压调节中的作用等研究进展进行了概述。     

鱼类恩诺沙星药残消除研究进展

恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin, ENR）是一种吸收分布快、血药浓度高、药效持久和生物利用度高的抗菌素,在鱼类疾病防治中广泛应用。然而,近年来,鱼类与养殖环境ENR药残事件对人类与生态的安全影响,已成为公众日益关注的焦点。本文在归纳鱼类ENR消除研究基础上,从ENR自身结构与性质,ENR与鱼类种类、发育阶段、组织差异、生理与病理状况、给药剂量与给药方式,以及温度、盐度、光照等环境因子关系,对鱼类ENR药残成因进行追溯分析。首次分析发现并提出底栖鱼类较其他水层鱼类易于形成ENR药残蓄积的假说,其可能与沉积环境有机质丰富,易于吸附ENR,底层黑暗环境无法光解ENR,底层鱼类从沉积环境吸收、富集ENR有关,建议对底层鱼类ENR休药期重新研究界定,对其ENR药残机制进行着重研究。首次提出基于选择突变窗理论的ENR大剂量给药模式,是引发当前鱼类与环境ENR药残主要根源。据此,提出基于ENR最小抑菌浓度的ENR减量给药方案,联合具有抗菌和促解毒功能的传统中草药,以达到ENR减量增效,降低ENR耐药性,促进ENR药残从养殖鱼体消除,缩短鱼类ENR休药期,降低养殖环境ENR药残的目的。同时,为减少鱼类ENR的环境来源,应结合进行环境ENR消除技术研究。本文可为养殖鱼类ENR科学用药与药残风险控制提供研究思路。     

Assessment of spermatogenesis and plasma sex steroids in a seasonal breeding teleost: a comparative study in an area of influence of a tributary, downstream from a hydroelectric power dam, Brazil

River damming and building of hydroelectric power plants interrupt the reproductive migration routes and change the major physicochemical parameters of water quality, with drastic consequences for populations of migratory fishes. The goal of this study was to evaluate proliferation and cell death during spermatogenesis and serum profiles of sex steroids in Prochilodus argenteus, from the S?o Francisco River, downstream from the Três Marias Dam. A total of 257 adult males were caught quarterly during a reproductive cycle in two sites: the first 34?km of the river after the dam (site 1) and the second 34–54?km after the dam (site 2), after the confluence with a tributary, the Abaeté River. Seasonal changes in the testicular activity associated with morphometric analyses of germ cells as well as proliferation and testicular apoptosis support a more active spermatogenesis in fish from site 2, where higher levels of sex steroids and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were also found. In site 1, fish presented low serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and a low GSI during gonadal maturation. Spermatogonial proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were more elevated in fish from site 1, but spermatocytes were mainly labelled in fish from site 2. Overall, these data demonstrate changes in testicular activity and plasma sex steroids in a neotropical teleost fish living downstream from a hydroelectric dam, supplying new data on fish reproduction in regulated rivers. Moreover, morphometric analyses associated with sex steroids profiles provide reliable tools to assess fish spermatogenesis under environmental stress conditions.     

Beaver dams shift desert fish assemblages toward dominance by non‐native species (Verde River,Arizona, USA)

The reintroduction of beaver (Castor canadensis) into arid and semi‐arid rivers is receiving increasing management and conservation attention in recent years, yet very little is known about native versus non‐native fish occupancy in beaver pond habitats. Streams of the American Southwest support a highly endemic, highly endangered native fish fauna and abundant non‐native fishes, and here we investigated the hypothesis that beaver ponds in this region may lead to fish assemblages dominated by non‐native species that favour slower‐water habitat. We sampled fish assemblages within beaver ponds and within unimpounded lotic stream reaches in the mainstem and in tributaries of the free‐flowing upper Verde River, Arizona, USA. Non‐native fishes consistently outnumbered native species, and this dominance was greater in pond than in lotic assemblages. Few native species were recorded within ponds. Multivariate analysis indicated that fish assemblages in beaver ponds were distinct from those in lotic reaches, in both mainstem and tributary locations. Individual species driving this distinction included abundant non‐native green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in pond sites, and native desert sucker (Catostomus clarkii) in lotic sites. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that, relative to unimpounded lotic habitat, beaver ponds in arid and semi‐arid rivers support abundant non‐native fishes; these ponds could thus serve as important non‐native source areas and negatively impact co‐occurring native fish populations.     

The decline of fisheries on the Madeira River,Brazil: The high cost of the hydroelectric dams in the Amazon Basin

Despite being considered beneficial by providing a clean and renewable source of energy, the construction of hydroelectric dams has extremely negative implications for Amazonian fisheries. This study investigated the impacts of the Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectric dams on the fishery stocks of the Madeira River. This investigation was based on fish catch data from the Z‐31 fishing colony, located in the municipality of Humaitá, in Amazonas State, Northern Brazil. Data were collected daily and provided information on the date of return from each trip, the fish species targeted, and the total catch (kg) between January 2002 and September 2017. The results indicated reductions of 39% in the mean annual catch and 34% in the mean monthly catches. These results highlight the high price paid by local fish communities for the development of hydroelectric power in the Amazon basin.