高位虾塘细菌数量变化特点及其与理化因子的关系

本试验选取两口凡纳滨对虾高位池塘,通过连续地周期性采样和测定分析,研究了虾池异养细菌数量和弧菌数量变动规律及其与理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：两口试验虾池异养细菌数量变化范围在9.07×10^3～2.13×10^5 cfu/mL之间,平均为6.45×10^4 cfu/mL,呈现持续缓慢上升的趋势;两口试验虾池的弧菌数量变化趋势较为一致,变化范围为2.12×10^2～2.91×10^3 cfu/mL,养殖生产前期较低,中期高,后期随着换水量的加大而有所下降。相关性分析表明：虾池水体的异养细菌和弧菌数量均与透明度、 DO、 pH 呈负相关,与COD、 TSS含量呈正相关,其中弧菌数量与TSS含量呈显著正相关（ P〈0.05）。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子的多元回归分析

2009年4-9月期间,对上海市奉贤区某凡纳滨对虾养殖场22个养殖池塘水体叶绿素a、水温、pH、溶解氧、透明度、悬浮物(SS)、总有机碳(TOC)、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)等15项水质因子进行测定。取164组测定数据,进行描述性统计,分析叶绿素a与各项因子的相关性系数。分析结果显示,与叶绿素a呈极显著线性正相关的水质因子为SS、TOC、BOD₅、COD_Mn、TN、TP;呈显著正相关的为DO;而叶绿素a与透明度呈极显著线性负相关,与PO^3-₄-P呈显著线性负相关;与水温、pH、NO^-₂-N、 NO^-₃-N、NH₃-N则未呈现显著相关性。根据多元线性回归选择自变量的原则,选择了TOC、TN、PO^3-₄-P和TP₄项水质因子,建立了叶绿素a与4项水质因子的逐步回归模型:Chl.a =-0.054 5+0.0034 9 TOC+0.015 3 TN-0.418 PO^3-₄-P+0.276 TP(r=0.715 5)。利用偏回归系数检验各水质因子对叶绿素a的影响,结果表明,对叶绿素a影响从大到小依次是TP、TOC、PO^3-₄-P和TN。研究结果对进一步探讨养殖池塘生态系统的变化规律及水环境质量保护提供了依据。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子主成分多元线性回归分析

2010年5-9月期间,对上海市奉贤区两个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖场22个养殖池塘水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)、水温(T)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、透明度、溶解性总固体(TDS)、化学需氧量(CODMn)、氮磷营养元素等15项水质因子进行测定。取107组测定数据,进行描述性统计,利用主成分多元线性回归分析来模拟水质因子与凡纳滨对虾养殖塘叶绿素a含量的关系。根据主成分分析特征值大于1的原则,获得4个累计贡献率达到77.56%的潜变量,进一步的多元线性回归分析显示,潜变量F1对于叶绿素具有最大的相关性,建立了描述水质因子潜变量与Chl.a含量间相关性的模型:C Chl.a=0.140+0.121·F1。研究表明,在各水质因子中,总磷(TP)与化学需氧量与Chl.a有极大的正相关:CChl.a=-0.052+0.005CODMn+0.188TP;且磷为塘内初级生产力的限制性因子。因此,有机物和磷含量是控制南美白对虾养殖池塘水体富营养化的关键因子。     

凡纳滨对虾大水面高盐养殖水体叶绿素a的变化及与环境因子的关系

“渔盐一体化”是山东省滨州市凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)盐田养殖的重要模式。为了解该模式下养殖水体浮游植物的叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度、粒径结构的变化特征及主要影响因子,于2021年5—7月分别在养殖的初期、中期和收获期,测定高盐组(S=54)和对照组(S=32)养殖水体的分级Chl-a浓度[小型浮游植物(micro Chl-a)、微型浮游植物(nano Chl-a)、微微型浮游植物(pico Chl-a)、总Chl-a浓度]及相关环境参数的日变化和月变化。结果显示,日变化：对于总Chl-a浓度,高盐组无显著日变化(P>0.05),对照组在5月和6月存在显著的日差异(P<0.05)。对于浮游植物粒径结构,高盐组7月的pico Chl-a日变化显著(P<0.05);对照组7月的micro Chl-a和6月的nano Chl-a日变化显著(P<0.05)。月变化：两盐度组pico Chl-a、nano Chl-a和total Chl-a最低值和最高值都分别出现在6月和7月。且7月的总Chl-a显著高于5月和6月(P<0.05)。高盐...     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

PET净水栅对虾池养殖生态环境的影响研究

以PET细丝缠绕成结而形成线性附着基质作为生物净水栅载体材料,在汕头市牛田洋养殖基地设置实验组池塘和对照组池塘(无PET净水栅),于2015年6月至12月定期采集虾池养殖水、浮游植物及对虾样品,测定各项水质指标、浮游植物多样性、对虾生长指标,分析比较PET净水栅对池塘养殖生态环境、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长情况的影响。结果表明,较养殖初期(6月23日),养殖末期(12月12日)实验池水体氨氮(NH4-N)、硝氮(NO3-N)、亚硝氮(NO2-N)浓度分别下降了68.25%、42.71%、83.51%。浮游植物研究结果表明,对照池和实验池浮游植物平均丰度为5.17×108个·L-1和3.62×108个·L-1,实验池的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数分别高于对照池8.70%和6.45%(P0.05)。结果表明,实验期间实验池凡纳滨对虾的平均体长和体质量分别高于对照池6.13%和16.67%(P0.01);实验池单位面积饲料用量低于对照池15.44%(P0.01)。     

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖水体细菌变动及其与理化因子的关系

自2008年4月至8月,在广东省汕尾市红海湾凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）高位池养殖基地全程采集养殖池塘水样,检测水体细菌类群和理化因子,分析养殖过程中细菌类群的数量变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,养殖过程中水体异养细菌、弧菌（Vibrio）和芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）的数量波动性较大,其中异养细菌波动范围1.35×10^4～1.39×10^6cfu·mL^-1,平均4.73×10^5cfu·mL^-1;弧菌波动范围1.05×10^3～5.20×10^4cfu·mL^-1,平均1.80×10^4cfu·mL^-1;芽孢杆菌波动范围0.11×10^3～4.30×10^3cfu·mL^-1,平均6.6×10^2cfu·mL^-1;粪大肠菌群（fecalcoliform）大多在1.0×10^2cfu·L^-1以内,平均0.97×10^2cfu·L^-1,远低于无公害食品海水养殖用水水质标准。对细菌与理化因子的单因子分析显示,异养细菌与溶解氧（DO）呈显著的负相关性（P〈0.05）,弧菌与pH呈极显著的负相关性（P〈0.01）,与化学需氧量（COD）和总磷（TP）呈显著的正相关性（P〈0.05）。多因子偏相关分析显示,异养细菌和弧菌与DO、pH、COD、TP的相关关系均不显著（P〉0.05）。结果表明,调查的养殖池塘对虾生长良好,该养殖池塘是安全、基本健康的系统,水环境中细菌数量受养殖系统中生物、环境因子及人为因素的影响和制约。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中浮游植物群落结构与水质因子的关系

为研究凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中水质变化特征及其与浮游植物群落结构之间的相关性,本实验于2016年4月至9月在上海市奉贤区某养殖场开展凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中水质及浮游植物的监测,分析浮游植物群落结构变化与水质因子的相关性。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中共鉴定出113种浮游植物(包含20个未定种),分别属于7个门、59个属别,从种的数量上来看,绿藻门硅藻门蓝藻门裸藻门黄藻门金藻门甲藻门,18种(含3个未定种)优势种,第一批次共鉴定出10种(含1个未定种)优势种,第二批次共鉴定出14种(含2未定种)优势种,养殖初期优势种为硅藻门,之后是绿藻门,最终以蓝藻门为优势种。对浮游植物群落结构与水质因子进行典范对应分析可知,绿藻门主要受pH、无机氮的影响(包括总氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮),蓝藻门主要受磷含量的影响(总磷和活性磷),硅藻门主要受温度的影响,因此在养殖过程中要格外关注温度、pH以及氮磷含量的变化。     

光合细菌提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

人工引入光合细菌于凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中,监测与养殖环境相关的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量)的变化;观察不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率。研究光合细菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,光合细菌能显著(P<0.05)降低水体中的化学需氧量、氨氮含量并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103cfu/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低了31.59%、43.42%、52.20%;成活率比对照组提高了18.67%,体重增长率是对照组的1.34倍;当光合细菌使用浓度为3×102cfu/mL~3×104cfu/mL时,对虾抗逆性显著(P<0.05)增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24 h的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了36.67%、25.00%、26.39%、10.00%。     

凡纳滨对虾高产养殖水质优化技术探讨

通过多年养殖实践中对凡纳滨对虾池塘养殖的水质监测,指出科学的水质管理是获得养殖高产的关键因素,并提出了具体的水质优化措施。     

葡萄糖对对虾养殖水体水质的影响

研究葡萄糖的不同添加量(1.25~5×10-3 g/L)对对虾养殖水体水质指标(氨氮、活性磷)和微生物数量(总异养菌、弧菌)的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,水体中添加葡萄糖能明显提高异养菌、弧菌密度(P<0.05),显著降低养殖水体中氨氮、活性磷浓度(P<0.05)。且在一定浓度范围内,葡萄糖浓度越高,氨氮、活性磷浓度越低,异养菌、弧菌密度越高。     

淡水池塘南美白对虾与鲻鱼生态混养技术研究

2017、2018年连续2年利用7口0.4 hm2(6亩)对虾养殖池在淡水条件下进行了鲻鱼与南美白对虾混养试验.试验结果:鲻鱼放养规格48～80 g/尾,放养密度为75～225尾/hm2,收获鲻鱼规格为420～520 g/尾.2017年,南美白对虾单养池(对照池)产量为6090 kg/hm2,6口鱼虾混养池产量分别比对...     

Characterization of intake and effluent waters from intensive and semi-intensive shrimp farms in Texas

Two commercial shrimp farms in south Texas were evaluated for influent and effluent water quality from June to October 1994. The intensive farm, Taiwan Shrimp Village Association (TSV) had an average annual yield of 4630 kg ha^?1 while the semi‐intensive farm, Harlingen Shrimp Farm (HSF), had a yield of 1777 kg ha^?1. The study had three objectives: (1) to compare influent and effluent water from the intensive and semi‐intensive shrimp farms, (2) to show which effluent water‐quality indicators exceeded allowable limits, (3) to indicate inherent problems in farms operated with water exchange and summarize how findings from this study led to changes in farms' management that limited potential negative impact on receiving streams. Water samples were collected and analysed twice a week for the TSV farm and once a week for the HSF farm. Samples were analysed for dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, pH, ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N), nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus (TP), total reactive phosphorus (TRP), five‐day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (cBOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS) and settleable solids (SettSols). Most of the effluent constituents showed fluctuations throughout the sampling period often related to harvest activity. Effluent pH at TSV was lower than influent values but within the regulatory requirements set by Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ), formerly known as Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC). HSF effluent pH values were higher than its influent, but still within TCEQ limits. Effluent DO mean levels were generally below the regulatory daily mean requirement, with values at TSV often below those for influent. Effluent nutrient concentrations and net loads were generally higher at the intensive shrimp farm, with NH₃‐N mean concentrations above the daily mean set by the TCEQ on several occasions. Effluent TSS concentrations were higher than influent for both farms, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The two farms presented similar TSS concentrations despite their different stocking densities. However, TSS total net load and net load per hectare were higher at the intensive farm. The semi‐intensive farm presented higher cBOD₅ concentrations and net loads despite its lower stocking density, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The cBOD₅ net load at TSV presented negative values indicating higher load at the influent than at the effluent. Analyses showed no evidence of self‐pollution between influent and effluent at the two farms. The high feed conversion ratio (FCR) values (2.3 and 2.7 for the intensive and the semi‐intensive farm respectively) suggest that better feed management is needed to reduce nutrient and solid net loads release from the two farms. The data obtained from this study resulted in several modifications in design and management of the two farms that reduced the potential negative impact on receiving streams. A brief summary of the improvement in selected effluent water‐quality indicators at the intensive shrimp farm is provided.     

Effects of water exchange and abiotic factors on zooplankton and epibenthic fauna in shrimp ponds

Assemblages of zooplankton and epibenthic invertebrates were collected from a commercial Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) pond at fortnightly intervals over an entire grow‐out season. The pond inlet and outlet water were also sampled intensively over three 1‐week periods throughout the season. Before stocking the ponds with shrimp postlarvae, copepods dominated the zooplankton. Immediately after the ponds were stocked, there was a rapid decline in zooplankton numbers, particularly the dominant larger copepods, suggesting heavy predation by shrimp postlarvae. For the rest of the season, barnacle nauplii were the dominant zooplankton component in the pond. Pond water exchanges had little detectable influence on the composition or density of the zooplankton assemblage. Instead, the dominance of barnacle nauplii appeared to have been maintained by steady recruitment due to barnacle reproduction in the pond. While changes in the biomass of pond zooplankton were not correlated with physico‐chemical characteristics, changes in density were positively correlated with temperature, and negatively correlated with pH, dissolved oxygen and secchi disc readings. Epibenthic faunal density peaked at the end of the season, while the biomass peaked during the middle part of the season. Sergestids (Acetes sibogae Hansen) were the most abundant epibenthic taxa. No correlations were found between physico‐chemical parameters and epibenthic fauna biomass or density. Abundances of epibenthic fauna were not related to zooplankton densities, suggesting that trophic interactions between these assemblages is not important. No Acetes were captured in samples of outlet water, and only on a single occasion were large numbers captured in the inlet water; after this, there was a notable increase in the number of Acetes in the pond. This evidence, together with the lack of an increase in the size of Acetes during the season, suggests that water exchange is an important but unpredictable source of recruitment of epibenthic fauna into the pond. The results emphasize the benefits of ensuring that appropriate zooplankton assemblages have been introduced into the ponds, when they are filled, to support the shrimp immediately after stocking. This will depend on the initial inoculum and may be difficult to manipulate with water exchanges once established. Assemblages of epibenthic fauna appear more likely to change with exchanges and may need to be monitored across the season, particularly if their presence reduces production through adverse impacts such as competition with postlarvae, introduction of disease or deteriorated water quality.     

The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying dietary protein level on pond water quality and production parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Experimental units consisted of nine 400‐m² earthen ponds with a low water exchange. Two treatments were tested: treatment HP consisted of shrimp fed a high‐protein diet (40%) during the whole grow‐out, and treatment LP consisted of the use of a low‐protein diet for the complete farming period. No differences on any of the water quality parameters were observed among treatments. Excellent survival (over 85%) and feed conversion ratios (around 1.6), and acceptable growth (over 12 g) and biomass (from 1721 to 1793 kg ha^?1) were recorded in all experimental ponds. No significant differences in any of the production parameters were found among treatment groups.     

对虾海水高密度养殖后期水质因子的昼夜变化规律

2008年7月5～6日,对广东汕尾红海湾对虾养殖场养殖87～88d的海水高密度半封闭养殖虾池水质进行每4h监测分析,旨在了解养殖后期昼夜水质变化状况,为合理和即时调控养殖后期水质提供相关理论数据。结果显示,24h内水质指标除化学需氧量（COD）和无机氮（DIN）基本稳定外,其他因子均有较大波动。其中氨氮（NH4＋-N）在3：00达到高峰,5：00落至低谷,9：00又达到高峰;亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）的变化却相反,在3：00落至低谷,5：00达到高峰,9：00又落至低谷;pH和溶解氧（DO）均在5：00降至最低,13：00上升到最高。结果表明,3：00～9：00是虾池水质变动的关键时期,应留意水质变化,适时采取合理增氧措施并投洒相应水质调节剂以提高ρ（DO）,减少NH4＋-N和NO2--N产生及降低其毒性。     

粤西凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘浮游微藻群落结构特征

对4个凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘的浮游微藻进行定期跟踪调查,并对其群落结构特征进行了分析。结果共检出浮游微藻6门91种,其中蓝藻30种,绿藻15种,硅藻37种,甲藻5种,裸藻两种,金藻两种。优势种有顿顶节旋藻Arthrospira platensis、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyre-noidosa、显微蹄形藻Kirchneriella microscopica、微小多甲藻Peridinium pusillum、新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、加德纳鞘丝藻Lyngbya gardneri、绿色颤藻Oscillatoria chlorina、盐泽颤藻Oscillatoria salina、微小念珠藻Nostoc microscopicum、易略颤藻Oscillatoria neglecta、威利颤藻Oscillatoria willei等。在养殖前期浮游微藻的个体数量介于5.12×104~95.41×104ind/L之间,生物量为1.95~118μg/L,多样性指数平均为0.84~2.16,绿藻类和硅藻类较为常见;到养殖中后期浮游微藻的个体数量介于66.11×104~1.28×109...     

对虾精养池塘碳、氮和异养细菌含量的变化及其相关性研究

文章调查了广东省汕尾市红海湾对虾精养池塘水体中不同形式的碳（C）、氮（N）和异养细菌含量的变化,并分析c和N对异养细菌的影响,以期为养殖过程合理调控水质环境提供理论数据。结果发现,池塘中不同形式的P（C）在养殖前、中期逐渐升高并达到最大值,中、后期缓慢下降趋于稳定,P（N）在养殖前、中期较低,后期升高并达到最大值;异养细菌数在养殖中期的第56天和养殖后期的第98天出现2个高峰,养殖第70天出现低谷。异养细菌数与总无机碳（TIC）和总碳（TC）呈现极显著正相关关系;养殖中、后期异养细菌数与C／N（TOC／TN）呈极显著负相关关系。结果表明,养殖中、后期水体中C（主要是有机碳）成为影响异养细菌繁殖的限制性因素,适当添加C源可以促进异养细菌繁殖,吸收转化无机氮,从而达到降低水体中无机氮浓度、提高物质循环利用效率的作用。