章古台沙地樟子松人工林经营问题的思考

文章总结现有文献，结合生产实践提出利用樟子松林分的自然力、发展多树种造林等方法营建樟子松混交林，以促进林分的稳定性；提出通过提高林地土壤肥力、调整林分结构和密度的方法实现樟子松林地生产力的提高，延长樟子松的防护周期；建议大力推广东宁赤松、彰武松、班克松。     

谈抚育采伐对人工樟子松的影响

以黑龙江省兴隆林业局为例,从5个方面介绍了抚育采伐对人工樟子松林分生长各项指标、林内环境、林分的稳定性、木材质量和抚育伐总生长量的影响。同时指出,对樟子松进行适时合理抚育伐,可以促进林木生长,提高林分质量,实现早成材早利用。     

樟子松不同更新位置幼树高生长规律的研究

在对调查数据统计分析的基础上,探索了4种更新位置樟子松5年生以上幼树树高生长规律,研究结果表明：4种不同更新类型樟子松幼树6年生以后,同龄幼树高都呈现樟子松林缘〉樟子松林隙〉银中杨林内、樟子松林缘〉小黑杨林内〉银中杨林内的趋势;樟子松林隙和小黑杨林内规律性不明显。不同更新位置同龄幼树当年高生长量,呈现樟子松林缘〉小黑杨林内〉樟子松林隙〉银中杨林内的趋势。樟子松林缘、樟子松林隙、小黑杨林内、银中杨林内5～10 a（11a）生樟子松更新幼树年均高生长量范围分别为10.8 cm（5 a）～33.6 cm（11 a）、9.4 cm （5 a）～30 cm（11 a）、9.2 cm（5 a）～26.5 cm（10 a）、9.0 cm（5 a）～25.3 cm（10 a）。     

辽西丘陵山地樟子松人工林密度调控技术

为探讨辽西丘陵山地樟子松人工林合理经营密度,选择1984年造林的中龄林,设置75株·hm~(-2),100株·hm~(-2),120株·hm~(-2)三个保留密度,对照为227株·hm~(-2),开展樟子松人工林密度调控技术试验。结果表明:不同密度对樟子松林分树高生长量的影响不大,不同密度对樟子松林分胸径生长量及林分蓄积生长量的影响达到显著水平;同时随着间伐强度的加大,林分中、大径阶立木株数比例呈上升趋势。通过林分密度的调整,可以实现提高林木的质量及目标材种所占比率,以期达到提高商品林经济效益的目的。     

人工樟子松林生长进程与生长量的灰色预测模型

运用灰色系统理论建立了红花尔基林业局沙地人工樟子松胸径、树高、胸高断面积、材积与胸径连年生长量、树高连年生长量、胸高断面积连年生长量、材积连年生长量的灰色预测模型.通过残差检验,发现胸径与树高灰色预测模型精度最高,井用此两模型预测了樟子松生长进程,得出人工樟子松林优势木在30年时即可达到中径木标准,进入工艺成熟,可以采伐利用.同时表明人工沙地樟子松林能够成林成材,具有发展远景.     

樟子松根系分布特征及其生长适应性研究

通过民勤樟子松根系分布及生长调查分析表明 :樟子松根系分布集中 ,在 2 50cm范围内 0～ 2 0cm土壤层次中根量占调查根系总量的 50 %～ 6 0 % ;樟子松生长迅速 ,10龄树年高生长量达 6 0cm ,粗生长量达 1.0cm ,移栽苗木 2～ 3年后可达到原地苗的生长速度 ,樟子松适应性强 ,同时对温度、光照和水分等因子的敏感性较强 ,充足的光照、水分 ,有利于其生长 ,干旱、低温条件下 ,生长速度明显减缓     

红花尔基沙地樟子松林天然更新特征

樟子松是沙地主要针叶造林树种,沙地樟子松林天然分布于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市红花尔基;红花尔基地区的气候特点为高纬度、低海拔、寒冷半湿润、短无霜期。沙地樟子松于20 世纪50 年代在科尔沁沙地引种成功,但一直不能天然更新,并于 20 世纪 90 年代初出现了生长衰退、枯梢直至死亡的现象,而天然沙地樟子松林无论在更新还是生长上却一直处于健康状态。为了认识天然沙地樟子松林天然林的更新特征,于 2004 年 7-8 月对红花尔基天然沙地樟子松林的20 块样地、3 种林窗(2 圆形、5 窄长方形、3 宽长方形)樟子松天然更新指数进行了调查。结果表明,林龄大的林分(大于 50 年)总平均更新指数高于林龄小的林分(小于 50 年),最大更新指数达29株m-2。更新的苗龄绝大多数小于10年生。回归分析表明,林龄是决定天然更新的主要因子;虽然樟子松是阳性树种,但林冠的郁闭度似乎对天然更新没有直接影响。林窗更新调查结果表明,林窗内更新指数都较高;对于圆形林窗更新高峰出现在林窗南缘和东缘,而对于窄长方形林窗,更新高峰则出现于东缘;而且更新苗龄相对较大(最大达 38 年)。上述结果表明樟子松更新苗具有一定的耐阴性,但如果没有较大林窗或较大的其它干扰,如火、风雪害或皆伐等,更新苗木将很难进行入主林冠层。     

红花尔基沙地樟子松造林技术

红花尔基沙地樟子松造林技术本栏编辑程月华白景阳红花尔基林业局位于呼伦贝尔草原沙地与大兴安岭山地接壤地带，境内主要为松林沙土、生草沙土、黑钙土、灰色森林上，年均降水量３４４～３７５毫米，年均气温－１．５℃，适宜樟子松林木生长。为了扩大樟子松林面积，增加...     

章古台沙地樟子松人工林的水量平衡分析

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L.var.mongolica Litv)自1955年开始在章古台沙地引种栽培以后,一般表现稳定,生长较快。但近年来林分的土壤含水率趋于下降,特别是降水量偏低的干旱年份水量亏缺,对樟子松林生长影响较大。本文试通过分析樟子松林土壤水量因子的分布变化规律及数量     

松子松根系分布特征及其生长适应性研究

通过民勤樟子松根系分布及生长调查分析表明：樟子松系分布集中,在250cm范围内0～20cm土壤层次中根量占调查根系总量的50％～60％;樟子松生长迅速,10龄树年高生长量达60cm,粗生长量达1．0cm,移载苗木2～3年后可达到原地苗的生长速度,樟子松适应性强,同时对温度、光照和不分等因子的敏感性较强,充足的光照、水分,有利于其生长,干旱、低温条件下,生长速度明显减缓。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.