过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低血钙症的影响

为了阐明日粮添加过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低钙血症的调控机制,在某集约化奶牛场选取40头奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组(C)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于产前10d至分娩后10d在日粮中每天添加1.5、3.0、6.0g/头过瘤胃维生素D。对4组试验奶牛围产期(分别于产前10、7、3、0d和产后3、7、10d)血清维生素D3(1,25-(OH)2D3)、钙、羟脯氨酸、甲状旁腺素和降钙素水平进行检测。结果表明,围产期奶牛血钙水平分娩时达最低,产后逐渐上升,且产前7d至产后10d对照组奶牛血钙浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);分娩当天试验Ⅰ组奶牛血浆中1,25-(OH)2D3、羟脯氨酸和降钙素水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),甲状旁腺素水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。提示,日粮中每天添加1.5g/头过瘤胃维生素D能调节甲状旁腺素和降钙素等激素的分泌,促进肠道对钙的吸收,动员骨钙,从而防止奶牛产后低钙血的发生,且围产期奶牛低血钙症与机体血钙稳态调节作用密切关联。     

过瘤胃复合维生素对围生期奶牛血清生化指标的影响

为了研究过瘤胃复合维生素对围生期奶牛血清生化指标的影响,试验选择围生期健康的荷斯坦奶牛119头,分为2组,对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加过瘤胃复合维生素50 g/(d·头),试验期为51 d,分别测定奶牛产前7天、分娩当天和产后30天的血清生化指标。结果表明:与对照组比较,试验组奶牛在产前7天血清中Ca的浓度和产后30天血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶活性及尿素氮和葡萄糖的浓度均极显著升高(P0. 01),球蛋白、白球比、三酰甘油浓度显著升高(P0. 05)。说明添加过瘤胃复合维生素可提高奶牛产后葡萄糖的浓度,缓解能量负平衡,对预防肝脏疾病和改善蛋白质代谢无显著影响。     

不同维生素E水平对围产期奶牛血液免疫指标的影响

试验研究了不同维生素E水平对围产期奶牛免疫功能的影响,选择体重550kg左右,2～6胎次,预产期相近、体况评分3.5分的围产期中国荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为3组。各组饲喂基础日粮组成相同,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+0.81IU/kgBW维生素E,试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+1.62IU/kgBW维生素E,试验Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+2.43IU/kgBW维生素E,试验期60d(从预产前30d到产后30d)。试验结果显示:在产前7d、分娩当天和产后7d试验Ⅲ组的血清皮质醇浓度较试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组低,差异显著(P0.05);在产后30d试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清皮质醇浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);试验Ⅲ组奶牛血液中三种免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)含量在产后7d显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);在分娩当天,试验Ⅲ组的白细胞总数和淋巴细胞百分比均显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P0.05),粒细胞百分比试验Ⅲ组低于试验Ⅱ组,差异显著(P0.05),单核细胞百分比试验Ⅲ组高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,差异不显著(P0.05)。以上结果表明,维生素E对奶牛免疫功能有一定的影响,且在基础日粮中添加2.43IU/kgBW维生素E的试验Ⅲ组对围产期奶牛的免疫功能具有较好的效果。     

产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响

为探讨产前添加过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛生产性能和肝脏功能的影响,选取产前30～40 d的经产干奶牛20头,随机分为对照组和试验组。在产前21 d至分娩阶段,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组基础日粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱(30 g/d);分别于预产期前7 d及产后0、7、14 d采血并分离血清,检测血清生化指标和其他代谢物浓度;于产后1～15 d记录产奶量,产后30 d时采集乳汁并分析乳成分。结果表明:产前添加过瘤胃胆碱增加了奶牛产后1～15 d的日均产奶量(P0.05),降低了血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性(P0.05),降低了血清总蛋白、球蛋白和胆固醇水平(P0.05)。上述结果表明,产前21 d至分娩时添加过瘤胃胆碱30 g/d能显著提高奶牛泌乳早期的产奶量,改善肝脏功能。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯对围产期奶牛瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究围产前期添加蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯(HMBi)对围产期奶牛瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响。选择40头健康的荷斯坦围产期奶牛,根据年龄、体况、胎次、预产期及上一胎次泌乳量相近原则进行配对试验设计,分为试验组和对照组,每组20头牛。在围产前期,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+30 g/d HMBi,试验组与对照组奶牛在围产后期饲喂相同饲粮,试验期44 d。试验组与对照组各选择6头奶牛,分别于产前7 d(-7 d)和产后7 d(+7 d)晨饲前采集瘤胃液,测定各组奶牛分娩前后瘤胃发酵指标和微生物区系的变化。结果表明：1)与对照组相比,添加HMBi显著降低了奶牛产后瘤胃氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度(P <0.05),对围产期奶牛瘤胃液pH,微生物蛋白(MCP)含量,总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及乙酸/丙酸没有显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加HMBi显著提高了奶牛产前瘤胃Kiritimatiellaeota、解琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-001和互营球菌属的相对丰度(P <0.05),显著提高了奶牛产后瘤胃纤维杆菌门、瘤胃球菌科UCG...     

补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱及B族维生素复合物对围产期奶牛健康及生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究在干奶期至新产期阶段补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱及B族维生素复合物对围产期奶牛健康及生产性能的影响。选取预产期前60 d的经产荷斯坦干奶牛48头,随机分为3组(每组16头牛):对照组奶牛饲喂基础饲粮,试验组每头牛每天在饲粮中分别添加100和150 g过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物。试验自奶牛预产期前60 d开始,至产后30 d结束,共计90 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,补饲150 g/(头·d)过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物显著增加了产后30 d的产奶量(P=0.04),有增加产前30 d血清中白细胞介素-1含量的趋势(P=0.08),对血清中钙、磷及维生素B1和维生素B3含量无显著影响(P0.05),对奶牛体况评分无显著影响(P0.05),对奶牛妊娠时长和犊牛初生重亦无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,在干奶期至新产期阶段补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸、甜菜碱和B族维生素复合物能有效提升奶牛机体健康和产奶量,每头牛每天补饲150 g对奶牛产后生产性能较好。     

饲喂不同水平维生素A对围产期奶牛免疫性能的影响

试验为研究饲喂不同水平维生素A对围产期奶牛免疫性能的影响,选用体重550kg左右、预产期相近、2～5胎、体况评分3.5分左右的围产期中国荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为3组,分别为试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮+55IU/kgBW维生素A)、试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮+110IU/kgBW维生素A)、试验Ⅲ组(基础日粮+220IU/kgBW维生素A),试验期75d。结果表明:饲喂不同水平维生素A后,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组奶牛在分娩后1d白细胞数均显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05)。试验Ⅲ组奶牛血清中IgA、IgG在产前7d显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P0.05);在分娩后1d,奶牛血清中IgA、IgM含量试验Ⅲ组显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P0.05);产后7d,试验Ⅲ组奶牛血清中的IgA、IgM、IgG含量均显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);在产后30d,试验Ⅲ组奶牛血清中IgM含量高于Ⅱ组,差异显著(P0.05)。综合试验结果可知,饲喂220IU/kgBW的维生素A可以更好的提高围产期奶牛的免疫力。     

围产期饲粮中添加异位酸对奶牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和奶牛、新生犊牛血清指标的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究围产期饲粮中添加异位酸对奶牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和奶牛、新生犊牛血清指标的影响,为异位酸添加剂在奶牛生产中的合理添加使用提供理论依据。选取18头健康、第3胎次、预产期相近的经产荷斯坦围产期奶牛,按照完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮+30 mL/(d·头)的异位酸,Ⅱ组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mL/(d·头)的异位酸。预试期10 d,正试期42 d,从奶牛产前21 d开始到产后21 d结束。结果表明:1)在产后10和21 d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组瘤胃氨态氮(NH 3-N)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)、乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)在产前10 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清球蛋白(GLB)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,奶牛血清白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。在产前10 d和产后21 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清尿素氮(UN)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在产后21 d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组奶牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)在产前10 d,Ⅰ组奶牛血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在产后10和21 d,Ⅱ组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天和产后10 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,Ⅰ组奶牛血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在产后10 d,Ⅱ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。5)在产前10 d和分娩当天,Ⅱ组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,Ⅱ组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。6)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组新生犊牛血清GSH-Px活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组新生犊牛血清IgA、IgG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在围产期饲粮中添加异位酸可提高奶牛产奶量、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数、奶牛的抗氧化及免疫能力,并在一定程度上增强新生犊牛的抗氧化和免疫能力。本试验中,奶牛围产期饲粮中异位酸适宜添加量为60 mL/(d·头)。     

奶牛围产期血浆Ca、P、AKP和HYP的变化

为了解健康奶牛围产期钙代谢特点,本试验选取围产期健康奶牛20头,分别在产前7d、3d,分娩当天,产后3d、7d对试验奶牛血浆Ca、P、ALP、HYP浓度进行测定。按每个时间点血钙水平将试验奶牛分为血钙正常组(C)和低血钙组(L)。结果显示:奶牛在产前7d至产后7d低血钙发生率分别为45%、20%、80%、25%、15%。产前7d到产后7d,C组奶牛血浆Ca、ALP、HYP水平均显著高于L组(P0.05)。两组奶牛血浆P浓度围产期无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:奶牛围产期易发生低血钙,以分娩时发生率最高;围产期奶牛低血钙症的发生可能与骨钙动员能力低有关。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对泌乳早期奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响

选取产后10～15d,年龄、胎次、产奶量相近,年产奶量大于6t的荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组各6头.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中每头每天添加200,300和400g过瘤胃葡萄糖,Ⅳ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮.过瘤胃葡萄糖分早、晚2次混于精料中,任其自由采食,饲喂期20d.通过对试验奶牛在饲喂前、饲喂后10d和20d的产奶量、乳汁成分的分析.结果显示,与对照组比较,Ⅰ组产奶量极显著升高(P<0.01);乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖水平均不显著(P>0.05).表明过瘤胃葡萄糖能提高奶牛泌乳性能.     

Effects of oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation in beef cattle that calved in late winter and late summer

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of breed and oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation on serum vitamin E and IgG concentrations in beef cows that calved in late winter and late summer and in neonatal calves. ANIMALS: 73 Angus and 43 Hereford primiparous and multiparous cows and their calves. PROCEDURE: Cows in groups that were homogeneous regarding breed and age distribution were randomly allotted to groups that were orally supplemented (n = 59) or not supplemented (57) with vitamin E beginning 30 days prior to onset of 65-day calving seasons. Supplemental vitamin E was provided in a vitamin-mineral mix offered free-choice until parturition. RESULTS: Cows that calved in late winter and were supplemented orally with vitamin E had higher serum vitamin E concentrations at calving and after calving than did unsupplemented cows; differences between groups before calving were not significant. Calves from supplemented multiparous cows had higher vitamin E concentrations than did calves from unsupplemented cows. Winter-born calves from supplemented Hereford cows had heavier 205-day adjusted weaning weights than did winter-born calves from unsupplemented Hereford cows. Supplementation did not affect vitamin E or IgG concentrations in the herd that calved in late summer and did not affect calf growth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation may be economically beneficial in certain cow-calf operations in which late-gestation cows are consuming stored forages.     

Vaccination of dairy cows with recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces antibodies that reduce adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells

Streptococcus uberis is an important environmental mastitis pathogen that causes subclinical and clinical mastitis in lactating and nonlactating cows and heifers throughout the world. Previous work from our laboratory suggests that S. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) is involved in S. uberis pathogenesis and may be an excellent target for vaccine development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibody response of cattle vaccinated with recombinant SUAM (rSUAM). Uninfected primiparous dairy cows (n=30) in late lactation were divided randomly into three groups of 10 cows each: control, 200 μg rSUAM, and 400 μg rSUAM. Cows in groups vaccinated with 200 μg and 400 μg rSUAM received an emulsion containing adjuvant, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and affinity purified rSUAM. Cows in the control group received an emulsion containing adjuvant and PBS. Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck region at drying off (D-0), 28 d after drying off (D+28) and within 7 d after calving. Serum was collected at D-0, D+28, at calving (C-0), calving vaccination (CV), and during early lactation (CV+14). Serum antibody responses were measured by an ELISA against rSUAM. Following the first vaccination a significant increase in anti-rSUAM antibodies was detected at D+28 in cows from groups vaccinated with 200 μg and 400 μg rSUAM when compared to the control group. This increase in anti-rSUAM antibodies continued following the second immunization at D+28; reaching the highest levels in the post-parturient sampling period (C0), after which antibodies appeared to plateau. S. uberis UT888 pretreated with several dilutions of heat-inactivated serum from cows vaccinated with rSUAM, affinity purified antibodies against rSUAM, and to a 17 amino acid long peptide from the N terminus of SUAM (pep-SUAM) were co-cultured with bovine mammary epithelial cells and adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into epithelial cells was measured. Compared to untreated controls, opsonization of two strains of S. uberis with sera from cows vaccinated with rSUAM, with affinity purified rSUAM antibodies, or with affinity purified pep-SUAM antibodies significantly reduced adherence to and internalization of this pathogen into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In conclusion, subcutaneous vaccination of dairy cows with rSUAM during physiological transitions of the mammary gland either from or to a state of active milk synthesis induced antibodies in serum and milk and these antibodies reduced adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells under in vitro conditions. SUAM appears to be an excellent candidate for vaccine development.     

Effect of supplementation of vitamin E,copper and zinc on the in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation index of peripartum Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows

To study the effect of vitamin E (VE), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on the in vitro phagocytic activity (PA) and lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR) of blood neutrophils and lymphocytes, thirty Sahiwal pregnant cows (six in each group) in their late gestation at 30 days before the expected date of calving were selected from the NDRI experimental herd and supplemented with various micronutrients from 30 days before calving to 45 days after calving. Cows were supplemented individually with VE (1000 IU/cow/day), Cu (20 ppm/cow/day) and Zn (80 ppm/cow/day) and also with a combination of VE, Cu and Zn to study cumulative effect of all micronutrients. One group without any supplementation acted as a control. Blood neutrophils and lymphocytes were isolated and studied for their PA and LPR. Supplementation of micronutrients like VE, Cu, Zn and a combination of all these nutrients significantly (p < 0.01) increased the PA of experimental cows as compared to control (unsupplemented) cows during the pre‐partum period. During post‐partum, all the micronutrients (VE, Cu, Zn and their combination) showed a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the PA of experimental cows as compared to control cows. Of all the groups, significant (p < 0.01) and maximum PA was observed in the combination group followed by Zn‐supplemented group during both the pre‐ and post‐partum period. A significant (p < 0.01) increase in LPR of B lymphocytes was observed in combination‐supplemented group during the pre‐partum period and during both the pre‐ and post‐partum period in the Cu‐supplemented group.     

Efficacy of immunologic assays for the detection of Johne's disease in dairy cows fed additional energy during the periparturient period.

This study was designed to evaluate if the immunosuppression typically observed during the immediate periparturient period (3 weeks before and after calving) in dairy cows influences the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for the detection of Johne's disease; and, if providing additional energy to the cows during this period would minimize any immunosuppressive effects. Twelve dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were fitted with rumen cannulas in late gestation and assigned to treatment groups: control, n = 6; or stuffed, n = 6. Cows in the control group were allowed to consume feed ad libitum. Cows assigned to the stuffed treatment group were also fed ad libitum but received additional total mixed ration by manually stuffing their rumens with refused feed to maintain a dry matter intake of 2% body weight/day before calving and 2.5% body weight/day after calving. Parturition had a significant impact on immune function with significant reductions in M. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies detected in the serum and milk regardless of treatment group. Similarly, in vitro immunoglobulin production was decreased at calving for both treatment groups. In addition, stuffing cows modulated cell-mediated immune function by reducing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and interferon-gamma production after calving. Shedding of M. paratuberculosis in the milk was apparent in 58% (7/12) of cows after parturition with no difference noted between control and stuffed animals. Parturition had no major effect on fecal shedding of cows regardless of treatment. These data suggest that parturition had a significant effect on immune function parameters including diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis. Furthermore, providing additional energy to cows with Johne's disease did not preclude immunosuppressive effects during the periparturient period.     

Effect of additional vitamin E and zinc supplementation on immunological changes in peripartum Sahiwal cows

This study was conducted to exploit ameliorative effect of additional vitamin E and/or zinc supplementation on immune response of peripartum Sahiwal cows. Thirty‐two pregnant dry Sahiwal cows were blocked into four treatment groups (n = 8), namely control, zinc (Zn), vitamin E (Vit E) and zinc + vitamin E (Zn + Vit E). Feeding regimen was same in all the groups except that the Sahiwal cows in the zinc‐, vitamin E‐ and zinc + vitamin E‐fed groups were additionally supplemented with 60 mg Zn/kg DM, 1000 IU vitamin E and 60 mg/kg + 1000 IU Zn + vitamin E, respectively, from day 60 pre‐partum to day 90 post‐partum. Blood samples were collected on days ?60, ?45, ?30, ?15, ?7, ?3, 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 with respect to day of parturition and analysed for total immunoglobulin (TIG), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), vitamin E (Vit E) and zinc (Zn) status. Before calving, cows showed a decrease in plasma TIG, IgG, IL‐2, Vit E and Zn levels. However, increased levels of plasma TIG, IgG, IL‐2, Vit E and Zn were observed after calving. After calving, Sahiwal cows supplemented with Zn + Vit E had higher plasma TIG, IgG and IL‐2 in comparison with cows of control and Zn + Vit E‐fed groups. In the present study, plasma vitamin E level was higher in Vit E‐fed and Zn + Vit E‐fed cows; however, zinc level was higher in Zn‐ and Zn + Vit E‐supplemented cows. In conclusion, a reduced immune response during peripartum period in Sahiwal cows was ameliorated by dietary vitamin E and zinc supplementation.     

甘油对围产期奶牛能量平衡和肝脏糖原合成的影响

为了研究甘油对围产期奶牛能量平衡和肝脏糖原合成的影响,选用24头体重(674.6±13.8) kg、胎次(2.5±0.5)、上一泌乳期305 d产奶量(7 412±15) kg和预产期(23.8±0.3) d的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,从分娩前19 d开始分别在基础日粮中添加甘油0,100,200和300 g/d。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加甘油200和300 g/d,显著提高了奶牛分娩后7,21和35 d体况评分,显著改善了奶牛分娩前14 d和分娩后7,21和35 d的能量平衡。200和300 g/d组奶牛分娩前14 d胰岛素浓度和分娩后7,21和35 d奶牛血糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。200和300 g/d组奶牛分娩后7,21和35 d血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05)。200和300 g/d组奶牛分娩后7,21和35 d肝脏糖原含量和糖异生途径限速酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果显示在日粮中添加甘油能够加强肝脏葡萄糖异生作用,改善奶牛能量平衡,适宜添加量为200 g/d。     

Vitamin D3 supplementation of cull cows: effects on longissimus and semitendinosus muscle tenderness

Previous studies have shown that supplementation of vitamin D3 to cow diets for 4 to 10 d before slaughter lowers Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values and increases sensory tenderness scores in beef cuts. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle calcium concentration, WBSF values, and sensory tenderness ratings of LM and semitendinosus (ST) muscles from cull, predominately Angus, cows (eight cows per treatment). Treatments included 0 (control), 5 million IU, or 7.5 million IU of vitamin D3 supplemented daily for 7 d preslaughter. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, 2.54-cm-thick LM and ST muscle steaks were cut; aged for either 0, 7, 14, or 21 d (ST steaks aged for 7 d only); and frozen at -20 degrees C for WBFS and sensory analysis. Mean values for LM calcium concentration tended to increase (P = 0.14) with vitamin D3 supplementation (154, 176, and 183 microig/g, fresh basis, for 0, 5, and 7.5 million IU/d, respectively). After 7 d of aging, LM steaks from cows fed 7.5 million IU had lower (P < 0.05) WBSF values than 7-d steaks from controls and cows fed 5.0 million IU/d aged 7 d; however, vitamin D3 supplementation had no (P > 0.05) effect on WBSF values of ST steaks aged 7 d. Vitamin D3 supplementation did not (P > 0.05) affect sensory tenderness ratings for either LM or ST steaks at any aging period. Aging, however, had a linear (P < 0.001) effect on tenderness, with an increase in tenderness as aging time increased from 0 to 21 d. Thus, results from the present study indicate that vitamin D3 supplementation, at these levels and duration before slaughter, provided little benefit to muscle tenderness of beef from cull cows.     

酵母培养物益康XP对奶牛血浆内毒素含量及其它指标影响的研究

选取泌乳初期(泌乳天数<40d)健康奶牛12头,按胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相同或相似的原则进行配对,分为试验组和对照组。两组日粮组成相同,但试验组牛每天添加益康XP(剂量为试验第1-7d500g/头/d,从第8d后减少到120g/头/d,分两次饲喂)。试验期为60d。于试验前1d、试验第20d、40d、60d分别采血,用鲎试剂法测定血浆内毒素含量;定期测定日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞数;并记录情期受胎率及疾病发生情况。结果表明:试验组奶牛在试验后第20d、40d、60d血浆内毒素均极显著低于对照组(p<0.01);产奶量在第20d、60d显著高于对照组(p<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数差异均不显著(p>0.05);试验组情期受胎率极显著高于对照组(p<0.01);在疾病发生率方面,试验组极显著低于对照组(p<0.01)。     

益康XP对奶牛血浆内毒素含量及其他指标的影响

选取泌乳天数<40 d的健康奶牛 12头,按胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相同或相似的原则,分为试验组和对照组。两组日粮组成相同,试验组牛每天添加益康XP的剂量为试验第1天至第7天500 g/(头·d),从第 8 天后减少到120 g/(头·d),分两次饲喂。试验期为60 d。于试验前 1 天,试验第 20 天,40天和第 60 天分别采血,用鲎试剂法测定血浆内毒素含量;定期测定日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞数;记录情期受胎率及疾病发生情况。结果表明,试验组奶牛在试验后第20天,第 40 天和第 60 天血浆内毒素均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);产奶量在第20天,第60天显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验组情期受胎率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);在疾病发生率方面,试验组极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。