春小麦克丰2号的遗传基础及其在育种中的应用

分析了克丰2号的遗传基础与在小麦育种中的利用,从而探讨了种质资源的创新与利用。优异种质春小麦品种克丰2号由黑龙江省农业科学院小麦研究所根据生态育种理论,利用国内外亲本,采用阶梯式复合杂交选育而成,具有配合力高、丰产、多抗优质等突出特点。黑龙江省多家育种单位以克丰2号为育种亲本,采用不同育种途径,先后育成了15个小麦品种在生产上推广应用。     

小麦主要品质性状研究进展

小麦作为保障中国粮食生产安全和助推农业高质量发展的主要粮食作物,尤其对小麦品质的提高显得越来越迫切。小麦品质性状较为复杂,经过多年的遗传改良,小麦品质性状研究取得了一些重要进展,但中国小麦品质改良仍处于中低水平。笔者对小麦几个重要品质性状的研究现状进行了简要概述,重点是对控制小麦营养品质、加工品质的性状遗传改良进行总结。主要分析了小麦蛋白含量、面筋含量、淀粉含量及沉淀值遗传特点,综述了各品质性状的分子遗传规律及相关调控的主要基因。尤其随着分子生物学及生物技术的发展,小麦品质性状的遗传调控规律的明晰,未来可将分子设计育种作为重点研究方式。     

利用转基因技术改良小麦品质的研究进展

小麦作为世界丰要粮食来源,其转基因遗传改良受到广泛关注.随着生活水平的提高,人们对面食品各种品质的需求也越来越高,利用转基因技术对小麦进行品质改良成为近几年小麦研究的热点.小麦品质包括加工品质和营养品质,加工品质又包括磨粉品质和食品加工品质.目前的小麦品质改良中,磨粉品质的改良主要通过提高籽粒硬度(grain hardness)基因pin的含量;食品加工品质的改良主要通过提高小麦高分子量谷蛋白业基(high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit,HMW-GS),尤其是1ny10、1Dx5及1Ax1亚基的含量;小麦的营养品质改良主要是提高赖氨酸及铁结合蛋白的含量;面粉白度是衡量面粉品质的重要性状之一,利用转基因技术从遗传因素进行的面粉白度改良主要集中在对多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)的抑制上;淀粉品质是小麦品质的一个重要方面,淀粉品质改良的研究主要集中在对支链含量相关淀粉基因的研究上.本文就应用转基因技术对小麦品质在这五个方面的改良进行了概括介绍,并对其中存在的问题进行了探讨.     

Challenges to wheat production in South Asia

Wheat is the second major staple crop, after rice, in India and Pakistan and is also gaining similar importance in Nepal and Bangladesh. Wheat production in South Asia has increased from 15 mt in 1960s to 95.5 mt during 2004–2005. It still needs to grow at the rate of 2–2.5% annually until the middle of 21st century. However, for India, recent estimations have shown a growth requirement of about 1.1%. Although the wheat improvement programs in these countries, with the active collaboration of national agricultural research centers (NARS) and CIMMYT, has made a significant progress, it is a matter of significant concern that wheat production has stagnated for last few years. Since there is little scope for increasing land area under wheat, the major challenge will be to break the yield barrier by pragmatic genetic and developmental approaches. The most serious constraints to wheat production in this region are a host of biotic and abiotic stresses. Although India has not faced any rust epidemic in the last decade, rusts continue to occupy the place of most dangerous pathogen for the region. Among the abiotic stresses, unusual warming trends during grain filling period are causing yield declines, especially in eastern and central India. There are other challenges that are specific to the highly productive rice–wheat cropping system predominant in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The total factor productivity of this system is declining due to depletion of soil organic carbon. Addition of organic matter to soil through green manuring and crop residue recycling, balanced fertilization, integrated nutrient management, diversification of rice-wheat system are some of the possible remedial measures to improve total factor productivity. The international linkages with CIMMYT needs to be strengthened more closely for developing more productive wheat genotypes and thus, achieving wheat targets in the South Asian region.     

Molecular markers: actual and potential contributions to wheat genome characterization and breeding

The demands for increasing global crop production have prompted the development of new approaches relying on molecular marker technologies to investigate and improve the plant genome. The merits of molecular markers make them valuable tools in a range of research areas. This review describes novel approaches based on modern molecular marker technologies for characterization and utilization of genetic variation for wheat improvement. Large-scale genome characterization by DNA-fingerprinting has revealed no declining trends in the molecular genetic diversity in wheat as a consequence of modern intensive breeding thus opposing the genetic ‘erosion’ hypothesis. A great number of important major genes and quantitative trait loci have been mapped with molecular markers. Marker-assisted selection based on a tight linkage between a marker allele and a gene(s) governing a qualitative or quantitative trait is gaining considerable importance as it facilitates and accelerates cultivar improvement through precise transfer of chromosome regions carrying the gene of interest. The implementations of molecular markers in wheat genotyping, mapping and breeding complemented by specific approaches associated with the complex polyploid nature of common wheat are analyzed and presented.     

我国不同麦区小麦品种的面粉溶剂保持力

溶剂保持力(SRC)是评价软麦品质的一项重要指标。为了解我国不同麦区小麦品种溶剂保持力的差异, 2008—2009和2009—2010生长季测定了181个小麦品种的4种溶剂保持力, 并分析其遗传变异及不同麦区品种SRC特点。结果表明, 4种SRC值在品种、年度和麦区间均差异显著 (P<0.01或P<0.05), 此外, 年份´品种和年份´麦区的互作效应也达显著水平(P<0.01)。主成分分析表明, 仅主成分1的特征值大于1.0, 其对方差的解释率为72.3%;根据主成分综合得分对供试品种聚类, 结果显示各麦区品种SRC值变异明显, 存在不同SRC类型的品种资源, 低SRC品种在长江中下游麦区相对较多, 而中、高SRC品种多分布于黄淮麦区。筛选出阿勃、法展5号、淮麦17、宁麦3号、宁麦6号、皖麦48、选7、扬麦13、扬麦17、郑麦004等低SRC品种, 可用于弱筋小麦品种选育和品质改良。     

小麦转基因技术及转化功能基因研究进展

小麦是世界上重要的粮食作物,相对于玉米、水稻等其他禾本科作物,其转基因研究虽然进展比较缓慢,但近几年已逐步取得了一些可喜进展。通过对小麦转基因尝试的不同方法的总结,如花粉管通道法、基因枪法、农杆菌介导法等,分析了各方法的优缺点,同时介绍了已向小麦转化的功能基因及其类型,如DREB、LEA等抗逆基因,GNA、Bt等抗病虫基因,aroA、Bar等抗除草剂基因,1Dy10、1Ax1等品质改良基因。在此基础上对小麦转基因技术,特别展望了整株水平上的农杆菌介导的幼穗转化法的前景和策略,以期促进转基因技术的不断提高和在小麦品种改良中的应用。     

Wheat breeding assisted by markers: CIMMYT’s experience

Significant progress has been made in the characterization of loci controlling traits of importance using molecular markers. A number of markers are currently available in wheat for genes of interest to the breeders. Markers can be used to better characterize parental material, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of parental selection for crossing and to track genes in segregating progenies through the selection process. Although a number of breeding programs are using molecular markers at modest levels, the costs associated with marker assisted selection (MAS) are frequently cited as the main constraint to their wide-spread use by plant breeders. However, this is likely to change when user-friendly, high-throughput, automated marker technologies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms become available. These evolving technologies will increase the number of available markers, and will improve the efficiency, throughput, and cost effectiveness of MAS, thereby making it more attractive and affordable to many breeding programs. This article examines the extent to which molecular markers have been used at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in applied wheat breeding and reviews the limited publicly available information on MAS from other wheat breeding programs. As markers are currently available for relatively few traits, we believe that MAS must be integrated with ongoing conventional breeding to maximize its impact. When used in tandem with phenotypic selection, MAS will improve response to selection for certain traits, thereby increasing rates of genetic progress.     

小麦优质谷蛋白亚基分子标记多重PCR体系的建立与应用

Ax1/Ax2*、Dx5和过量表达的Bx7亚基(Bx7^OE)被认为是对小麦品质有正向效应的优质亚基。根据以上亚基特异性分子标记建立相应的多重PCR体系,经品种和群体检验,证明利用该体系鉴定亚基的结果稳定可靠、成本较低。利用该多重PCR技术对89份西藏小麦育成和推广品种(系)的优质亚基频率进行鉴定,结果表明, Dx5和Ax1/Ax2*亚基的频率均为12.4%,没有检测到Bx7^OE,同时携带两个优质亚基的材料频率为10.1%,该麦区品质育种必须加强优质亚基的引入。针对优质亚基Ax1/Ax2*、Dx5和Bx7^OE的多重PCR体系,为小麦品质育种亲本评价和通过杂交方法聚合优质亚基基因提供了一种实用可靠的标记辅助选择技术。     

利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦研究进展

小麦是我国以及全球最重要的粮食作物之一。随着人口增长、气候变化和人们对高品质生活的追求,需要培育高产、多抗且优质的小麦品种,确保小麦安全生产和小麦产业健康发展。由于在培育小麦新品种过程中严格持续不断的人工选择,小麦初级基因库已得到充分开发。利用小麦的近缘次级基因库,将传统的育种技术和分子育种技术结合,通过细胞遗传学、分子标记辅助选择和基因工程等方法将小麦近缘种属中的优良基因引入到小麦染色体组中可突破这一育种瓶颈,培育符合当代育种目标的小麦新品种。本文简要介绍了将小麦主要近缘种属及将其蕴含的优良性状和优良外源基因引渗到小麦基因组中的主要技术及特点,重点综述了利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦抗病性、品质和生长发育等性状的最新研究进展,讨论了目前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期促进小麦近缘种属优良基因的挖掘和新品种培育。     

High yield potential,shuttle breeding,genetic diversity,and a new international wheat improvement strategy

The main elements of the international wheat improvement program of the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), also known as the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, have been shuttle breeding at two contrasting locations in Mexico, wide adaptation, durable rust and Septoria resistances, international multisite testing, and the appropriate use of genetic variation to enhance yield gains of subsequently produced lines. Such an approach yielded successes known collectively as the Green Revolution. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, this “cultivar assembly line” approach needs fine tuning to address crop needs under increasingly adopted resource conserving practices, as well as those related to nutritional requirements of the end-users. International wheat improvement will therefore focus on the targeting of traits in respective mega-environments, and the use of participatory methods, especially in marginal environments. The main features of this wheat improvement strategy include the introduction of new and novel sources of genetic variation through wild species, landraces, and, potentially, the use of transgenes for intractable traits. This variation will be combined using international shuttle breeding, and increased breeding efficiency will be achieved through marker-aided methods, more targeted use of crop physiology, plant genetics, biostatistics, and bioinformatics. Likewise, CIMMYT will increase its focus on the needs of end-users by emphasizing regional efforts in participatory research and client-oriented plant breeding.     

2000—2015年北部、黄淮冬麦区国家区试品种的品质特征

区试品种品质的特征分布能够反映未来几年推广品种的走向,了解近年小麦区试品种品质变化对我国小麦品质育种方向具有指导意义。本研究以2000—2015年北部、黄淮冬麦区1001个区试品种的1589份样品为材料,按强筋、中强筋和中筋品种分类,分析了我国近十几年育成和审定品种的品质变化趋势。结果表明,参试品种数量逐年递增,综合品质有待提升;审定品种比例总体呈下降趋势,尤其是中筋品种,但中强筋品种的比例有所上升。8个品质指标分析结果显示,中筋品种的蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均值较高,而沉淀指数、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大拉伸阻力平均值一般;沉淀指数、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大拉伸阻力平均值以强筋品种高于中强筋品种,又高于中筋品种,类型间有显著差异(P<0.05)。各品质指标在年度间的变异,以强筋品种最大,其次是中强筋品种,中筋品种最小。与对照品种相比,强筋品种蛋白质质量性状显著偏低。未来5~10年生产中,小麦中强筋品种会有所增多。     

小麦耐热性状鉴定及相关性状QTL研究进展

小麦是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,高温特别是开花期和灌浆期的高温胁迫严重影响小麦的产量和品质,鉴定、筛选小麦耐热种质资源,开展小麦耐热性分子育种是解决小麦耐热性的根本途径。本文分别综述了小麦耐热性状鉴定指标,目前鉴定出的小麦耐热分子标记以及潜在有育种应用价值的耐热分子标记,分析指出了与小麦耐热性密切相关的四个染色体区域,探讨了小麦小麦耐热性QTL鉴定中存在的问题。     

抗黄矮病小麦种质的分子标记

应用基因组原位杂交技术分析了抗小麦黄矮病种质的遗传组成,研究表明小麦一中间但麦草部分双二倍体无芒中4(2n=56)具有40条小麦染色体、5对中间僵麦草染色体、3对小麦/中间僵麦草易位染色体,其中1对是罗伯逊氏易位染色体。结果表明无芒中4与远中5的遗传组成有明显差异,是两种不同类型的材料。抗黄矮病小麦种质F940418, T10     

小麦育种策略探讨

小麦育种的理论、方法与技术早有详尽的研究,但是综合运用它们的策略尚有待发展,因为育种理论与方法需有育种实践的长期积累,并与育种理论结合才具实际意义。笔者所在单位近50年来育成了一系列小麦品种,成为新中国成立以来长江下游及中游部分地区小麦品种3次大面积更换的主体品种,是小麦杂交育种的成功范例。笔者根据长     

中国小麦品种穗发芽抗性差异的研究

利用收获时种子发芽率和面粉降落值法，于2000—2002年2个小麦种植年度，研究了黄淮、北部、长江中下游、西南冬麦区和东北春麦区1950年以来的781个主要推广品种和新品系的穗发芽抗性。结果表明，小麦穗发芽抗性测定值在年度间极显著或显著正相关，不同年代小麦品种的穗发芽抗性差异较大。1990年以来育成品种的穗发芽抗性与20世纪80年代相近，但明显弱于50、60以及70年代。黄淮、西南和春小麦3个麦区种子发芽率低于2%的高抗品种数分别占各自麦区供试总数的1.7%、4.5%和5.7%，而长江中下游和北部2个冬麦区的种子发芽率都在10%以上；东北春麦区品种的抗性较强，种子发芽率平均为11.2%。利用等电聚焦电泳从发芽率和降落值均偏低的品种中鉴定出异源2号、蜀万24、蜀万761、陕160、孟县4号、京411、京9428、鉴26、燕大1817、农大45、衡水6404、晋麦5号、8号、鄂麦14和克辉等15个携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因的品种，分布在5个不同麦区。对这些品种及其亲本进行SSR分子标记分析，发现有些与其亲缘关系密切的品种，却不携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因。上述结果说明，该基因在我国五大小麦产区均有分布，但具该基因的品种数量少，占供试品种数的1.9%，通过育种程序容易选择出不携带该基因的小麦品种。     

小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基遗传规律及其品质效应之研究进展

高分子量谷蛋白亚基在Glu-1位点上有很强的多态性,在组成上有高度的异质性,变异非常丰富,对品种品质有很明显的作用。因此,高分子量谷蛋白亚基一直受到育种家们的广泛关注。在此,综述了小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基在F1、F2等世代中的基因表达特性和亚基遗传规律,以及不完全表达和遗传畸变。同时还综述了各小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基位点,位点内各亚基及亚基组成对品质的效应。并讨论了利用优质亚基、亚基组合对小麦品种品质改良的应用前景。     

山东省小麦籽粒品质性状的演变及相关分析

本文以山东省建国以来不同时期有代表性的小麦品种为试材，从籽粒的物理品质指标，面粉的品质指标，淀粉的糊化特性及面团的流变学特性等27个性状进行了研究和分析，探讨了主要性状的演变规律，分析了品质性状问的相关。对今后小麦品种品质性状的改良潜力、育种目标及改良策略等问题进行了讨论。     

强筋型优质小麦新品种陕253的选育及其主要特征特性研究* Ⅰ 强筋型优质小麦新品种陕253的选育研究

陕253是西北农林科技大学农学院小麦研究所育成的优质小麦新品种，其组合为陕229/陕213，它集优质、丰产、早熟于一体，具有面团形成时间和稳定时间长等突出的品质特征。其成功选育说明：优质与高产能够完美结合；选择农艺性状优良互补、遗传背景复杂、品质较好的双亲是育成优质品种的基础；有效的品质测试手段是选育优质品种的保障。