我国常用玉米自交系秸秆品质性状及其相关分析

利用近红外反射光谱法对我国91份常用普通玉米自交系和11份高油自交系秸秆的体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）、粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、可溶性糖（WSC）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、酸性木质素（ADL）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）7个品质性状进行了分析评价,以探讨秸秆品质性状间的关系以及影响秸秆品质的主要成分。结果表明,各品质性状变异较大,各性状自交系间差异均达极显著水平,IVDMD及其相关品质的含量近似正态分布。不同品质性状变异程度不同,其中WSC含量变异最大,变异系数达33.15%。IVDMD与NDF、ADF、ADL呈极显著负相关,与WSC、EE含量呈极显著正相关,与CP含量显著正相关。影响秸秆品质的性状依次是IVDMD、ADF、NDF、WSC、ADL、CP和EE含量。根据青贮玉米育种的要求,筛选出5份IVDMD和WSC含量高、NDF、ADF含量低的自交系。     

Agronomic Factors in Evaluating Forage Crops II. Predicting Fiber Components (NDF, ADF, ADL) from Crop Leafiness

The relationship of the stage-to-stage changes in alfalfa herbage leaf percentage and the corresponding changes in fiber components represented by neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was tested in alfalfa crop diverse in stand and canopy ages, stages of maturity harvested across seasons in two separate years. Regression analyses showed that for all fiber components, leaf percentage consistently provided highly significant linear relationships for predicting herbage fiber content; NDF (r²= 0.915), ADF (r²= 0.937) and, ADL (r²= 0.851). These were highly comparable with the application of the mean stage by weight (MSW) system for predicting NDF (r²= 0.946), ADF (r²= 0.891) and ADL (r²= 0.841) thus indicating the practical use of leaf percentage as a good alternative approach for predicting fiber content of the alfalfa crop.     

牧草叶作为饲料原料的营养价值分析

[目的]研究旨在测定5种牧草叶片的主要营养成分,分析、评价其氨基酸的营养价值,以期为牧草叶型饲料的开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]各样品的粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪、钙、磷含量采用常规方法测定,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量采用滤袋法测定;采用必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分及化学评分评价各样品氨基酸营养价值。[结果]结果表明：(1)5种牧草叶片中CP、Ca、NDF和ADF含量的差异较大,其中CP、Ca、NDF含量差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);水葫芦CP含量最高;2种豆科牧草叶片的CP含量显著高于禾本科牧草叶片,ADF含量则显著低于禾本科牧草叶片。(2)5种牧草叶片氨基酸种类齐全,总氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量丰富;蛋氨酸是5种牧草叶片的共同第一限制性氨基酸。[结论](1)水葫芦、紫花苜蓿、葛藤叶片的CP含量较高,可以作为蛋白饲料原料开发利用。(2)多花黑麦草和杂交狼尾草叶可以作为优质粗饲料进行开发利用。(3)利用5种牧草叶片配制牧草叶型畜禽全价饲料应适当添加蛋氨酸或补充富含蛋氨酸的原料。     

不同茬次的苜蓿干草在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律的研究

摘要：选择装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体重500 kg 左右并且均处于泌乳后期的3头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,用尼龙袋法研究了不同茬次苜蓿干草的干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维（NDF),酸性洗涤纤维（ADF),在奶牛瘤胃内的降解变化规律。结果表明:在相同培养时间段内,不同茬次的苜蓿干草CP降解率依次降低(第一茬>第二茬>第三茬>第四茬),差异显著(P<0.05);NDF,ADF,粗脂肪降解率依次升高（第一茬<第二茬<第三茬<第四茬).差异显著（P<0.05)。     

种植密度对不同类型玉米青贮产量和营养价值的影响

为明确不同类型青贮玉米在临沂地区最佳种植密度,设置了4个密度梯度（60 000、75 000、90 000、105 000株/hm ²）,研究种植密度对专用型青贮玉米雅玉8号和粮饲兼用型玉米登海605饲用产量和营养价值的影响。结果表明：密度对不同类型青贮玉米鲜草、干草产量影响显著,密度增加,青贮玉米鲜草产量和干草产量均先增加后减少,在密度75 000株/hm ²时均获得最高鲜草、干草产量。密度对不同类型青贮玉米粗脂肪、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维含量和子粒产量、粗蛋白产量、粗脂肪产量、可消化干物质、相对饲喂价值、无氮浸出物含量和总能量影响显著,密度增加,雅玉8号粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和可消化干物质、干物质采食量、相对饲喂价值和无氮浸出物含量下降,粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈上升趋势,子粒产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪产量和总能量先增加后减少,在密度75 000株/hm ²均获得最高子粒、粗蛋白、粗脂肪产量。从饲料总能量来说,专用型青贮玉米雅玉8号和粮饲兼用型玉米登海605在山东临沂地区饲用的最佳种植密度均为75 000株/hm ²。     

Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime Climate

Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high‐quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)–cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea–cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea–cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10–15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike^?1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro‐ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region.     

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Whole-Crop Pea and Pea–Cereal Mixture Silages Grown in South-western Quebec

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities of silages made from whole‐crop pea [Pisum sativum L. (PS)], pea–wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (PW)], pea–barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (PB)] and pea–oat [Avena sativa L. (PO)] mixtures harvested 8 weeks (H8) and 10 weeks (H10) after seeding. Forty‐five days after ensiling, all forages were well ensiled as indicated by low pH and low water‐soluble carbohydrate content and high lactic acid concentration. Regardless of forage type, crude protein (CP) and IVNDFD were higher while starch and acid detergent lignin were lower in H8 than H10. However, harvest date had no effect on neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre of the silages. Within each harvest date, CP was higher while NDF was lower for PS than pea–cereal silages. Differences in CP and fibre fractions between the pea–cereal mixture silages were not consistent for the two harvest dates. The IVDMD of PS was higher than that of the three pea–cereal mixture silages in H8 but was only higher than that of PB in H10. For the pea–cereal mixtures, IVDMD was higher for PO than PB and PW in H8 and was higher for PB than PW in H10. It was concluded that silage from pea monoculture had similar forage yields and a generally higher nutritive value than silages from pea–cereal mixtures.     

Genetic basis of nutritional content of stover in maize under low nitrogen conditions

The effect of two different nitrogen treatments on five traits associated with yield and nutrient composition of stover were evaluated using a set of 213 F_2:3 families derived from two elite inbred lines Huang-C and Xu178. Evaluation of the phenotypes expressed under the two nitrogen conditions showed that low nitrogen conditions could increase acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and decreased crude protein content (CP), crude fat content (CF), and stover yield (SY), thereby negatively affecting the digestibility and quality of silage maize. Twenty-eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified affecting the five measured traits under two nitrogen conditions, including four for ADF, five for NDF, five for CP, four for CF, and three for SY. Several QTL associated with ADF or NDF were detected under same nitrogen conditions, and were localized to the same chromosomal regions, especially the QTL qADF6 and qNDF6, qADF10 and qNDF10, were only detected under low nitrogen condition. These results suggested that ADF and NDF perhaps were controlled by several common genes, and that the nutritional content of stover may be influenced by additional genetic mechanisms when grown under conditions of low nitrogen.     

Agronomic Potential of Three Vetches (Vicia spp.) Under Rainfed Conditions

The major limiting factor to livestock production in West Asia and North Africa is the inadequate feed supply. The introduction of leguminous forage species into fallow lands represents a means of increasing feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population.
Twenty five lines each of common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) wooly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.), and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) were tested over three seasons with contrasting rainfalls and winter temperatures. For each species, seedling vigour, winter growth, cold effect, spring growth, leafiness, herbage yield at 100 % flowering, grain yield, harvest index and aspects of herbage quality were recorded. There were considerable variation among entries with the same species, entries of V. ervilia were the earlier in flowering and maturity, and V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa almost the latest by 45 days. V. sativa , was the most affected by frost whilst both V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa and V. ervilia proved to be cold tolerant.
Although V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa produced high herbage yield in springs its grain yield is low resulting in a low harvest index. Both V. ervilia and V. sativa produced high grain yield with high harvest index. Seed yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with days to flowering and maturity indicating the need of earlier types.
Quality of the herbage in term of digestibility was far lower (46 % IVDMD) in V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa than the other two species (69 % and 72 %).
The possible niches and utilization of each species as animal feed in the prevailing farming systems are discussed.     

Genetic variation, heritability and genetic correlations for forage quality and yield traits of Mediterranean tall fescue germplasm

Higher ruminant intake potential and in vivo digestibility as indicated by lower neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF), respectively, and higher crude protein (CP), may be valuable targets in tall fescue breeding. Some 105 full‐sib families from a diallel cross of Mediterranean parent germplasm were grown in a heated greenhouse simulating the temperature pattern of a Mediterranean environment, to estimate genetic parameters for NDF, ADF, CP and dry matter (DM) yield in one autumn and one winter harvest. Family x harvest interaction was large for NDF and ADF, moderate for CP and absent for DM yield. Additive genetic variance was mostly larger than specific genetic variance, and tended to be small for quality traits and large for DM yield. Narrow‐sense heritability was low for CP and ADF in autumn and moderate to fairly high in the remaining cases. Predicted gains per selection cycle never exceeded 5% for quality traits while being greater than 10% for DM yield. An inverse genetic correlation between DM yield and any quality trait emerged in the presence of sizeable genetic variation.     

藏北野生驯化早熟禾的生产性能和品质评价

基于藏北地区饲草缺乏和草地植被退化等问题,开展野生牧草资源的开发利用研究,驯化筛选适宜藏北高寒区种植的优质乡土早熟禾。选取西藏野生的中亚早熟禾（Poa litwinowiana）、渐尖早熟禾（P. attenuata）和冷地早熟禾（P. crymophila）为材料,以国审栽培品种青海冷地早熟禾（P. crymophila cv. Qinghai）为对照,在海拔4 512m环境条件下完成田间种植,分析比较不同早熟禾的生长特性和营养品质。结果显示,随生育期推进,供试材料地上生物量、株高、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈现逐渐增加的现象,粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量下降。乳熟期3种材料的地上生物量均显著（P<0.05）高于对照品种,其根系生物量大小排序为渐尖早熟禾>中亚早熟禾>冷地早熟禾>对照;冷地早熟禾的粗蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于渐尖早熟禾,渐尖早熟禾的酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量最低。采用熵权赋值法的灰色系统理论对乳熟期不同早熟禾生产性能及营养品质指标进行综合评价,优劣顺序为渐尖早熟禾>冷地早熟禾（野生种）>中亚早熟禾>青海冷地早熟禾（栽培种）。     

Condensed tannins in birdsfoot trefoil: Genetic relationships with forage yield and quality in NC-83 germplasm

Summary Genetic relationships of condensed tannins (CT) with other forage quality parameters have not been adequately studied in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). The objectives were to bidirectionally select for CT concentration in birdsfoot trefoil to determine selection response and to create populations for examination of genetic relationships of CT with forage quality parameters, principally lignin. High-and low-tannin parental clones were selected from NC-83 birdsfoot trefoil germplasm and intercrossed to produce Syn₁ populations. Herbage samples, harvested for two years at two locations, were analyzed from high-tannin, low-tannin, and parental populations for CT concentration, herbage yield, and forage quality parameters. The mean condensed tannin concentrations in the high-and low-tannin populations were 69.3±0.8 and 21.1±0.8 g catechin equivalent (CE) kg^-1 dry matter (DM) compared with 36.4±0.8 g CE kg^-1 DM in the parental population. The selection response exhibited a quadratic relationship, with selection for increased CT concentration more effective than for reduced CT concentration. Compared with the parental population, acid detergent lignin (ADL) was higher, and crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) concentrations were lower for the high-tannin population and the converse was true for the low-tannin population. Lignin concentration was positively correlated with CT concentration (r_g=0.66 P0.01).Abbreviations ADF acid detergent fiber - ADL acid detergent lignin - CP crude protein - CT condensed tannins - IVDDM in vitro digestible dry matter - NDF neutral detergent fiber - NIRS near infrared reflectance spectroscopy     

不同肥料配施对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

采用“3414”最优回归设计,研究了不同施肥处理对青贮玉米品种‘大京九26号’的产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,适量增施氮肥对提高青贮玉米鲜重产量和干物质产量的作用大于磷钾肥,并显著提高粗蛋白(CP)含量,对改善酸性洗涤性纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤性纤维(NDF)和脂肪(Fat)含量均有有益作用;钾肥对改善青贮玉米营养品质的作用较小;磷肥的增施对营养品质改善不利;在14个处理中,以N₂P₁K₂处理的综合表现较好。本研究结果为冀西北地区高产、优质青贮玉米的栽培技术的制定奠定理论基础。     

不同饲用玉米品种产量及青贮品质比较分析

为筛选出适宜安徽省种植的饲用玉米品种,进行了10个饲用玉米品种的产量及青贮品质比较研究。结果表明：品种间产量和青贮品质存在显著差异。其中,‘玉草3号’的产量最高,YA473182的产量仅次于‘玉草3号’;YA473182的氨态氮(NH3-N)含量略低于‘玉草3号’,乳酸(LA)含量显著高于‘玉草3号’,发酵品质较好;YA473182的可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量及粗蛋白(CP)含量显著高于其他品种,且中性洗涤纤维(NDF)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量相对较少,饲用品质较好。综合考虑各玉米品种的产量及青贮品质,YA473182和‘玉草3号’最适合安徽省种植利用,‘瑞德2号’和‘豫青3230’也有推广价值。     

多花黑麦草在生长兔上的营养价值评定

为评定多花黑麦草在生长兔上的营养价值,研究以福建黄兔为对象,对2 个多花黑麦草品种采用全粪收集法进行消化试验。结果表明：福建黄兔生长兔对多花黑麦草‘美克斯’和‘海里克斯’干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、粗纤维（CF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、粗脂肪（EE）、粗灰分（ash）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）和无氮浸出物（NFE）的表观消化率分别为：52.67%、82.68%、21.70%、26.58%、28.59%、68.37%、57.69%、71.64%、70.82%、64.38%和50.45%、79.53%、24.69%、30.45%、32.69%、69.84%、59.38%、70.48%、69.31%、69.30%。其中生长兔对多花黑麦草DM、CP、EE、Ca 和P 的表观消化率较高,对CF的表观消化率较低。     

近红外光谱技术与常规方法检测紫花苜蓿品质的对比研究

从黑龙江省国家牧草产业技术体系绥化综合试验站的试验田中采集的10 种（每种取7 个样品）紫花苜蓿样品分别采用近红外光谱技术和常规化学测定法,对其含有的粗蛋白（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、脂肪（FAT）、灰分（ASH）、干物质（DM）成分进行了测定,并将测试结果用SPSS 软件进行配对T值分析比较,结果表明：两种方法的X ± S 相近,|t|<0.05,P>0.05,差异不显著。分别计算两种方法的标准偏差（S）和相对标准偏差（RSD）,发现近红外分析方法的值均小于常规化学分析方法。试验结果表明：基于与常规化学方法的比较,近红外方法可以作为一种新的检测方法被使用,值得广泛应用于各种牧草饲养品质的测定与推广。     

氮磷配施对西藏河谷农区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播产量及品质的影响

在海拔4 300m的西藏河谷农区,进行了N、P配合施肥对混播燕麦与箭筈豌豆产量及品质影响的研究。结果表明：刈割期为燕麦乳熟期/箭筈豌豆结荚期,混合饲草产量最高,饲草粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量较高,而酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）与中性洗涤纤维（NDF）较低。N、P及其互作对混播燕麦与箭筈豌豆株高、产量、养分含量的影响显著;在相同施P水平下,随着N的增加,干草产量、株高和粗蛋白呈现先增后减的变化趋势;粗脂肪、ADF和NDF含量随氮肥施用量的增加有不同程度的降低;在相同施N水平下,随磷肥施用量的增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、ADF呈增加的趋势,而NDF逐渐降低。施用氮（纯N）140kg/hm ²、磷（P₂O₅）60kg/hm ²处理组合干草产量最高为16 636kg/hm ²,比不施肥对照组增产60.47%;蛋白质含量最高达18.42%。说明N、P施用量分别为140kg/hm ²、60kg/hm ²可作为该地区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播种植的推荐施肥量。     

Response to divergent selection for ease of particle size reduction of dried leaves of smooth bromegrass ( Bromus inermis Leyss) and correlated effects on nutritive value indicators and plant fitness

The rate at which forage can be broken down and cleared from the rumen is a major constraint on voluntary intake by ruminants. Responsiveness to selection has been demonstrated for physical characters possibly related to the ease of breakdown of forage grasses and is a prerequisite for the exploitation of these characters in a breeding program. The objective of this study was to evaluate at two locations the response to one cycle of divergent selection for the ease of breakdown, or particle size reduction index (PSRI), of dried leaf blades in four populations of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) grown as spaced plants and the correlated response in neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and on seedling performance and second year spread as indicators of plant fitness. Divergent selection for PSRI resulted in significant differences between high and low groups in all populations. The contrast for asymmetry of response was not significant, but response tended to be higher in the downwards direction relative to an unselected group. Realised heritabilities ranged from 10–21% when the unselected group was used to represent the parental generation. In the most responsive population, WB19e, seedling growth was poorer at both sites and seedling mortality higher at one site in plants selected for increased PSRI. Selection for PSRI had no effect on IVDMD but there were closely correlated changes in NDF (r = –0.73 across populations, p<0.01). However, comparisons between populations suggested that differences in PSRI independent of NDF also existed. PSRI can be exploited in a breeding program if gains in forage intake by ruminants, independent of changes in NDF, are demonstrated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国玉米骨干自交系秸秆纤维品质分析

通过对我国20世纪60年代以来应用广泛的27份骨干亲本自交系的秸秆纤维成分研究,结果显示自交系秸秆纤维品质中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、纤维素(CELLU)、半纤维素(HCELLU)和木质素(ADL)平均含量分别为47.657%、24.551%、21.096%、20.906%和3.776%;不同自交系间秸秆NDF、ADF、CELLU和ADL含量呈显著或极显著差异,HCELLU无显著差异性;各纤维组分含量之间具有显著或极显著相关性;不同年代间自交系秸秆纤维品质NDF、ADF、CELLU、和HCELLU含量有相似的变化规律,即20世纪90年代初至今各组分含量较高;ADL含量在不同年代自交系秸秆中含量变化不大。     

东乡野生稻与普通栽培稻中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等含量的对比研究

为研究不同种类、不同生育时期水稻植株细胞壁化学组分变化规律,应用Van Soest法对普通栽培稻与东乡野生稻在不同生育时期的植株NDF、ADF等含量进行了研究。结果表明,NDF、ADF、ADL含量（％）的平均值变化范围分别是55.63～71.70、31.98～49.61、2.68～5.71,其中以蜡熟期的东野各含量为最高,以抽穗期的协青早B各含量最低。在同一生育时期,不同种类水稻的NDF、ADF含量（除抽穗期的NDF）有显著性差异（P<0.05）,以东野的含量为最高,秀水110其次,以协青早B含量为最低。在同一种类水稻中,不同生育时期的水稻NDF、ADF含量差异均达到显著性水平（P<0.05）,以抽穗期的含量为最低,乳熟期其次,至蜡熟期含量达到最高峰。