柴达木盆地土地合理利用与绿洲生态农业持续发展

本文在综合分析柴达木盆地土地利用有利条件和限制因素,以及土地利用现状特点和存在问题的基础上,着重就盆地土地合理开发利用与绿洲生态农业持续发展问题进行了初步探讨,并提出了如下见解：（１）立足盆地农业资源优势,调整农业结构,发展效益型绿洲生态农业和市场农业;（２）盆地农业开发近期应以改造中低产田和恢复弃耕地为主,适度开垦宜农荒地为辅;（３）加强防护林体系建设,改善生态环境,保障盆地农牧业持续发展;（４）重视盆地天然草场合理利用与科学管理和保护,加快人工草场建设,促进畜牧业持续发展。     

作物获得最佳产量的亏缺灌溉及其实施策略

要想减少对灌溉水量的相对需求，必须尽可能降低或防止不必要的水分损失，同时可通过亏缺灌溉使有限供水得到强化利用。作者在总结前人工作的基础上，提出实施亏缺灌溉的七条原则来优化管理有限水分资源，使作物产量降低较小的同时获得最大水分利用效率。它们是：（１）使用抗旱能力较强的作物；（２）考虑水分亏缺发生时的作物生长发育阶段；（３）增加降雨对作物水分需求的贡献；（４）播前灌溉的需要性；（５）应用于深层土壤具有中等程度以上持水性能的土地；（６）管理地面灌溉系统以降低水分渗漏和径流；（７）改进作物栽培措施。     

舟形毛虫黑卵蜂寄生茶蚕的观察

１发生期舟形毛虫黑卵蜂（ＴｅｌｅｎｏｍｕｓｋｏｌｂｅｉＭａｙｒ）在霍山一年发生４代，以第４代卵在茶蚕（Ａｎｄｒａｃａｂｉｐｕｎｃｔａｔａ）卵内越冬。始见羽化与寄生盛期：第１代成蜂分别为５月上中旬、５月下旬；第２代为７月上旬、７月下旬；第３代为８月中旬...     

水稻病虫害综合防治五大关系的理性分析

本文论述“预防为主，综合防治”植保方针的理论和实践意义，结合我国水稻病虫害综合防治２０ａ的研究进展，提出综合防治的体系特征及其五大关系：（１）有害生物的种质分化与种型演变；（２）防治体系与预警系统；（３）为害损失与防治指标；（４）多抗性品种的开拓与推广；（５）多效药剂的研究开发与应用。进而探讨ＩＰＭ与可持续性植物保护的相互关系     

机修水平梯田培肥增产技术措施探讨

通过对宁夏西吉县沙沟乡机修水平梯田定位试验分得得出，其培肥增产技术措施是；１．农牧结合，增加有机厩肥投入；２．粮豆草轮作，实行秸秆还田；３引洪漫地；４．深改土；５．合理施用氮磷化肥。并在小麦，胡麻，地膜玉米，马铃薯４种作物上定量分析得出；１ｈｍ＾２春小麦≥４５００ｋｇ施纯Ｎ２１８．１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２－２８３．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２，施纯Ｐ２Ｏ５１００．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２－１１７．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ６２；１ｈｍ＾２     

桂中地区东亚飞蝗大发生的气象因子分析及灾变预报初探

自解放以来的４５年中，东亚飞蝗在广西大发生过三次（年）。发生的中区多是桂中地区，作用通过多年的分析研究，发现它的发生程度Ｙ和下列的五个气象因子有关：与ｘ１（３－４月总雨量）呈负相关；与ｘ２（５月份最小绝对湿度）呈正相关；与ｘ３（６月份的月平均气温）呈正相关；与ｘ４（６月份的气温月较差）呈正相关；与ｘ５（６月的气温≥３０℃的天数）呈正相关。应用“二级条件频差”计算，作了１９５５－１９９４年共３４年的     

零频率估计二化螟危害株密度方法的研究

零频率估计二化螟危害株密度的３种方法为：（１）Ｘ＝０．８７４３（Ｐ０－１．１４３８－１）；（２）Ｘ＝ｅｘｐ｛［ｌｎ（－ｌｎＰ０）＋０．６９９７］÷０．９５１４｝；（３）Ｘ＝２．０１３１（－ｌｎＰ０）１．０１５３。其中以第３种方法估计精度最高，误差小，应用效果最好。依据Ｇｅｒｒａｒｄ方法建立了理论抽样数模型：ｎ＝ｂ２（１－Ｐ０）／Ｐ０（ｌｎＰ０）２（ｃｖ）２。田间验证表明，样本数５０～１００丛，即可把抽样误差控制在２０％以内，完全符合田间调查精度要求，可提高工效３～５倍     

东亚飞蝗密度调查方法实践经验

在防治东亚飞蝗的长期工作实践中，我们深深体会到，为了掌握有利防治时机，采取适当的防治策略与措施，必须对其不同发生期的各虫态密度做到心中有数。现将我们在飞蝗密度调查实践中积累的经验，予以介绍。１蝗卵密度调查调查蝗卵取样大小，以０．４４m２（４尺２）为宜。在荒地查卵可取０．６６７m（２尺）见方面积的样片；在作物地查卵时，可按地形改取０．１６７m（０．５尺）×２．６６m（８尺）或０．１３３m（０．４尺）×３．３３m（１丈）的样片。在未翻耕的土地上检查，可由表土用铁铲层层下挖，待挖到１．６５cm（０．５寸）深时…     

用昆虫病原线虫液相培养早期发育指标预测产量的研究

对液相培养繁殖昆虫病原线虫的早期发育指标与最终产量的相关性进行研究，探讨利用早期发育指标预测最终产量的可能性。试验中采用４项早期发育指标：（１）接种代发育比（培养第４天）；（２）接种代繁殖倍数（培养第９天）；（３）子１代发育比（培养第１３天）；（４）子１代繁殖倍数（培养第１８天）。回归分析结果表明，４项发育指标与最终产量均有显著相关性，可以用作预测最终产量的指标。     

2%立克秀湿拌种剂拌种防治大麦病害试验

２ %立克秀湿拌种剂系德国拜耳公司生产 ,为了探索其湿拌种剂对大麦种、土传病害的效果 ,在２０００年秋播对其进行了试验 ,现将试验结果总结如下 :１材料与方法１．１供试药剂（１）１０ %浸种灵乳油（泰州化肥厂生产）（２）２５%使百克乳油（江苏辉丰农化股份有限公司生产）（３）２ %立克秀湿拌种剂（德国拜耳公司生产）１．２试验设计与方法（１）１０ %浸种灵１ｍｌ拌５ｋｇ大麦种（堆闷８ｈ）（２）２５ %使百克１ｍｌ拌５ｋｇ大麦种（堆闷８ｈ）（３）２ %立克秀５ｇ拌５ｋｇ大麦种（堆闷８ｈ）（４）清水对照４个处理均重复３次 ,…     

Study of variegated and white flower petals of Capparis spinosa expanded at dusk in arid landscapes

In this study,we provide the first evidence of two pairs of petals of the rapidly expanded and short-lived nocturnal flowers of Capparis spinosa L.(caper)during the prolonged drought period in Eastern Mediterranean region.The corolla of the winter-deciduous,perennial C.spinosa consists of two pairs of petals:a pair of white distinct petals and a pair of connate variegated petals with green basal parts.The results indicated the presence of substantially different amounts of chlorophyll in the two pairs of petals,while their carbohydrates’content is comparable with that of the green sepals.High resolution imaging of petal surfaces of short-lived flowers of C.spinosa, obtained by using scanning electron microscopy,revealed stomata on the adaxial epidermis on both the white and the green parts of the variegated petals;while dense hairs were found on the surface of the abaxial green parts of the variegated petals.Adaxial,epidermal cells of the variegated petals,viewed using atomic force microscopy,possess a submicron,cuticular microfolding that differs between the white and the green parts of the petals.It appears that microridges on the adaxial,white parts of petals of C.spinosa compensate for an increase in cell surface area of the short lived petals,while the roughness of the green parts of petals was found to be higher than that of the white parts.Thus,the micromorphology of surfaces of epidermal cells is expected to affect optical properties and wettability of the floral tissues.These findings may be particularly important for understanding the performance of the short-lived petals of C.spinosa,which are exposed to dryland environments.     

Temperature-mediated responses of flumetsulam and metosulam on Raphanus raphanistrum

The effect of temperature and light after spraying on the activity of flumetsulam and metosulam when applied to seedlings of Raphanus raphanistrum was evaluated under controlled environments. Flumetsulam and metosulam were applied at 0.01–3 times the recommended doses and the plants were subjected to a range of temperatures after spraying. Herbicide activity was estimated from dose–response curves of fresh weight. Varying the temperature after spraying from 1 to 20 °C increased the activity of flumetsulam and metosulam, as determined by comparison of ED₅₀, by a factor of 97 and 7 respectively. Large increases in herbicide activity occurred in the 1–5 °C range and smaller but significant increases at temperatures greater than 5 °C. No significant differences in the activity of the herbicides were found when the plants were subjected to light or dark conditions at 5 °C after spraying. The influence of temperature on activity may lead to opportunities for rate adjustment of flumetsulam and metosulam based on the temperature prevailing around the time of spraying.     

Early molecular signatures of responses of wheat to Zymoseptoria tritici in compatible and incompatible interactions

Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a serious foliar disease of wheat, is a necrotrophic pathogen that undergoes a long latent period. Emergence of insensitivity to fungicides, and pesticide reduction policies, mean there is a pressing need to understand septoria and control it through greater varietal resistance. Stb6 and Stb15, the most common qualitative resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars, determine specific resistance to avirulent fungal genotypes following a gene‐for‐gene relationship. This study investigated compatible and incompatible interactions of wheat with Z. tritici using eight combinations of cultivars and isolates, with the aim of identifying molecular responses that could be used as markers for disease resistance during the early, symptomless phase of colonization. The accumulation of TaMPK3 was estimated using western blotting, and the expression of genes implicated in gene‐for‐gene interactions of plants with a wide range of other pathogens was measured by qRT‐PCR during the presymptomatic stages of infection. Production of TaMPK3 and expression of most of the genes responded to inoculation with Z. tritici but varied considerably between experimental replicates. However, there was no significant difference between compatible and incompatible interactions in any of the responses tested. These results demonstrate that the molecular biology of the gene‐for‐gene interaction between wheat and Zymoseptoria is unlike that in many other plant diseases, indicate that environmental conditions may strongly influence early responses of wheat to infection by Z. tritici, and emphasize the importance of including both compatible and incompatible interactions when investigating the biology of this complex pathosystem.     

药液表面张力和黏度对草甘膦药效的影响及其机理研究

通过添加有机硅助剂和丙三醇调节草甘膦药液的表面张力和黏度,测定其对草甘膦药液液滴的物理性状及生物活性的影响。结果表明：降低药液的表面张力,雾滴的铺展直径增加,干燥时间缩短,药液的黏度以及在杂草叶片表面的最大稳定持留量没有显著性变化;草甘膦对杂草的防效表现为先升高后降低,对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草防效可提高37%和37%。增加草甘膦的药液黏度,药液在杂草叶片上的最大稳定持留量增加,表面张力降低,对雾滴的干燥时间和铺展直径影响很小;草甘膦对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草的防效可提高42%和42%。适当降低草甘膦药液的表面张力或增加其黏度均可提高其对杂草的防除效果。     

中国虱属分类研究 Ⅲ.分类与检索

本文是“中国虱属分类研究”系列论文的第３篇,主要介绍了目分亚目、粉亚目分组、纳组分科、虱科分属以及虱属分种团等５个目和虱属研究中常用的检索表。     

Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selection for resistance, reversion towards susceptibility and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

BACKGROUND: Obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is an economic pest of pome fruits throughout North America. Repeated applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have resulted in the development of resistance, cross‐resistance and multiple resistance in this pest. Studies were conducted to determine the possibility of resistance evolution, stability of resistance and the effect of metabolic synergists on toxicity of new reduced‐risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in C. rosaceana. RESULTS: Larvae of C. rosaceana were selected for resistance to chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in the laboratory. Significant levels of resistance to each insecticide were observed after 12 generations of selection. In the absence of selection pressure, susceptibility of a subset of larvae from both chlorantraniliprole‐ and spinetoram‐selected populations reverted to preselection levels after five and six generations respectively, indicating that resistance to both chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram was unstable in C. rosaceana. In synergist bioassays performed after 12 generations of selection, S,S,S‐tributylphosphoro trithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases in chlorantraniliprole resistance and the involvement of mixed‐function oxidases in spinetoram resistance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana resistance management programs by using rotational strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Spatial variation in non-target effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos,cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola in winter wheat

Contiguous winter wheat fields of similar cropping history and soil type were used in a study of the responses of Collembola to summer sprays of cypermethrin and pirimicarb in southern England. Chlorpyrifos was included in the study as a toxic standard. Epigeic arthropods were captured by suction sampling and crop-inhabiting species obtained by dissecting wheat ears. Eight genera of Collembola responded significantly to the insecticide treatments. Collembolan abundance decreased after chlorpyrifos was applied but increased after use of cypermethrin. Negative effects of cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola were not detected in this study. Effects of chlorpyrifos varied spatially as a result of faunal heterogeneity among the fields, despite apparent homogeneity of the site. Some species known to be susceptible to chlorpyrifos were absent from one or more of the fields. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of non-target pesticide effects and the potential use of Collembola as bioindicators in field studies with pesticides are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Tobacco rattle virus serotypes and associated nematode vector species of Trichodoridae in the bulb-growing areas in the Netherlands

Soil samples from the coastal bulb-growing areas in the provinces of North- and South-Holland and the North-East Polder in the Netherlands were examined for trichodorid nematodes and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) serotypes. At least one of a total of eight species of Trichodoridae, of whichParatrichodorus pachydermus was most prevalent, was found in 93% of the samples from the provinces of North- and South-Holland and TRV, including four serotypes, was obtained from 49% of these samples. In the North-East Polder one of three species of trichodorids, of whichP. teres occurred most frequently, was present in 72% of the samples, and TRV of one serotype was obtained from 28% of these samples. The TRV isolates recovered from these samples reacted serologically with one of four antisera to strains of TRV. Virus transmitted byP. pachydermus reacted to the PRN-, byTrichodorus viruliferus to the RQ-, byP. teres to the N5- and byT. similis, to the TS-antiserum, respectively.     

Endophytic fungi and ergot alkaloids in native Turkish grasses

Mature inflorescences of 76 samples of ten genera of native grasses were collected in the Ankara province of Turkey. Microscopic examination of individual seeds revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in four seed samples, The endophytes were isolated in pure culture and identified. Seeds were also ground and subjected to ELISA and HPLC analyses to confirm the levels of ergot alkaloids typically produced by endophytic fungi of grasses.