Evaluation of Low Level Laser Therapy on Primary Healing of Experimentally Induced Full Thickness Teat Wounds in Dairy Cattle

Objective —The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle.
Study Design —By using the Latin square design, the effect of LLLT was evaluated by radiography, measurement of microcirculation flow, histopathology, tensiometry, and hydroxyproline analysis.
Animals or Sample Population —Sixteen teats of four dairy cattle.
Methods —Full thickness wounds were made on the cranial surface of the teats. Teats were distributed into four groups; group A and B wounds were closed with a Gambee pattern, group C and D wounds were closed with three-layers of continuous suture pattern. Group B and D wounds were treated with 3.64 J/cm² of LLLT using a helium-neon system continuous wave (632.8 nm) output of 8.5 mW.
Results —The teat wall in non-LLLT groups was significantly thicker than in LLLT groups on day 7, 14 and 21. The mean blood flow differences between control and sutured sites in LLLT groups were significantly lower than those in non-LLLT groups. The morphology of the epidermis in LLLT groups more closely resembled the normal epidermis than that of non-LLLT groups. Collagen fibers in LLLT groups were denser, thicker, better arranged and more continuous with existing collagen fibers than those in non-LLLT groups. The mean tensile strength was significantly greater in LLLT groups than in non-LLLT groups.
Conclusion —The LLLT affects various aspects of the healing process, including minimizing inflammation, formation of edema, improvement of skin regeneration and enhancement of collagen synthesis.
Clinical Relevance —The LLLT could accelerate healing of sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle.     

The effects of topical tripeptide copper complex and helium-neon laser on wound healing in rabbits

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and histopathological effects of tripeptide copper complex (TCC) and two different doses of laser application (helium-neon laser, 1 and 3 J cm(-2)) on wound healing with untreated control wounds. Experimental wounds were created on a total of 24 New Zealand white rabbits and topical TCC or laser was applied for 28 days. The wounds were observed daily, and planimetry was performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 to measure the unhealed wound area and percentage of total wound healing. Biopsies were taken weekly to evaluate the inflammatory response and the level of neovascularization. The median time for the first observable granulation tissue was shorter (P < 0.05) in the low and high dose laser groups than in the control group (3 and 2.66 vs. 4.5 days), but was not different between the TCC and control groups (4.16 vs. 4.5 days). Filling of the open wound to skin level with granulation tissue was faster (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups than in the control group (14 and 16 vs. 25 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (23 vs. 25 days). The average time for healing was shorter (P < 0.05) in the TCC and high dose laser groups (29.8 and 30.2 vs. 34.6 days), but was not different between the low dose laser and control groups (33.8 vs. 34.6 days). Histopathologically, wound healing was characterized by a decrease in the neutrophil counts and an increase in neovascularization. The TCC and high dose laser groups had greater neutrophil and vessel counts than in the control group, suggesting a more beneficial effect for wound healing.     

氦氖激光治疗奶牛乳房炎试验报告

在应用HMT试液诊断的139头奶牛中,选择乳房炎阳性反应奶牛123头,418个乳区(含临床型和亚临床型乳区8个),分为8mw激光照射组、18mw激光照射组、青霉素乳头注入对照组和不治疗对照组进行试验。激光照射组全用原光束,距离30～40cm,时间分别为8min和10min,照射乳中穴,每天一次,共照射七天。在激光照射疗效方面,以8mw组为最高,对各型乳房炎乳区治愈率为85.81％,好转率为11.49％,总有效率为97.3％;对隐性型乳区治愈率为90.7％,好转率为8.6％,总有效率为99.3％;药物对照组对隐性型治愈率为28.13％,好转率为25％,总有效率为53.13％;不治疗对照组试前乳区阳性率为73.6％,试后乳区阳性率为78.02％,自然发病增长率为4.42％。试验中还测定了各种处理对产奶量的影响,结果表明,以18mw组为最好,平均每日每头增加1.6318kg,药物对照组和不治疗对照组平均每日每头分别减少0.3989kg和0.581kg,经统计处理,激光照射组与对照组之间差异极为显著。     

低能量氦氖激光照射对荷瘤小鼠NK细胞活性的影响

研究低能量氦氖激光照射荷瘤小鼠对ＮＫ细胞活性的影响。选取ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ雄性小鼠腹腔接种Ｓ１８０,接种后进行激光照射小鼠内眼角,监测了正确对照组,肿瘤对照组和７．３３、１１．００、１４．６７、２２．００、２９．３３Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２五个激光照射线能明显提高荷瘤小鼠ＮＫ细胞活性;７．３３、２９．３３Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２照射组则长高不明显。     

Low energy laser irradiation treatment for second intention wound healing in horses

Low energy helium-neon laser irradiation was administered to full thickness skin wounds (3 cm × 3 cm) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints and cranial surface of the tarsocrural joints of eight horses. The effects on wound healing were analyzed statistically. There were no differences (p > 0.55) observed in the rate of wound healing between the low energy laser irradiated wounds and the control wounds. There was a significant difference (p < 0.006) observed in the rate of healing between the anatomical sites. Tarsal wounds healed more rapidly than fetlock wounds.     

氦氖激光定位照射对公兔生殖功能的影响

氦氖激光照射６只４月龄公兔阴茎头及其周围粘膜，用放射免疫测定方法监测１２只受试兔外周血浆中睾酮的含量，进而探讨激光照射对公兔生殖功能的影响。结果表明，试验组公兔增重速度明显慢于对照组公兔，但试验组公兔睾丸的发育（Ｐ＜０．０５）及射精量（Ｐ＜０．０１）均显著优于对照组，此外，前列腺、尿道球腺、附睾尾、输精管和输精管壶腹的发育以及精子活力也都优于对照组，但差异不显著。因此，本试验证明，一定能量密度的氦     

Effects of conditioned media from human amniotic epithelial cells on corneal alkali injuries in rabbits

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of conditioned media (CM) from human amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) on the corneal wound healing process. Eighteen rabbits (36 eyes) were used and randomly assigned to three groups according treatment: CM from HAECs (group 1), vehicle alone (group 2), and saline (group 3). Corneal alkali injuries were induced with 1 N sodium hydroxide. Each reagent used for treatment evaluation was injected into the dorsal bulbar subconjunctiva and the area of the corneal epithelial defect was measured every other day. Two animals from each group were euthanized at a time on days 3, 7, and 15, and the cornea was removed for histological examination. The sum of the epithelial defect areas measured on day 0 to day 6 as well as day 0 to day 14 in group 1 was significantly smaller than those of other groups. Histological examination revealed that the group 1 corneas had less inflammatory cell infiltration and showed more intact epithelial features compared to the other groups. These results suggest that CM from HAECs promote corneal wound healing in rabbits.     

半导体激光照射对犬创伤愈合的影响

用本地杂种犬１２只分为两组，在背部两侧定边长２ｃｍ的正方形皮肤全层缺损创，对照组左侧作为划体对照，每天对创面愈合情况进行观察记录。结果表明：砷化镓激光照射可促进犬全层皮肤缺损创的愈合，但差异不显著，而对激光照射７天内的愈合速度有显著的促进作用。     

Comparison of the effects of the CO2 surgical laser and conventional surgical techniques on healing and wound tensile strength of skin flaps in the dog

OBJECTIVE: To determine if CO(2) laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation of skin flaps in dogs as determined by hemostasis, wound healing, and wound tensile strength. STUDY DESIGN: In-vivo model ANIMALS: Six large, mixed-breed dogs. METHODS: On each dog's trunk, 3 pairs of identical, dorsally based, pedicled skin flaps were created and sutured back into position. Based on a Latin Square design, flaps on one side were created with a CO(2) laser and on the other side by CST. Intraoperative hemorrhage was measured by weighing sponges used to absorb blood. On days 7, 10, and 14, specimens from the flap-skin junction and the central portion of each pair of flaps were collected. Specimens were subjected to tensile strength testing and histologic examination to evaluate wound healing. RESULTS: Mean (+/- standard error of mean [SEM]) hemorrhage was significantly less (P =.02) with CO(2) laser (4.70 +/- 1.37 g) than CST (10.82 +/- 1.37 g). Wound tensile strength (N/m(2)) after CST (0.49 +/- 0.049) was significantly greater (P =.01) than with CO(2) laser (0.17 +/- 0.049). Laser incisions had partial necrosis of the wound edges and a more extensive inflammatory response; however, healing of the wound beds were similar regardless of technique. CONCLUSIONS: The CO(2) laser provided better intraoperative hemostasis than CST. However, overall healing and increase in tensile strength of the skin-flap junction of the flaps created by the laser may be delayed during the first few weeks of wound healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Skin flaps used to repair large skin defects in dogs can be created and elevated with a CO(2) laser. In areas of increased skin mobility or tension, skin flaps created with CO(2) laser may be more susceptible to complications such as dehiscence, and care should be taken to minimize these complications.     

胎衣不下奶牛围产期血液流变学指标变化

测定胎衣不下(RFM)奶牛围产期的血液流变学指标变化,为采取有效的预防和治疗措施提供依据。对25头胎衣不下奶牛和30头正常奶牛,使用锥／板法测定不同切变率的全血粘度,使用全自动激光衍射法测定红细胞变形能力。对照组全血粘度随妊娠时间推移,在妊娠后期显著或极显著降低。RFM组在切变率为150／s时未见显著降低变化,切变率为38／s、10／s、5／s有降低表现,但显著高于对照组(妊娠275d),分娩后10 d显著高于产后第1天。PCV随妊娠时间推移呈降低变化,妊娠275 d对照组显著降低(P<0.05),产后第1天两组均呈升高变化,对照组显著升高(P<0.05),随后两组各时间点均显著或极显著降低。红细胞变形指数产后呈降低变化,其中RFM组产后第1天显著低于产前,第30天显著低于产后第1天。积分面积在妊娠第275天对照组极显著增加,两组产后第1天均显著低于产前,RFM组产后第10天极显著低于第1天(P<0.01)。以上结果提示产前和产后血液粘度处于较高水平和产后红细胞变形能力的持续低下是RFM奶牛血液流变学的异常变化。降低分娩前后的血液粘度和提高产后红细胞变形能力可能有效减少RFM和其他围产期疾病的发病率。     

Effect of flunixin meglumine on surgical wound strength and healing in the rat

Forty male adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and standardized ventral midline laparotomies and uniform-length gastrotomies and typhlotomies were performed. The visceral and abdominal surgically inflicted wounds were closed with 5-0 polypropylene and 4-0 nylon suture, respectively. The rats were allotted into 4 groups (10 rats/group); 2 groups were not given flunixin meglumine (controls) and 2 groups were given flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IM, every 12 hours). On day 5 and again on day 14 after surgery, 1 control and 1 flunixin meglumine-treated group were euthanatized. Tensile strength of the skin and linea alba incisions was determined, using a computerized tensiometer. Gastric and cecal incision bursting strengths were determined, using a pressure manometer. Flunixin meglumine significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased the tensile strength of wounds in the skin and linea alba, but did not affect visceral bursting strength at day 5 after surgery. At day 14 after surgery, a significant difference in wound strength was not found between the flunixin meglumine and control groups in any of the tissues evaluated. Flunixin meglumine had an adverse influence on the inflammatory stage of wound repair, but not on the proliferative stage, when fibroplasia is a major factor in wound strength. Major histologic differences were not found in the incision wounds of flunixin meglumine-treated and nontreated control rats.     

An investigation into the depth of penetration of low level laser therapy through the equine tendon in vivo

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is frequently used in the treatment of wounds, soft tissue injury and in pain management. The exact penetration depth of LLLT in human tissue remains unspecified. Similar uncertainty regarding penetration depth arises in treating animals. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that transmission of LLLT in horses is increased by clipping the hair and/or by cleaning the area to be treated with alcohol, but is unaffected by coat colour. A LLLT probe (810 nm, 500 mW) was applied to the medial aspect of the superficial flexor tendon of seventeen equine forelimbs in vivo. A light sensor was applied to the lateral aspect, directly opposite the laser probe to measure the amount of light transmitted. Light transmission was not affected by individual horse, coat colour or leg. However, it was associated with leg condition (F = 4.42, p = 0.0032). Tendons clipped dry and clipped and cleaned with alcohol, were both associated with greater transmission of light than the unprepared state. Use of alcohol without clipping was not associated with an increase in light transmission. These results suggest that, when applying laser to a subcutaneous structure in the horse, the area should be clipped and cleaned beforehand.     

紫草素抑制炎症促进驴皮伤口愈合的效果

试验旨在探究紫草素凝胶对驴伤口愈合的效果，为皮肤无瘢痕愈合提供参考。用不同浓度的紫草素对体外培养的驴巨噬细胞进行处理，分别检测细胞中TGF-β1、IL-10、TNF-α和IL-6的mRNA与细胞上清液中蛋白的表达水平，以确定紫草素的最佳添加浓度；建立驴皮伤口模型，在伤口表面涂抹紫草素凝胶，拍照、HE染色观察伤口愈合情况，并检测驴皮肤中伤口愈合相关基因和血清的表达水平。结果表明，与对照组相比，添加不同浓度的紫草素均能降低相关炎症因子的表达，其中10 μmol/L紫草素效果最佳。在驴皮伤口上涂抹紫草素凝胶第11天时，紫草素组的伤口收缩率极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）；HE染色发现，第11天时紫草素中的组织逐渐排列整齐；第60天时，紫草素组中表皮层的厚度相对减少；实时荧光定量PCR结果表明，第11天时，紫草素组中TGF-β1、IL-10 mRNA表达极显著升高（P<0.01），TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的表达极显著降低（P<0.01）；第3天时，紫草素组血清中TGF-β1、IL-10的浓度升高，TNF-α、IL-6浓度极显著降低（P<0.01）；第7天时，紫草素组TGF-β1浓度显著降低（P<0.05），TNF-α浓度极显著降低（P<0.01），且IL-10的浓度显著升高（P<0.05）。综上，与对照组相比，添加不同浓度的紫草素均能降低相关炎症因子的表达，其中10 μmol/L紫草素效果最佳，能促进驴皮伤口的愈合。     

Topical application of epidermal growth factor accelerates wound healing by myofibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in rat

Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) stimulates the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells in human cell culture systems and animal models of partial-thickness skin wounds. This study investigated the effect of a topical rhEGF ointment on the rate of wound healing and skin re-epithelialization in a rat full thickness wound model, and verified whether or not the rhEGF treatment affected both myofibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in the dermis. When rhEGF (10 µg/g ointment) was applied topically twice a day for 14 days, there was significantly enhanced wound closure from the 5th to the 12th day compared with the control (ointment base treatment) group. A histological examination at the postoperative 7th day revealed that the rhEGF treatment increased the number of proliferating nuclear antigen immunoreactive cells in the epidermis layer. In addition, the immunoreactive area of alpha-smooth muscle actin and the expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase were significantly higher than those of the control group. Overall, a topical treatment of rhEGF ointment promotes wound healing by increasing the rate of epidermal proliferation and accelerating the level of wound contraction related to myofibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.     

Evaluation of the effects of topical tripeptide-copper complex and zinc oxide on open-wound healing in rabbits

In this study the clinical and histopathological effects of topically applied tripeptide-copper complex (TCC) and zinc oxide on open-wound healing in rabbits was evaluated. Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: TCC, zinc oxide and no treatment. One full thickness wound was created on each side of the dorsal midline in each rabbit. Wound margins were traced on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and topical TCC and zinc oxide were applied daily for 21 days to each rabbit in the respective treatment groups. The mean unhealed wound area was significantly smaller in the TCC than in the zinc oxide group on day 7, but it was significantly smaller in the TCC group than in to the control group on days 7, 14 and 21. The mean percentage of wound contraction on day 7 was significantly higher in the TCC than in the zinc oxide group; however, it was significantly higher in the TCC group than in the control group on days 7, 14 and 21. Median time for the coverage of the wound bed with granulation tissue was significantly shorter in the TCC group than in the other groups. Filling of the open wound with granulation tissue to skin level was significantly slower in the control group than in the other two groups. Neutrophil counts decreased regardless of the group in parallel with healing, while neovascularization was best observed in the TCC group. The results suggest that TCC is a better choice in the treatment protocols of open wounds in rabbits than zinc oxide.     

氦氖激光合用环磷酰胺对S180荷瘤鼠脾脏淋巴细胞IL-2诱生活性和增殖反应的影响

以S180腹水瘤小鼠为动物模型，应用11.00、14.67和22.00J/cm^2 3种剂量氦氖激光照射荷瘤鼠哈德腺，同时联合应用化疗药物环磷酰胺，对S180荷瘤鼠脾脏淋巴细胞IL-2诱生活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响作了系统地研究。结果表明：CYT/氦氖激光照射联合应用组IL-2诱生活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应均明显高于CYT对照组。CYT可对荷瘤体产生某种程度的免疫抑制效应，而氦氖激光照射则可在某种程度上改善这一效应。     

The effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in horses.

Laser therapy is used in many countries, including South Africa, for the treatment of skin wounds. Low level galium aluminium arsenide (GaAlAs) laser was administered to full thickness skin wounds (3 x 3 cm) induced surgically on the dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 crossbred horses in a randomised, blind, controlled study. Treated wounds that received a daily laser dosage of 2 J/cm2 were compared with nontreated control wounds on the opposite leg. There were no wound complications. Both groups of wounds were cleaned daily using tap water. Wound contraction and epithelialisation were evaluated using photoplanimetry. There were no significant differences in wound contraction or epithelialisation between the laser treated and the control wounds. It was therefore concluded that laser therapy had no clinically significant effect on second intention wound healing in this study.     

Effects of a proprietary topical medication on wound healing and collagen deposition in horses

Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsum of both metacarpi in 8 horses. Three topical treatment regimens were studied. All wounds were bandaged with a nonadherent dressing, which was held in place with a snug elastic wrap. Group-A wounds were treated with a proprietary topical wound medication that consisted of a spray and an ointment. Group-B wounds were treated with the same regimen, except the putative active ingredients in the ointment were omitted. Group-C wounds were treated with a dry nonadherent bandage only. Wound dressings were changed every day and the limbs were photographed every other day until the wounds were healed. Specimens of normal skin and biopsy specimens of healed wounds were examined histologically and were assayed for hydroxyproline content. Wound healing measurements quantitated for each wound were number of days to healing, maximal wound size attained, day wound contraction commenced, day epithelium first noticed, rate of wound contraction, final wound size, and fraction of the wound that healed by contraction. The cosmetic appearance of the healed wounds was also graded. Significant differences were not noticed in hydroxyproline content, histologic appearance, or any of the wound healing measurements between treatment groups. The cosmetic appearance of healed group-A and -B wounds was significantly better than the appearance of group-C wounds. The topical treatment regimens studied neither enhanced nor inhibited wound healing in this study.     

The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of topical glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine tripeptide-copper complex (TCC; Iamin 2% Gel; Procyte Corporation, Redmond, WA) on healing in ischemic open wounds. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Rats were divided into 3 groups: topical TCC, topical TCC vehicle (hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose), and no treatment (control). Six-mm-diameter, full-thickness wounds were created within an ischemic bipedicle skin flap on the dorsum of each rat. Each day, for 13 days, wound margins were traced, and the TCC and TCC vehicle groups were treated topically. Tracings were scanned, and wound perimeter and area were calculated. On days 6, 10, and 13, selected wounds were biopsied and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9. RESULTS: A significant decrease in wound area was seen in the TCC group, but not the vehicle group, when compared with the control group on days 3 to 5, 6 to 9, and 11 to 13 and when TCC was compared with TCC vehicle on days 3 and 9. On day 13, initial wound area had decreased by 64.5% in the TCC group, 45.6% in the vehicle group, and 28.2% in the control group. On days 6, 10, and 13, TCC-treated wounds contained significantly lower concentrations of TNF-alpha and MMP-2 and MMP-9 than control wounds. CONCLUSION: Topical TCC resulted in accelerated wound healing in ischemic open wounds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Topical TCC is an effective stimulant of healing of ischemic open wounds in rats and may have an application for the treatment of chronic wounds in other species. Clinical evaluation of topical TCC is warranted.     

Promotion of dermal wound healing by polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus gilvus in rats

The effects of topical administration of polysaccharides isolated from fungus, Phellinus gilvus (PG) on the healing of rat dermal wounds were assessed. In 10 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, six 6 mm diameter defects were made with a punch biopsy appliance. After 24 hr, test substances were applied to the defects twice a day: 0.025, 0.25, and 2.5% polysaccharides from PG (PG0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 groups), Madecassol ointment (MC group), aqueous gel (AG group) and no treatment (control group). Six days postoperatively, the contraction and reepithelialization of the wound surface were assessed. Wound diameter was significantly reduced in all PG groups (P<0.05). Complete epithelialization and macrophages were noted in the PG0.25 group, as compared to the control group. We conclude that polysaccharides isolated from PG have significant dermal wound healing effects, and this investigation suggests the potential clinical application of PG as a wound healing agent.