鲁西北地区夏玉米/大豆间作适宜模式分析

为探索鲁西北地区最适宜的夏玉米/大豆间作模式,选用豫单9953玉米和齐黄34大豆为材料进行大田试验,以玉米单作和大豆单作模式作为对照,设置夏玉米/大豆6种行比间作模式(2∶4、2∶6、2∶8、3∶4、3∶6、3∶8),分析比较不同间作模式对夏玉米、大豆生物学性状、产量及综合经济效益的影响。结果表明:间作下玉米秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、单穗粒重均显著优于单作玉米,具有一定正间作效应;大豆株高、底荚高度、分枝数、节数、有效荚数、单株粒数均比单作大豆低,具有一定负间作效应。2∶4、3∶4、3∶6、2∶6、3∶8和2∶8间作模式下土地当量比分别为1.32、1.28、1.21、1.18、1.14和1.11,增产效益明显,均具有间作优势,尤其2∶4间作模式增产优势最大,相比玉米单作增收值达到4 879.28元·hm~(-2)。综合考虑不同间作模式的经济效益及小型机械操作,2∶4间作模式较适宜在鲁西北地区推广应用。     

多重PCR检测抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-2

将大豆内源参照基因(Lectin)、外源基因P-CaMV 35S、CP4-EPSPS和T-NOS作为多重PCR检测参数,建立了一种多重PCR检测抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-2的方法.反应条件优化结果表明:多重PCR的适宜退火温度为58℃,适宜引物终浓度(μmol· L-)配比为:0.1∶0.2∶0.2∶0.2.采用已知样品对多重PCR体系进行验证,检测结果可靠,证明该多重PCR体系为一种有效的抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-2的检测方法.     

酶解法制备大豆小肽的工艺研究

以豆粕为发酵原料,利用复合酶酶解方法制备大豆小肽,筛选碱性、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶进行复配酶解豆粕。结果表明:复合酶的最佳配比为碱性蛋白酶∶中性蛋白酶∶胰蛋白酶为3∶2∶1;酶解条件:p H8.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间4.5 h,水解度为94.55%,苦味值为3;小肽显示分子量分布范围:≤1 000 Da可达74.67%以上,其中≤500 Da占55.61%以上。综上试验结果可知,对比单酶、双酶及3种酶酶解豆粕的水解度和苦味值两项指标,3种酶组合使用更适合于制备水解度高、苦味低的大豆小肽。     

多重PCR检测抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-

将大豆内源参照基因(Lectin)、外源基因P-CaMV 35S、CP4-EPSPS和T-NOS作为多重PCR检测参数,建立了一种多重PCR检测抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-2的方法。反应条件优化结果表明:多重PCR的适宜退火温度为58℃,适宜引物终浓度(μmol·L~(-1))配比为:0.1∶0.2∶0.2∶0.2。采用已知样品对多重PCR体系进行验证,检测结果可靠,证明该多重PCR体系为一种有效的抗草甘膦大豆GTS40-3-2的检测方法。     

微波辅助提取豆粕中大豆异黄酮

采用微波辅助提取豆粕中大豆异黄酮,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究了微波火力、乙醇浓度、料液比、微波时间对大豆异黄酮提取率的影响.结果表明,在试验条件范围内各因素对大豆异黄酮提取率的影响主次顺序为:微波火力＞乙醇浓度＞料液比＞微波时间.微波辅助提取大豆异黄酮的最佳条件为:料液比1∶20(g∶mL),微波火力中高火,微波时间3 min,乙醇浓度50％.在此条件下,大豆异黄酮的提取率可达到1.2432％.     

三种颜色色板对大豆田蓟马的诱集效果

为了改进大豆田蓟马监测方法,提高防治效率,通过田间诱集试验研究了3种颜色色板对大豆田蓟马的诱集效果。结果表明:黄色色板的诱集效果较好;蓟马主要在大豆植株上方0.2~0.4 m高度范围活动;南面朝向色板诱集的蓟马数量较多;蓟马日间活跃时段为6∶00~10∶00;色板田间诱集益害比均较低,黄色、绿色、蓝色色板分别为1∶89.4、1∶74.3、1∶62.7。因此,建议用黄、蓝色板监测大豆田蓟马种群动态时,色板设置高度以色板下缘与植株顶部平齐为宜。     

五寨黑豆对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性遗传分析

大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种是东北大豆产区分布最广、危害最大的生理小种,五寨黑豆对包括大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种在内的7个生理小种具有高抗性。以黑龙江省主栽品种合丰35为母本,与五寨黑豆进行杂交,通过鉴定F_2、F_3代对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性,研究了五寨黑豆对大豆胞囊线虫抗性遗传。结果表明:在以合丰35为遗传背景下,五寨黑豆对SCN 3号生理小种的抗、感分离比例符合孟德尔遗传规律中1∶3的分离比例,表明五寨黑豆对SCN 3号生理小种的抗性是由1对隐性基因控制。     

利用15N标记研究铵态氮与硝态氮对大豆的营养作用

以东农47为材料,采用15N示踪技术,利用组培的方式进行了铵态氮与硝态氮营养作用研究.结果表明,在无菌条件下,以NH4+-N为唯一氮源大豆表现出了铵盐毒害;以NO3--N和混合态氮作为氮源时,大豆可以正常生长.以混合态氮为氮源植株总生物量最大,以NO3--N为氮源次之,以NH4+-N为氮源的处理生物量最小,不同形态氮之间生物量差异达到显著水平.随氮素水平增加,外源氮在植株中比例增加,当培养基中NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1∶1时,大豆吸收NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1.5∶1,叶片、茎、根NH4+-N与NO3--N吸收比例分别为1.6∶1、1.4∶1和1.6∶1,说明硝态氮的存在能够解除铵盐毒害并促进大豆对氮素的吸收利用.     

基质对大豆芽苗菜生物学性状的影响与评价

为筛选适宜种植大豆芽苗菜的最佳基质,本研究以大豆品种中品661为材料,以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩3种基质的单基质以及复配基质作为栽培基质,从而评价不同基质对大豆芽苗菜生物学性状的影响。结果表明：草炭基质(D2)栽培大豆芽苗菜,地上部鲜重显著高于园土(Y)栽培29.44%;可溶性蛋白含量显著高于园土(Y)栽培10.16%;脯氨酸含量显著高于园土(Y)栽培262.50%。而草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1(F2)基质栽培的大豆芽苗菜地上部含水量显著高于园土(Y)栽培5.47%,有利于提高芽苗菜的口感及柔嫩度。综上,草炭栽培基质(D2)是大豆芽苗菜最理想的栽培基质。     

大豆皂苷的微波辅助提取工艺及对酪氨酸酶活性影响的研究

通过正交实验考察了微波提取温度、微波提取时间、料液比、提取次数对大豆皂苷得率的影响,并研究了大豆皂苷对酪氨酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:微波辅助提取大豆皂苷的较佳工艺为:微波处理时间30 min,微波处理温度40℃,料液比1∶5,提取3次。在上述条件下测得大豆皂苷得率8.11%;大豆皂苷对酪氨酸酶活性具有抑制作用,且随浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,其IC50值为222.7μg.mL-1。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.