Integrated control of Allium white rot with Trichoderma viride, tebuconazole and composted onion waste

Two isolates of Trichoderma viride (L4 and S17A) were assessed for biological control of Allium white rot (AWR) with different onion accessions and cultivars, alone and in combination with a tebuconazole-based seed treatment or composted onion waste. In glasshouse tests, 23 new bulb-onion accessions from previous work to detect resistance to Sclerotium cepivorum showed no differences in susceptibility to AWR but, when combined with S17A, disease was reduced by up to two-thirds over all accessions. Trichoderma viride L4 and S17A also reduced the proportion of infected plants for five commercial bulb-onion cultivars and one advanced breeding line by at least one-third. Further glasshouse tests using a salad-onion cultivar showed that L4, S17A, tebuconazole or composted onion waste controlled AWR and at least halved the proportion of diseased plants. Combination treatments of T. viride with either tebuconazole or compost enhanced control and, in some treatments, disease was almost eliminated. In field trials, control of AWR by S17A was significant for 17 out of 18 individual or mixed bulb-onion accessions, with disease reduced overall by more than half. In another field experiment, S17A failed significantly to reduce AWR for two out of three commercial bulb-onion cultivars, while tebuconazole reduced the final proportion of AWR-infected plants over all cultivars from 0·47 to 0·09. Combining S17A and tebuconazole resulted in a similar level of AWR to using tebuconazole alone. The use of T. viride in an integrated strategy with other treatments to enhance control of S. cepivorum is discussed.     

Evaluation of chemical fungicides for control of onion white rot

Nine chemicals in 1976 and six in 1977 were evaluated in a five × five simple lattice design for control of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk., the causal agent of white rot of onions. The trial was conducted on organic muck soil in Burnaby, British Columbia, with uniform high levels of added (1976) or natural (1977) inoculum. The percentage of white rot infection, weight of healthy bulbs harvested and percentage of emergence were measured. There were significant differences, according to treatment, in the percentage of white rot infection of onion at harvest. Two chemicals, vinclozolin and iprodione, provided promising results as broadcast treatments on organic muck soils. A comparison of the results, in relation to differences in the distribution of inoculuin between the 1976 and 1977 trials, suggested that the major point of control may have been against mycelial growth through soil from sclerotia, remote to onion seedlings and/or from infected plants to healthy plants.     

Evaluation of fungal antagonists for control of onion white rot in soil box trials

Four fungi ( Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Trichoderma sp.) were capable of reducing the incidence of onion white rot relative to the untreated control in two soil-box trials. When applied as a soil additive (sand: bran: fungal homogenate, 1:1:2) at the rate of 0-1% wheat bran/g dry soil, all fungal isolates provided levels of disease control equivalent to the fungicide (procymidone 0-5 g a.i./100g seed) treatment. The best results were achieved with the Chaetomium globosum and Trichoderma (C62) isolates which gave 78% and 73% control of white rot. respectively, in trial 1 and 67% and 73% control, respectively, in trial 2. Reduced control was observed when the test fungi were applied as seed coatings or incorporated into alginate pellets.     

辽宁省葡萄白腐病的田间发生规律及药剂防治

通过对葡萄白腐病田间发生规律研究,认为葡萄白腐病发生与生育期、温度、湿度和降雨量有密切关系。多因子模拟表明,该病害多因子Logistic模型可以较好地反映葡萄白腐病流行动态随气象因子变化情况。沈阳地区该病害防治时间为6月初;时间指数增长期为葡萄出芽到7月初,逻辑斯蒂时期为7月初到9月中旬;衰退期9月中旬以后。在发病前期合理使用2 5%甲硫.腈菌可湿性粉剂、多菌灵等药剂,可有效控制葡萄白腐病发生。     

Selection of fungal biological control agents of Sclerotium cepivorum for control of white rot by sclerotial degradation in a UK soil

A range of fungal isolates was tested in a three-stage screening system for their ability to degrade sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum on agar and in soil, and to reduce white rot disease on onion seedlings. Biological control agents (BCAs) were identified that could degrade up to 60% of sclerotia in soil and significantly reduce white rot disease on onion seedlings. The efficacy of the BCAs was enhanced when applied as wheat bran cultures compared with spore suspensions, and two of the best BCAs from the screening procedures were both identified as Trichoderma viride (L4, S17A). When L4 and S17A were fluid-drilled in guar gum with bulb onion seed in the field white rot symptoms were significantly reduced, but stem base applications applied mid-season had little effect. The strategy of selecting and using BCAs that degrade sclerotia of S. cepivorum and integration with other control methods is discussed.     

Chemical control of the olive rot caused by Glomerella cingulata1

The effect of various fungicides on Glomerella cingulata, the causal agent of a serious rot of olive fruits, was evaluated both in vitro and in the field. The following fungicides were tested: copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture, ziram, myclobutanil, hexaconazole, metiram, bitertanol and benomyl. Field trials were carried out in Calabria (southern Italy) for 2 years on two olive cultivars, Ottobratica (susceptible) and Sinopolese (resistant). The minimum effective concentrations of bitertanol, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, benomyl, metiram, ziram, and copper oxychloride on mycelial growth in vitro were < 5, < 50, < 50, < 1000, < 1000, < 1000, < 1000 μg ml^?1, respectively. The ED90 values for conidial germination were 0.01, 0.02, 50, 50, 1000, 1000, and 1000 μg ml^?1 of benomyl, ziram, myclobutanil, copper oxychloride, bitertanol, hexaconazole and metiram, respectively. In field trials, Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride proved to be the most effective products; however ziram, myclobutanil, bitertanol, metiram, and hexaconazole reduced the incidence of fruit rot significantly.     

白莲腐败病综合防治技术

白莲产业是我乡农业生产的主导产业,种植面积933 hm2,占总耕地面积的65%。1989年以来已形成规模生产,经济效益明显,种100㎡白莲并可套种晚稻,平均收入达450元。农民的经济来源80%靠白莲收入,但因种植时间较长,土壤残留的莲根、茎、叶较多,有利于病菌在土壤中的兹生和繁殖。近5年来,白莲腐败病发生严重,每年30%-40%的面积都不同程度的腐败病发生,有10%-15%的面积为绝收,制约了白莲生产的发展。     

Biological control of avocado white root rot with combined applications of Trichoderma spp. and rhizobacteria

This study tested the effectiveness of single and combined applications of Trichoderma and rhizobacterial strains to control white root rot (WRR) caused by Rosellinia necatrix in avocado plants. Three Trichoderma, two T. atroviride and one T. virens monoconidal strains and four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and two P. chlororaphis) were assayed to determine their compatibilities in vitro. In addition, the effects of the bacterial filtrates were evaluated against the Trichoderma strains and reciprocally; these filtrates were applied alone or in combination to determine their effectiveness against R. necatrix. Individual control agents or combinations of them were applied to avocado plants that were artificially inoculated with a virulent R. necatrix strain. Compatibility between the combined Trichoderma applications and the bacterial strains was observed and these combinations significantly improved the control of R. necatrix during the in vitro experiments. A relative protective effect of some Trichoderma and bacteria was observed on the control of avocado WRR when they were applied singly. The combinations of T. atroviride strains with bacterial strains P. chlororaphis and P. pseudoalcaligenes showed a better control of avocado WRR, whereas the rest of Trichoderma and bacteria combinations also reduced significantly the level of disease and induced a delay at the onset of disease with respect to avocado plants inoculated either with Trichoderma or bacteria.     

Phytophthora foot rot control in citrus with Myrothecium roridum1

Foot rot is the most important disease in citrus in Spain. Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica is the major cause of this disease. Field treatments with classic contact fungicides have been extensively used for many years to combat stem and trunk Phytophthora diseases in citrus, while, more recently, foliar application of the systemic fungicide fosetyl-A1 has been used with great success. It is now also possible to use a biological control method for foot rot disease. Myrothecium roridum, a cosmopolitan soil hyphomycete with high cellulolytic activity, produces toxins which are very active against Phytophthora fungi. Culture filtrates of M. roridum cultured in liquid medium with low sugar content strongly inhibit in vitro development of P.n. parasitica, P. syringae and P. capsici. In glasshouse trials employingcross inoculations of M. roridum and P.n. parasitica in stems of sweet orange and willowleaf mandarin seedlings, the bark lesions produced by Phytophthora were clearly stopped at 7 or 10 days after inoculation and the cankers subsequently did not show evident activity. In field trials, M. roridum inoculated into the roots of several citrus species limited development of cankers due to P.n. parasitica (artificial or natural infection). The good results open a new way for control of Phytophthora diseases in citrus.     

Some effects of diallyl bisulphide on sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum: Possible novel control method for white rot disease of onions

Sclerotium cepivorum (the causal agent of white rot of onions) persists in soil in the form of sclerotia whose germination is triggered by volatile sulphides and thiols released into the soil from roots of the genus Allium. The effects of treatment of the soil with diallyl disulphide (DADS) on the germination of these sclerotia has been studied, because if the germination can be triggered in the absence of the host crop, control of the fungus could be achieved. Five isolates of the fungus responded similarly but marked effects of DADS concentration and of the time-of-year of application were discovered, poor results being obtained with summer applications of DADS. Promising results were obtained at other times of the year with DADS flooded on to land containing sclerotia. The effectiveness of DADS treatment was shown to be related to the rate at which the material disappeared from soil, which was itself dependent upon soil temperature.     

白腐真菌降解农药研究进展

白腐真菌是一类腐生的丝状真菌,其分泌的非特异性胞外氧化酶可以降解多种结构不同、毒性较高且难以降解的有机农药。本研究总结了白腐真菌对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解效果,并对部分农药的降解途径研究进展进行了综述,分析了白腐真菌降解农药的影响因素,同时对其应用前景进行了展望。     

In vitro selection of an effective fungicide against Armillaria mellea and control of white root rot of grapevine in the field

Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr) Kummer is an aggressive pathogen which causes white root rot in a wide range of hosts. Most chemicals tested so far against Armillaria, both in vitro and in the field, have not been effective in reducing fungal growth and/or preventing plant decline and mortality. In the present work the effects of four DMI (sterol demethylation inhibitor) fungicides, cyproconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole and tetraconazole, and another six downwardly mobile systemic chemicals, azoxystrobin, cubiet (copper bis(ethoxy-dihydroxy-diethylamino)sulfate), fosetyl-Al, potassium phosphite, sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) and 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), on the mycelial growth of A. mellea were compared and evaluated; the product yielding the best results in in vitro experiments was selected to determine its efficacy in preventing decline and mortality of grapevines in the field. Best results on in vitro fungal growth reduction were obtained with the four azoles tested, in particular with cyproconazole and hexaconazole, achieving 67-72% mycelial growth inhibition at the lowest dose. Results obtained in the field showed that a dose of 50 mg AI litre(-1) of cyproconazole once or twice a year was efficient in controlling the disease even in vines seriously affected by the pathogen. However, further research is required to study minimum effective doses, residual effects and the convenience of the application of annual dressings in damaged vineyards, so as to gradually reduce the pathogen inoculum potential in soil and control the disease while reducing chemical residues in the plant and preventing development of fungal resistance.     

杨梅白腐病预防药剂的筛选与防治技术集成

杨梅白腐病是影响杨梅产量和品质的一个重要因素,研究该病害的防治技术,对于保障杨梅生产安全、增加农民收入具有重要意义。本文通过田间试验评价了7种药剂对杨梅白腐病的预防效果,结果表明,供试药剂对白腐病均有一定的防效。其中,6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC对白腐病的预防效果在80%以上;40%戊唑·腐霉利SC、38%吡唑·啶酰菌胺SC和35%氟菌·戊唑醇SC的预防效果在杨梅成熟前期较好,能达到80%以上,但持效性不长;13.3%抑霉唑硫酸盐SG的预防效果不佳,在杨梅成熟期阶段最高防效只有65.5%。建议在实际生产中预防杨梅白腐病选用6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC。平衡施肥、避雨栽培、疏花疏果和药剂防治相结合的综合防控技术可有效降低白腐病的发生危害。     

Effect of environmental factors and Sclerotium cepivorum isolate on sclerotial degradation and biological control of white rot by Trichoderma

Laboratory assays demonstrated that two isolates of Trichoderma viride and one isolate of Trichoderma pseudokoningii degraded up to 80% of sclerotia of four isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum in a silty clay soil, and also degraded up to 60% of sclerotia in three other soil types. Relationships were defined between the degree of sclerotial degradation by the two T. viride isolates in the silty clay soil and both temperature and soil water potential. Sclerotia were degraded between 10 and 25°C at −0·00012 MPa, but there was little activity of T. viride at 5°C or at −4 MPa. Degradation of S. cepivorum sclerotia also occurred in the absence of Trichoderma at soil water potentials approaching saturation . Experiments using onion seedling bioassays showed that the efficacy of Trichoderma isolates for the control of white rot using the same selection of soils and S. cepivorum isolates was variable, but that there was significant disease control overall. The importance of environmental factors and pathogen isolate in relation to effective biological control of white rot is discussed.     

First report of white leaf rot on Chinese chives caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1

Delayed sprouting and white rot of leaf tips were found on Chinese chives in a greenhouse in Hokkaido, Japan, in the spring of 2006 and 2007. The causal fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-2-1 and discriminated from the leaf rot pathogen R. solani AG-4 HG-I in terms of pathogenicity. Symptoms and the time of year that the disease occurs also apparently differ for the two pathogens. This is the first report of white leaf rot on Chinese chive caused by R. solani AG-2-1.     

Evaluation of dazomet as fumigant for the control of brown root rot disease

BACKGROUND: Brown root rot disease caused by Phellinus noxius is widespread in approximately 216 tree and plant species in tropical and subtropical countries. No direct means of protection against P. noxius infection have thus far been developed. Therefore, in this field survey, a method was developed for preventing and controlling brown root rot disease using fumigation with dazomet. RESULTS: Tracers were used to monitor the effect of dazomet fumigation. The results from field surveys and phytotoxicity tests showed that dazomet is able to kill P. noxius without any side effects on plants. CONCLUSION: The use of an environmentally friendly agent to control brown root rot disease is needed, and prevention of the disease is more important than treatment. Hence, chemical fumigation with 60 g m^?2 of 98% dazomet may be a possible means of preventing P. noxius incursion in agriculture, gardening and agroforestry. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

马铃薯镰刀菌干腐病研究进展及防控手段

马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物。马铃薯干腐病是一种重要的马铃薯收获后真菌病害,在我国各马铃薯产区内广泛发生,导致马铃薯块茎的商品薯率大幅下降,对马铃薯的产量造成严重经济损失。本文针对马铃薯干腐病的症状、发生与危害、病原菌种类以及综合防控手段进行综述,以期为病害的研究及防治提供参考。     

Comparison of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron for control of Allium vineale L.

The response of natural and planted stands of Allium vineale L. to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron was determined in field experiments in Illinois, U.S.A., in 1982 and 1983. In natural stands very low rates of either herbicide controlled A. vineale. Chlorsulfuron, applied in the spring at 20 g ha^?1, reduced aerial bulblet production by 99% but when it was applied in the fall it reduced aerial bulblet production by only 59%. All rates of metsulfuron (5–20 g ha^?1), at both times of application, effected better than 94% reduction in plant density and yield of aerial bulblets. In a glasshouse experiment, plants derived from aerial bulblets were more susceptible to chlorsulfuron than plants derived from soft offset bulbs. Soft offset bulbs were, therefore, used to establish a uniform stand of A. vineale in the field. In this experiment, non-linear regression analysis showed that metsulfuron was two to three times more active than chlorsulfuron. GR₉₅ values calculated from the computed regression equations show that metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron, applied in April at 5 and 15 g ha^?1, respectively, reduced aerial and underground bulb production by 95%.