Nematode Resistance Derived from Wild Beet and its Meiotic Stability in Sugar Beet

Three different karyotypes of sugar beet with resistance against the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) have been investigated. These comprised monosomic addition lines (2n = 19) with one complete chromosome from B. patellarris or B. procumbens, one line with a chromosomal fragment added to the normal sugar beet chromosome complement (2n =18 + fragment) and one diploid line (2n = 18). The fragment originated from a B. procumbens chromosome since during meiosis it formed a univalem. It carries the gene for nematode resistance. Meiotic disturbances like univalems. laggards, anaphase I bridges, fragments and micronuclei were observed in all resistant genotypes. These may result in an exclusion of the chromosome fragment carrying the resistance from the rest of the genome. In the diploid resistant line, a chromosome with a translocation could be distinguished from the other B. vulgaris chromosomes. Meiotic irregularities also appeared in diploid resistant types and are one main reason for low transmission of the resistance. Tin-relationship between meiotic stability and the transmission rate of the resistance gene is discussed.     

Selection of Diploid Nematode-Resistant Sugar Beet from Monosomic Addition Lines

Monosomic sugar beet/wild beet addition lines (2n = 19) with full resistance against the beet cyst nematode have been characterized in different ways. Within the B. procumbens and B. webbiana addition lines three groups could be classified according to their isozymes pattern, growth habit, transmission rate, and resistance level. It is assumed that B. procumbens and B. webbiana each possess three different chromosomes which carry genes for nematode resistance. In the offspring of the addition lines diploid translocation types appear at very low frequencies, Isozyme pattern or growth type of the resistant plants were used for selecting diploid types in the offspring of monosomic addition lines. Effective selection could be made in progenies of susceptible sugar beets pollinated by addition lines because the pollen transmission of the alien chromosome is very low. Using these methods 7 nematode-resistant sugar beet lines could be selected. The transmission rates of the resistance gene ranged from 70.6% to 100%. Threw heterozygous progenies showed a 1:1 segregation indicating monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance. The level of resistance was as high as in the addition lines.     

Electrophoretic Investigations on Nematode Resistant Sugar Beets

Hybridizations were made between beta vulgaris and three wild species of the patellares section being resistant to the best cyst nematode {heterodera schachtii). Monosomic addition lines (2 n = 19) with full nematode resistance were investigated together with wild beets by means of electrophoretical techniques. One alkaline esterase band and a complex of several acidic esterase bands were localized on the resistance-carrying B. procumbens chromosome. The alkaline esterase marker also appeared in B. patellaris addition lines. An aconitase double band was visible in two of four B. webbiana addition lines. One resistant monotelosomic addition line with a small B. procumbens fragment had lost the esterase gene. Evidence is given that more than one chromosome is carrying genes for nematode resistance. The use of electrophoretic screening together with a nematode testing program is discussed.     

Chromosome localisation of genes for resistance to Heterodera schachtii, Cercospora beticola and Polymyxa betae using sets of Beta procumbens and B. patellaris derived monosomic additions in B. vulgaris

Beet cyst nematodes (BCN, Heterodera schachtii), Cercospora beticola, and rhizomania, caused by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and vectored by the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa betae, are the most serious diseases of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). The wild Beta species of section Procumbentes are known to be completely resistant to H. schachtii, C. beticola and P. betae. Alien monosomic additions (2n=19), plants of cultivated beet (2n=18) carrying different individual chromosomes of B. procumbens (2n=18) or B. patellaris (2n=36), were tested in greenhouse experiments for resistance to these pathogens. Gene(s) conferring full resistance to the beet cyst nematode in B. patellaris are located on chromosome 1.1, and the other tested chromosomes of B. patellaris are not involved in the expression of resistance. Artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions, with in vitro produced inoculum of C. beticola and spot-percentage rating of the disease intensity, showed that the high level of resistance that was observed in the wild species B. procumbens and B. patellaris was not found in any of the monosomic additions tested. It was suggested that genes on various chromosomes of the wild species are needed to express full resistance, and that the chromosomes of group 7 of B. patellaris and chromosome 7 of B. procumbens have the largest effect. The greenhouse tests for resistance to P. betae in B. patellaris derived monosomic additions showed that the addition families of group 4.1 have a strong partial resistance, while the addition families of group 8.1 appeared to be completely resistant to the pathogen. Resistance to P. betae in the two wild species as well as in the two resistant addition types did not exclude infection with BNYVV, but resulted in a considerable reduction of the virus concentration. It was concluded that resistance to the vector would complement virus resistance, and may provide a more effective and durable control of rhizomania. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A DNA Probe for Rapid Screening of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Carrying Extra Chromosomes from Wild Beets of the Procumbentes Section

Genes from wild species of the Procumbentes section can be transferred to sugar beet chromosomes via translocations. Since large translocations, including for example a gene for nematode resistance, generally result in meiotic disturbances, there is a need to select new diploid resistant beets from progenies of monosomic wild beet addition lines. A dispersed repetitive DNA probe, which is closely correlated with the resistance gene and hybridizes exclusively with wild beet DNA, appears to be highly superior to selection based on isozyme markers. Characteristic ‘fingerprints’ on the available monosomic addition lines reveal the existence of at last 5 different chromosomes in the wild species each housing a gene for nematode resistance. This probe can be used advantageously to identify individuals carrying the intact or fragmented wild beet chromosomes, or even various amounts of translocated chromatin. Strategies are discussed for the identification of new translocation types using straightforward squash dot or Southern hybridization techniques in combination with the wild beet DNA probe.     

Sugar beets homozygous for resistance to beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.), developed from monosomic additions of Beta procumbens to B. vulgaris

Summary Monosomic additions of Beta vulgaris x B. procumbens with resistance to beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) were used for the production of resistant diploids through incorporation of the B. procumbens chromosome fragment bearing the resistance gene(s) into one of the sugar beet chromosomes. The heterozygotes obtained accordingly were selfed for producing homozygotes. These homozygotes differed morphologically from commercial sugar beet varieties, but produced reasonable amounts of pollen. Female transmission of resistance was 100%, whereas male transmission, apart from some exceptions, was more than 90%. The number of hypersensitivity reactions to penetrated larvae was related to the degree of susceptibility. Larval development was severely retarded in the resistant plants, preventing most of them to produce cysts. If cysts were formed, their content was considerably less as compared to those in the susceptible plants.     

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.): Mapping the Genes for Nematode Resistance and Hypocotyl Colour

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was adapted for segregation analysis in sugar beet. 83 I_O/I individuals were scored with a set of 20 arbitrary decamer primers. 4 preliminary linkage groups could be established, enclosing 9 RAPD markers, 2 isozyme loci, a gene for the hypocotyl colour and a gene for resistance to the root knot nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.).     

The Diploidised Meiosis of Tetraploid Beta macrocarpa and its Possible Application in Breeding Sugar Beet

Accessions of Beta macrocarpa Guss., collected on the Canary Islands, were tetraploid (2n = 36). Three of these accessions were studied in detail. The plants were rather uniform in their morphological appearance, both within and between accessions, and were annual and fully self-compatible. Meiosis was completely diploidised, suggesting an alloploid nature of the tetraploid species. Crosses with diploid B. vulgaris yielded triploid hybrids which were sterile or nearly so; a few descendants of such hybrids were highly aneuploid. Crosses between tetraploid B. macrocarpa and autotetraploid cytotypes of B. vulgaris showed variable results, only part of these crosses yielded tetraploid hybrids. The tetraploid hybrids exhibited somewhat higher fertility than the triploids. An F₂ generation showed partial hybrid dwarfness, partial fertility and segregation for carliness and coloration of the hypocotyl. All hybrids had multivalents at meiosis (averages: 2.5—5.4 multivalents per pollen mother cell), indicating suppression of the diploidised meiosis. The possibilities of application of the diploidised meiosis in breeding sugar beet are discussed.     

Resistance to Heterodera schachtii in patellares section of the genus Beta

Summary Fifty-two accessions of the section Patellares wild beet (including 26 Beta patellaris Moq., 13 B. procumbens Chr. Sm and 13 B. webbiana Moq.) and 14 progeny families were selected and tested against sugarbeet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schm. All Patellares species tested were highly resistant, but not immune, to the development of H. schachtii, after infection. This is the first report that mature female nematodes developed in the roots of B. webbiana plants. The occasional development of nematode cysts in roots of juvenile wild beets was, however, not a heritable genetic factor.Mention of a trademark, vendor, or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi和H. avenae)的抗性

禾谷孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematode, CCN)是一类重要的土传小麦病原线虫,危害我国小麦的主要是燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)和菲利普孢囊线虫(H. filipjevi)。我国对这些病原线虫的抗性资源十分缺乏,寻找新抗源是当前抗性育种的重要工作。本研究通过3年的田间病圃和温室接种鉴定,发现加拿大的硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对H. filipjevi (河南许昌群体,Hfc-1致病型)和H. avenae (河南荥阳群体,Ha43致病型)都表现很强的抗性,单株孢囊数显著少于感病的普通小麦品种矮抗58、石4185和温麦19。显微观察可见,虽然两种线虫的幼虫都能够侵入Waskana和Waskowa的根组织内,但是根内的线虫数量显著少于感病对照普通小麦品种,最终在根系上形成的可见孢囊数量也较少。Waskana和Waskowa对两种病原线虫的抗性为我国抗CCN小麦品种选育提供了有较高利用价值的新抗源。根据南澳大利亚研究所的土传病害检测服务系统对土壤中病原线虫的分子检测结果,抗CCN品种Waskana和Waskowa根际土壤中的线虫虫卵量低于感病小麦品种,因此种植可能降低土壤中禾谷孢囊线虫危害的风险。     

中国甜菜主要种质资源抗病性鉴定与评价

旨在鉴定与评价不同生态区甜菜主要种质资源的抗病性,为种质资源在抗病育种上科学有效利用提供依据。以甜菜3个生态区的313份主要种质资源为试材,在自然发病条件下,按照甜菜的规范标准,调查种质的发病级数,计算病情指数,划分抗性级别。鉴定出高抗甜菜褐斑病种质资源85份、抗病89份,抗甜菜根腐病种质资源11份,抗甜菜丛根病种质资源3份,抗甜菜白粉病种质资源28份。同时鉴定出兼抗2种病害的种质资源,高抗褐斑病兼抗根腐病种质资源5份、抗褐斑病兼抗根腐病种质资源5份、抗褐斑病兼抗丛根病种质资源2份,高抗褐斑病兼抗白粉病种质资源20份。结果表明,中国甜菜种质资源比较匮乏,除抗褐斑病种质资源外,抗根腐病、丛根病和白粉病的资源不但数量少,而且抗性级别低。     

甜菜花叶病及种质资源抗性的研究进展

甜菜花叶病是甜菜生产的世界性病害,可经多种蚜虫非持久性传播。花叶病毒侵染甜菜,嫩叶常出现脉间褪绿的明脉现象,发生皱缩;功能叶片会出现明暗相间的绿色斑驳,进而产生花叶,严重的发生坏死,给甜菜生产造成巨大损失。归纳了BtMV病原及种质资源抗性的研究概况,分析了BtMV病原生物学特性、病原基因组及编码蛋白结构功能,病原介体及病毒复制模式,以及BtMV侵染甜菜植株及叶片的结构与微观变化。总结了当前用于甜菜花叶病的检测方法和甜菜种质资源的花叶病抗性与抗病反应的研究进展。提出了当前甜菜抗花叶病需要深入开展的研究论题,并对甜菜抗花叶病分子机理和基因工程育种进行了展望。为该病的深入性研究,特别是基因工程育种提供参考。     

Resistance to Polymyxa betae in Beta Species of the Section Procumbentes, in Hybrids with B. vulgaris and in Monosomic Chromosome Additions of B. procumbens in B. vulgaris

Plant regeneration from callus cultures of Allium trifoliatum subsp. hirsutum fertile accession F-370, was studied as a means for clonal multiplication and germplasm storage of Allium spp. Callus was induced on in votro-cultured basal leaf explants. Best proliferation was obtained on modified BDS medium supplemented with (mg/1): 0.75 picloram, 2.0 benzyl adenine, and 900 casein hydrolysate. Shoot and root organogenesis were obtained in 3 to 5 month old subcultured calli, on BDS or MS medium supplemented with (mg/1): either 0.03 picloram or no auxin, 2 BA or 2-isopentenyladenine, and 900 casein hydrolysate. Direct bulb formation, without shoot elongation, occurred on BDS medium with 10 mg/1 IBA. Under these conditions, callus formation and organogenesis were not obtained with A. trifoliatum subsp. hirsutum var. sterile, a male-sterile genotype. Most regenerants were phenotypically normal, but some abnormal shoots were also observed, i.e. shoots with vitrified or extremely broad leaves. Isozyme polymorphism analysis of seven proteins in the latter regenerants, and in several callus cultures, revealed significant deviation from the original pattern in esterase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase. No such deviations were detected in normal regenerated plants.     

Expression in vitro of resistance to Heterodera schachtii in hairy roots of an alien monotelosomic addition plant of Beta vulgaris,transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary Hairy roots, induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were obtained of nematode susceptible beet plants (Beta vulgaris) and of the nematode resistant alien monotelosomic addition AN5, carrying a telosome from B. patellaris. The additional telosome was found to be stably present in vitro in the roots of AN5. The hairy root cultures were inoculated with larvae of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. On the root culture of AN5 significantly less cysts developed than on the other root cultures. These results indicate that the resistance to the beet cyst nematode is expressed in the roots after transformation and can be monitored under in vitro conditions.     

河南省小麦主推品种对两种禾谷孢囊线虫的抗性及其评价方法

通过室内人工接种和田间自然病圃鉴定,以单株白雌虫数法、相对抗病指数法和繁殖系数法评价河南省47个主推的小麦品种对燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae荥阳群体和菲利普孢囊线虫H. filipjevi许昌群体的抗性。室内人工接种条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,所有小麦品种对两种孢囊线虫均表现感病或高度感病;但依据相对抗病指数评价,有4个品种(太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18)对H. avenae表现抗病,其余品种表现中度以上感病。田间病圃鉴定条件下,依据单株白雌虫数评价,太空6号和新麦18对H. avenae表现高抗,中育6号、新麦11等10个品种表现中抗,其余品种均表现为感病或高感;中育6号和太空6号对H. filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号和豫农201表现中抗,其余品种均表现感病。依据相对抗病指数评价,太空6号对H. avenae表现高抗,新麦18、中育6号和新麦11表现抗病;中育6号、太空6号对H. filipjevi表现高抗,偃展4110、濮麦9号、豫农201、豫农949表现抗病。依据繁殖系数P_f /P_i评价,太空6号、新麦11、中育6号和新麦18对H. avenae表现抗病,太空6号、中育6号、濮麦9号和濮优938对H. filipjevi表现抗病,其余品种表现感病。3种方法的抗性评价结果不完全相同,相对抗病指数法与单株白雌虫数量法的评价结果在一定程度上有一致性,可部分克服因感病程度悬殊而导致评价不一致的问题,因而可作为小麦品种抗禾谷孢囊线虫新的鉴定方法。     

Resistance to soybean cyst nematode and molecular polymorphism in various sources of Peking soybean

Summary Cultivar Peking has been extensively used as a source of resistance to Race 3 and Race 5 of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines I., and Peking genes for resistance are present in a wide range of resistant soybean cultivars. Peking is also used as a host differential in the soybean cyst nematode race classification system. Thirteen Peking lines maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and in several breeding programs were surveyed using RFLP and RAPD markers for genetic characterization. Based on the molecular diversity combined with reaction to soybean cyst nematode, Peking genotypes from a common original source were identified. Peking lines PI 297543 (introduction from Hungary), and PI 438496A, PI 438496B and PI 438496C (introductions from Russia) represented unrelated germplasms. Identified molecular polymorphism can be used to validate the genetic purity of Peking lines used as host differentials for soybean cyst nematode classification system as well as utilization of an individual germplasm line in genetic-breeding programs.     

The production of alien monosomic additions in Beta vulgaris as a source for the introgression of resistance to beet root nematode (Heterodera schachtii) from Beta species of the section Patellares

Summary Experiments were carried out for adding the chromosome carrying resistance to beet root nematode (Heterodera schachtii) from the wild Beta species of the section Patellares (B. procumbens, B. webbiana and B. patellaris) to the genome of B. vulgaris. Preliminary experiments indicated that crosses between the wild species and B. vulgaris cultivars of the mangold type yielded on average more viable F₁ hybrids than crosses with sugar and fodderbeet. However, crossability varied strongly between individual parental combinations. It was concluded that most types of B. vulgaris can be hybridized with the wild species of the section Patellares if a sufficient number of pair-crosses is made. Crosses between diploid cultivars or species of the section Vulgares and diploid wild species of the section Patellares yielded many hybrids which, however, were highly sterile. From crosses between tetraploid B. vulgaris and the wild species a great number of viable allotriploid and allotetraploid hybrids was obtained. In the backcross progenies of allotriploid hybrids 26% alien monosomic additions occurred, of which 4.1% carried the resistance bearing chromosome of B. procumbens or B. patellaris. The programme will be continued by sereening progenies of the resistant monosomic addition plants for the occurrence of resistant disomic introgression products.     

Different Behavior of Brassica juncea and B. carinata as Sources of Phoma lingam Resistance in Experiments of Interspecific Transfer to B. napus

With the aim to transfer Phoma lingam resistance into rape, successful interspecific crosses were made between three oilseed rape varieties (Brassica napus) and the resistant species B. carinata and B. carinata. Although both hybrid types B. napus×B. juncea and B. napus×B. carinata showed the same high level of resistance as the respective resistant parent, the resistance could be only transferred from juncea crosses. After three backcross generations, lines morphologically undistinguishable from rape, fertile, and with a high degree of resistance were obtained. The resistance of B. carinata was practically lost in the first backcross. A possible explanation of this different behavior could be a higher recombination between the genomes B and C (juncea crosses) than between B and A (carinata crosses). The: applied embryo culture increased the yield of hybrids and first backcross plants and reduced considerably the generation time.     

The importance of wild potato species resistant to the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,pathotypes P4A and P5A,in potato breeding. I. Resistance studies

Summary Seven wild diploid potato species, Series Tuberosa, representing 1023 clones were screened for resistance to the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. Over 25% of the clones were resistant to pathotype P₄A and almost 30% were resistant to pathotype P₅A. The resistance in hybrid progenies of these and other resistant species with cultivated potatoes was evaluated, and over 2200 seedlings were screened. High frequencies of resistance (>50%) to P₄A were found in progenies with Solanum leptophyes, S. vernei, S. gourlayi and S. capsicibaccatum, whereas resistance to P₅A was found in these species as well as S. sparsipilum. The importance of nematode resistant wild species for potato breeding is discussed.