惠农政策实施效果评价及对策研究——以国家级贫困县为例

通过访谈和问卷调查结合的方式,对国家级贫困县的惠农政策实施状况进行调查,问题涵盖农户对惠农政策的认知状况、总体满意度评价、实施组织与实施成本、期望需求与实现满足、信息宣传与反馈等方面。研究发现：普惠性惠农政策宣传基本到位,农户对惠农政策实施的总体满意度高,农民的生产生活条件得到较大改善。但是惠农政策在实施方面仍然存在诸多阻滞因素。提升惠农政策实施绩效,需要搭建具有乡土特色的惠农政策传播体系,实现惠农政策实施组织由“多中心行政”向“政府-民间”结构转型,重点推进农户期望需求指向的政策。     

Prolamin Analysis of Progenies from Androgenetic Plants of Triticale

The present work reports results of the analysis of variability of prolamins in five breeding lines of triticale and 61 androgenetic progenies obtained from them by in vitro culture of the anthers. The phenotypic analysis of the prolamins showed heterogeneity even between seeds harvested from the same plant regenerated by in vitro culture. The variability of prolamins in this material could be, perhaps, explained under different hypotheses: unreduced microspores, embryo fusion. The percentage of androgenetic plants which generated uniform progenies for the prolamins was 14.7. The plants obtained by in vitro culture showed a significant increase of the phenotypic variability for both specific bands and patterns of prolamins as compared with the parental materials. Some plants showed missing groups of prolamins in their electrophoretic profiles, which completely affected specific regions of the proteinogram. This could be explained by gametoclonal variation based on either structural rearrangements, or aneuploidy affecting chromosomes carrying genes involved in the expression of prolamins.     

A method for drought tolerance screening in sunflower

One difficulty in obtaining drought-tolerant varieties is the unequivocal evaluation of plant response to soil-water deficits. A method is proposed that allows reproducible soil-water deficit treatments to be applied to different sunflower genotypes. Maize ( Zea mays L.) plants were sown in the same pots as but earlier than some sunflower plants in order to rapidly deplete the soil water. This method was compared to a standard method in which plants under evaluation are used to dry out the soil. The method was reproducible in the evaluation of drought tolerance of four sunflower inbred lines. Advantages of the proposed method are that: (i) it allows the desired soil water content to be reached quickly; (ii) the resulting soil water content in the pot is uniform and (iii) the rate of decrease in soil water content is independent of the genotype being evaluated. Data indicate that maize plants had no effect on the growth of sunflower genotypes.     

水稻品种试验小区边际效应及其对试验准确度的影响

本文对水稻品种试验的小区边际效应作了初步的研究,结果表明:不同品种小区边行植株的穗数、实粒数、千粒重、产量等均有明显的优势;边行优势穗数平均达21.84%,每穗实粒数平均达15.69%,千粒重平均达3.86%,实产量平均达48.44%;边行优势具有显著的品种间差异性;这种差异性致使试验准确度受到一定影响,二种计产方法(以全小区计产和剔除边际效应后的计产)的品种产量位序相关系数仅为0.6929;边际效应在试验过程中应予以消除。     

Efficient low-cost DNA extraction and multiplex fluorescent PCR method for marker-assisted selection in breeding

Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) is an increasingly important tool in current breeding efforts for improved crop plants and animal breeds. It enables detection of favourable alleles in early developmental stages and thus may result in substantial cost savings. Until now, however, the high costs of the required chemicals and materials, together with the still very labour‐intensive methods, have been an obstacle to widespread application of MAS. A new multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method has been developed for reliable low‐cost, high‐throughput screening. By its use 3366 apple seedlings were screened with an average hands‐on time from DNA extraction to data ready for analysis of < 4 h per 96 plants, and at a cost below US$ 0.5 per marker per plant. Factors that have a strong effect on segregation ratios such as elevated levels of outcrossing are easily detected, as a significant correlation was observed between deviation from expected segregation ratios in some affected markers and the level of outcrossing in a cross. The new method is suitable for many crop species and, provided that suitable buffers are used for DNA extraction, for animals too.     

The Influence of Location on Productivity: Manufacturing Technology in Rural and Urban Areas

ABSTRACT Policies to counter the growing discrepancy between economic opportunities in rural and urban areas have focused predominantly on expanding manufacturing in rural areas. Fundamental to the design of these strategies are the relative costs of production and productivity of manufacturing in rural compared to urban areas. This study develops information that can be used to assess the productivity of manufacturing in rural and urban areas. Production functions are estimated for the meat-products and household-furniture industries to investigate selected aspects of location and productivity. The results show that the effect of location on productivity varies with industry, size, and the timing of entry. Although the analysis is specific to two industries, it suggests that development policies targeting manufacturing can be more effective if they focus on industries and plants with characteristics that predispose them to the locations they support.     

Reducing transaction costs of tradable permit schemes using Blockchain smart contracts

Tradable permit schemes (TPS) are market-based policy instruments, which are claimed to be more statically and dynamically efficient in achieving their policy objectives compared to the traditional regulatory instruments. However, some researchers argue that the high level of transaction costs associated with these policy instruments might undermine their efficiency. This paper addresses this issue through exploring the use of Blockchain technology in order to lower transaction costs that arise from TPS transactions. More specifically, it identifies the benefits of using Blockchain smart contracts in implementing TPS that include: increasing the amount of relevant information available to interested actors thus reducing uncertainties; reducing the amount of irrelevant information available to interested actors thus decreasing complexities; correcting information asymmetries among the actors involved thus limiting opportunistic behaviours; lowering the need for the involvement of intermediaries thus decreasing direct monetary costs; and facilitating the linkage between buyers and sellers thus improving trading quality. These potential benefits can increase the efficiency of TPS by decreasing policy-related transaction costs.     

Tidal and residual flows in the western Dutch Wadden Sea II: An analytical model to study the constant flow between connected tidal basins

In a one-dimensional analytical model the origin of constant flows between connected tidal basins, as well as the origin of the associated residual levels, is examined. Linearized shallow water equations are used to describe the propagation and damping of a tidal wave in schematized (uniform width and depth) connected basins. Analytical expressions are derived for the tidal stress terms, including the contribution of the non-linear bottom-friction term, which serve as the forcing functions in the equations for the mean field. It is shown that in a first approximation the residual levels in the tidal inlets, which give boundary conditions for the tidally-averaged equations, are dependent on the tidal velocities in the inlet because of a “Bernoulli effect”. The model shows that in general differences between the fluctuating water levels at the inlets influence the residual flow more than morphological differences between two connected basins. The tidally-driven mass transport in the western Dutch Wadden Sea, directed southwards from the Vlie basin towards the Marsdiep basin, can be explained from the larger water-level amplitude at the inlet of the Vlie basin.     

Competitiveness Policy Options: The Technology-Regions Connection

ABSTRACT Competitiveness can be defined as the ability of an economy to maintain stable or increasing market shares in an economic activity while sustaining stable or increasing living shares for those who participate in it. Government policy in all countries has strong effects on competitiveness. With the turn away from a Cold War economy the Clinton Administration has pursued a technology policy explicitly linked to the quest for heightened national competitiveness. It is based on a rejection of Reagan-Bush era analyses of the competitiveness problem, which centered on cost reduction in industry. There are many different forms of technology policy for competitiveness, however. Some center on labor quality, while others center on technological spillovers between industries. An effective policy should promote technological spillovers in the economy. All such policies, moreover, are only effective if they are organized and governed properly. The Clinton-Gore policy has many different programs and methods of governance. This paper argues that it should reinforce the regional level of organization of technology policy formulation and implementation.     

水稻穗肥配置试验初报

为探索适宜的穗肥品种与施用量，研究不同穗肥配置对比植株性状、产量及结构、成本与效益差异。结果表明：穗肥增施钾有利于大穗形成，有利于产量获得；水稻穗肥施尿素＋氯化钾或尿素＋BB肥（15－15－15），效果好于单纯施用尿素、专用穗肥（34－0－6）。     

Effects of the shoot-cutting method on field propagation in napiergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pennisetum purpureum</Emphasis> Schum.)

In this study, the effects of shoot-cutting method on propagation using overwintering napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) buds were examined under soil conditions compared with plant growth regulators (PGRs) that are used as an effective method for increasing adventitious buds of several gramineous crops. To increase adventitious budding, we cut shoots of napiergrass at 2 weeks after planting and treated with the following four types of PGR in comparison with shoot-cutting: 4.44 mM BA as cytokinin, 3.63 mM triazine as anticytokinin, 5.37 mM NAA as auxin, and 2.22 mM TIBA as antiauxin, either by injection or direct spraying onto the buds. A large number of adventitious buds were observed in BA- and TIBA-injected buds at 4 WAT compared to shoot-cut or PGR-sprayed buds. However, an extremely low survival rate for tiller-divided plants (nursery plants) derived from both BA- and TIBA-injected plants was observed compared with non-PGR controls. Similar trends on the survival rate and relative tiller number in main shoot-cut plants derived from intact buds (without PGR treatment) were also observed in a repeat trial. The present study demonstrated that the method of shoot-cutting could contribute to increasing propagation efficiency for nursery plants compared with exogenous PGR application, and would be a practical method for increased nursery propagation of napiergrass under soil conditions.     

Claiming and naming resources on the border of the state: Akha strategies in China and Thailand

This paper explores the intersection of state policies and local interests in allocating and managing resources in mountainous border areas of China and Thailand. These two states differ markedly in policies and approaches both to forests and to ethnic minorities on the periphery. The first section of the paper traces the history of policies in both countries for forested border areas and for forest-dependent ethnic minorities. The next section explores the evolution of property rights, land use, and the meaning of resources for one Akha village in China, and one in Thailand, in response to these dramatically different political economies. The final section considers some current outcomes for both the Akha and the local landscape as a result of these differing policy histories, and Akha strategies for claiming and using resources under these two regimes.     

Economic impacts of non-indigenous species: Miconia and the Hawaiian economy

Summary Imperfect scientific information regarding potential invasiveness, differences between private and public outcomes for individual decisions regarding planting, and inadequate prevention activity combine to impose costs through a change in native ecosystems susceptible to invasion by hardy, rapidly reproducing non-indigenous species. Concepts and tools from economic theory that may improve policy decisions are explored through the specific example of Miconia calvescens in Hawaii. Rapid expansion of M. calvescens, an ornamental tree introduced to several Pacific Islands over the last century, threatens local watersheds, endangered species, and recreational and aesthetic values in the Hawaiian and Society Islands. Potential welfare losses from the unchecked spread of Miconia in Hawaii are illustrated. Policy options investigated include accommodation of these losses, efforts at containment, or eradication. Estimates are determined through an optimal control model describing the potential expansion of the weed and its control costs and damages. Results suggest that cost-effective policies will vary with the level of invasion as well as the expected net benefits from control efforts.     

An Intertemporal Cross-Section Analysis of Economies of Scale in Mexican Manufacturing

Utilizing data from quinquennial industrial censuses for the period 1960-1975, this study examines economies of scale in a number of Mexico's manufacturing industries. A cross-sectional approach is used to estimate production functions by industry for each of four industrial censuses. In contrast to findings of relatively constant returns to scale for the United States, the Mexican data reveal substantial economies of scale at both the beginning and the end of the study period, suggesting that further opportunities for reduction in long-run costs exist. The resultant policy implications are that measures which promote larger scale manufacturing (incentives for expanded domestic production, export promotion, and selected tariff preferences) will speed up both short-term recovery and long-term growth of the Mexican economy. It is desirable, however, that these policies be harmonized with other designed to reduce the environmental contamination and congestion that has accompanied Mexico's industrial development.     

水稻蛋白二硫键异构酶基因沉默载体构建及其转基因后代的高温结实特性分析

采用RT-PCR法亚克隆了PDI基因保守区内450 bp的靶标序列作为干扰区段, 构建了含有内含子hpRNA (ihpRNA)的双元表达载体pTCK303-RiOsPDI, 经农杆菌介导转化日本晴, 获得转基因植株; 通过在T₀代对其潮霉素(Hyg)抗性基因的PCR鉴定, 确定携带有干扰片段的T-DNA区已整合到水稻基因组中, 且在转基因T₁代符合3∶1的分离模式。半定量PCR和荧光定量PCR的检测结果表明, PDI基因沉默转基因阳性植株不同器官中的PDI表达量均显著降低, 尤其是其籽粒中表达量较微, 几乎能引起靶基因80%左右沉默。对转基因T₂代植株的高温结实特性和籽粒理化品质的检测结果, PDI基因沉默会引起高温胁迫处理下结实率的大幅度降低, 耐热性显著下降, 但其在常温处理下的结实率与对照之间无显著差异。此外, PDI基因沉默后, 稻米的透明度下降、垩白度增加, 但对籽粒粗蛋白总量和直链淀粉含量的影响不甚明显。     

The Appreciative System of Urban ICT Policies: An Analysis of Perceptions of Urban Policy Makers

ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an important tool to promote a variety of public goals and policies. In the past years much attention has been given to the expected social benefits from deploying ICTs in different urban fields (transportation, education, public participation in planning, etc.) and to its potential to mitigate various current or emerging urban problems. The growing importance of ICTs in daily life, business activities, and governance prompts the need to consider ICTs more explicitly in urban policies. Alongside the expectation that the private sector will play a major role in the ICT field, the expected benefits from ICTs also encourage urban authorities to formulate proper public ICT policies. Against this background, various intriguing research questions arise. What are the urban policy‐makers’ expectations about ICTs? And how do they assess the future implications of ICTs for their city? A thorough analysis of these questions will provide a better understanding of the extent to which urban authorities are willing to invest in and to adopt a dedicated ICT policy. This study is focusing on the way urban decision‐makers perceive the opportunities of ICT policy. After a sketch of recent development and policy issues, a conceptual model is developed to map out the driving forces of urban ICT policies in cities in Europe. Next, by highlighting the importance of understanding the decision‐maker's “black box,” three crucial variables are identified within this box. In the remaining part of the paper these three variables will be operationalized by using a large survey comprising more than 200 European cities. By means of statistical multivariate methods (i.e., factor and cluster analysis), the decision‐makers were able to be characterized according to the way they perceive their city (the concept of “imaginable city”), their opinion about ICT, and the way they assess the relevance of ICT policies to their city. Next, a solid explanatory framework will be offered by using a log‐linear logit analysis to test the relationships between these three aspects.     

根际保健剂对杨树菌根形成和生长量的影响

以盆栽毛白杨、北京杨为试验材料,采用均匀设计的方法,研究了外生菌根真菌、植物生长调节剂和植物抗病诱导剂以不同配比制成的保健剂施用于苗木根部,对杨树的菌根形成及生长量的影响。结果表明：保健剂处理后60 d,各处理苗木均形成菌根;120 d调查菌根侵染率,发现2种外生菌根菌与杨树根系形成良好共生;保健剂使供试杨树苗高、地径指标均比对照有大幅度提高,菌根侵染率高的处理,其生长量明显优于对照。     

Effect of Rooting Pattern on Rice Productivity under Different Water Regimes

Three rice varieties, viz. ADT 31 (drought tolerant) CO 41 (upland) and IR 50 (drought susceptible), were employed to study their rooting patterns under different water regimes. ADT 31 had better root penetration and distribution under water stress situation compared to others. The values on root weight also established a similar trend. Isotopic studies with ³²P also provided evidence in this regard wherein the variety ADT 31 showed its adaptiveness to drought. Marginal reduction in plant height, less tiller production and leaf area reductions were noted in ADT 31 and CO 41 under decreasing soil moisture which showed its ability to cope with the water stress situation. Though IR 50 recorded higher grain yield at normal irrigation, a drastic reduction was noted under extreme water deficit. But ADT 31 recorded consistent values in all situations with slight marginal reduction which evidently proved the interdependent nature of rooting pattern and its influence on productivity.     

不同密度与种植方式对中单808产量及效益的影响

以中单808为试验材料,通过不同密度和种植方式的栽培试验.结果表明：中单808在密度为3000株/667m2,采取覆膜直播,能稳产、节本、增效.