香叶天竺葵多倍体精油的化学成分研究

探讨香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium graveolens L'He'rit)染色体加倍后精油的香气特征,为香叶新品种选育提供理论基础。对香叶天竺葵扦插苗、组培苗和多倍苗的香叶油进行GC-9A分析,并与玫瑰香叶油、法国波尔蓬香叶油的主成分进行对比。这5种油的化学成分相同,但各成分的百分含量有差异。组培苗及多倍苗香叶油中香叶醇、甲酸香叶酯、芳樟醇的含量显著提高,而香茅醇、甲酸香茅酯、玫瑰醚的含量有所下降。其中,多倍苗香叶油含：香茅醇26.1%,香叶醇14.81%,β-古芸烯4.77%,这3个主香成分接近法国波尔蓬香叶油中的含量。香叶天竺葵染色体加倍后能改善其精油的品质,其精油中香茅醇、香叶醇的含量更接近法国波尔蓬等国外香叶油中的含量。     

Somaclonal variation in cell suspension culture-derived regenerants of Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia

Plants regenerated from cell suspension cultures of palmarosa grass, Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats, were analysed for somaclonal variation in five clonal generations. A wide range of variation in important quantitative traits, e.g. plant yield, height, tiller number, oil content and qualitative changes in essential oil constituents—geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate and linalool—were observed among the 120 somaclones screened. Eight somaclones were selected on the basis of high herb and oil yield over the donor line and high geraniol content in the oil. Based on performance in the field trials, three superior lines were selected, and maintained for five clonal generations. The superior lines exhibited a reasonable degree of stability in the traits selected.     

Effects of seed irradiation on yield and quality of essential oil in palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Stapf.)

Summary Dry seeds of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Stapf) var. motia were subjected to 12 doses of gamma rays ranging from 5 kr to 100 kr to find out the effects of gamma irradiation on growth parameters, herbage yield and yield and quality of essential oil. Several biological parameters such as seedling growth, pollen fertility, mitotic chromosome behaviour, productive tillers/plant, leaf area index, leaf/stem ratio (by fresh weight) and total herbage yield/ /plant together with yield and quality of oil have been studied in the first (M₁) generation. Marked stimulatory effects of gamma radiation in 10 kr and 15 kr doses have been compared with the control for herbage yield, oil percentage and total alcohols (free geranyl and geranyl acetate).The two yield contributing traits, herbage yield/plant and leaf area index were remarkably increased in 15 kr, which indicates that in palmarosa the 15 kr dose is more effective than the higher doses in producing microlevel mutations. The yield and quality of oil at 10 kr and 15 kr doses were enhanced significantly. The results on high yield and quality of oil as induced by gamma-irradiation were discussed from the point of view that a gene may have been altered by mutagen treatment to produce a metabolic block between geraniol and geranyl acetate on the biosynthetic pathway or that modifier genes controlling the expression of a key precursor molecule may have been further modified to give rise to a geraniol rich chemotype in palmarosa.     

苦水玫瑰油的热解产物分析

采用在线热裂解—气相色谱/质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS),模拟卷烟燃吸状态,研究了苦水玫瑰油在无氧条件下的热裂解行为,为其在卷烟中应用提供了理论依据。将苦水玫瑰油样品分别在不同温度(300,600,900℃)下进行热裂解,将热解产物直接引入气相色谱—质谱仪进行定性和半定量分析。结果表明,苦水玫瑰油裂解产物中主要包括醇类、酯类、萜烯类、脂肪烃类和醚类等致香成分,其中含量较高的物质包括香茅醇、香叶醇和芳樟醇等有具有浓郁而持久的玫瑰香气的化合物,这些物质有助于增进卷烟甜香、玫瑰香,使烟气柔和。     

Induced mutagenesis in Jatropha curcas L. using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and assessment of DNA polymorphism through RAPD markers

Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) has been employed in a number of genotoxic studies in plants as a model alkylated agent that readily reacts with DNA-producing alkylated nucleotides. Therefore, the present study was aimed at assessing DNA polymorphism induced by different concentrations (control, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) of EMS through a Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker analysis. The improved agronomic traits such as germination, flowering, maturity, seed traits, and oil content were recorded in 1% EMS-treated plants, while the corresponding parameters reduced significantly (P > 0.05) in 4% EMS-treated plants as compared to the control. Among 25 random primers used, 19 primers produced polymorphic bands. The number of amplicons varied from 1 to 8 with an average of 3.68 bands, of which 2.12 were polymorphic. The highest polymorphic bands (6) and percentage of polymorphism (85.71) were produced by the primer OPAK-20. In a dendrogram constructed based on Jaccard’s coefficient similarity, the treated plants and control were grouped into three clusters: (a) control and 2 and 3% concentrations of EMS-treated plants merged together; (b) 1% concentration of EMS-treated plants clustered alone; (c) 4%concentration of EMS-treated plants also clustered alone. We conclude that the effect of EMS could change the pattern of germination, flowering, seed yield, and oil content of J. curcas. DNA polymorphism detected by RAPD marker analysis offered a useful biomarker assay for the evaluation of effects of chemical mutagens.     

Evaluation of somaclonal variation for genetic improvement of patchouli (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pogostemon patchouli</Emphasis>), an exclusively vegetatively propagated aromatic plant

Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) is an important, exclusively vegetatively propagated aromatic plant, whose essential oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetic products. Forty SC1 generation (first generation following in vitro phase) somaclones selected randomly from about 400 somaclones developed from the variety Johore, were multiplied through stem cuttings and evaluated in SC₂ and SC₃ generations to study the extent of somaclonal variation generated for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and seven constituents of the essential oil. Significant or highly significant somaclonal variation was observed for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and contents of patchouli alcohol, α-guaiene, α,δ-patchoulene, and α-bulnesene in the essential oil. The number of somaclones significantly superior to the parental variety for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, and patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil ranged from 8–16 and the maximum superiority over the parental variety for these traits ranged from 21–79%. Broad-sense heritability estimates of plant height, herb yield, and essential oil content were 0.60–0.70 while those of essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content were 0.44 and 0.47, respectively. Heritability estimates of other studied essential oil constituents were generally low (0.12–0.38). A high positive correlation was observed between essential oil yield and herb yield suggesting that selection for herb yield would be effective in improving essential oil yield. Patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil was negatively correlated with all the studied traits. Somaclonal variation, heritabilities of traits, and inter-trait correlations are reported for the first time in patchouli.     

大豆单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为了探讨大豆各主要农艺性状对单株产量影响的主次关系,以黑龙江省第二积温带种植的6个大豆品种为试验材料,应用灰色系统理论的关联度分析法对与大豆单株产量相关的8个性状进行关联分析。结果表明：大豆单株产量相关性状的灰色关联度大小依次为单株粒数>主茎分枝数>单株有效荚数>百粒重>底荚高度>株高>生育期>主茎节数,与单株产量最为密切相关的性状是单株粒数,其与产量的关联度为0.42,其次是主茎分枝数,与产量的关联度为0.39,主茎节数影响相对较小。因而,在大豆品种选育过程中,应注重单株粒数多和主茎分枝数多的品系选育。     

花生蛋白质、脂肪含量及其它农艺性状的配合力和遗传参数分析

三个高蛋白与三个高脂肪品种进行完全双列杂交,研究以籽仁重、蛋白质和脂肪含量为主的15个性状的配合力、遗传相关及杂种优势.结果表明:两种配合力的方差分析F值均达显著标准,但加性效应占主要优势,总配合力与杂种实际表现高度相关.郑71—3是高产高脂肪的理想亲本,奇科可作为高蛋白材料加以利用.在性状间相关中,蛋白与脂肪为显著负相关,但二者与籽仁产量呈弱的正、负相关,有利高产高油分和高产高蛋白品系的选育.花生杂种一代有明显优势,但营养生长性状、结实性状和脂肪含量趋向高亲,而出仁率、百仁重和蛋白含量趋向低亲.     

Intraspecific somatic and sexual hybridisation between dihaploid lines of Solanum tuberosum L.: evaluation of morphological traits and resistance to late blight Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in the foliage

Intraspecific tetraploid somatic and sexual hybrid plants have been resynthesised following protoplast fusion and by sexual crosses between two dihaploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines each possessing complementary agronomic traits. The dihaploid PDH 40 possesses good tuber shape and yield but has foliage susceptibility to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). On the other hand, the dihaploid PDH 727 possesses resistance to blight in the foliage but has a low yield of small and irregular shaped tubers. Since it was only possible to use a partial selection strategy based on culture media to facilitate recovery of somatic hybrid plants-further morphological and esterase isozyme based characterisations were performed to identify somatic hybrid plants from amongst the non-hybrid plant material. When the blight resistance of both the intraspecific somatic and sexual hybrid plants was assessed there was no significant difference in the mean resistance value and it was intermediate between those of their parents. However, the range of resistance was much wider among the sexual hybrids than among the plants derived from somatic fusion. An assessment of tuber yield between tetraploid sexual and somatic hybrids showed no significant difference and it was higher than that of either parent value. The implication of these results in the context of potato genetics and breeding is discussed.     

Yield, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition Evaluated in Androgenetic Plants in Brassica juncea

Homozygous diploids were obtained through anther culture in Indian mustard, Brassier juncea, cultivar TM-4, Seeds could be harvested from 97 such plants in the A; generation. The androgenetic lines were further selected and the yield and yield components were compared in the A₄ and A₅ generations, Androgenetic lines showed variations for most of the characters studied including seed oil content and fatty acid composition. However, it was possible to recover seven lines out of 25 which were equal in seed yield and three equal in oil content compared TO the anther donor parent TM-4.     

热带地区油茶优树的农艺性状和品质筛选

为了选育高产优质的海南油茶品种,促进海南油茶籽油品质升级.本研究通过对海南油茶不同产区的调查分析,从海南种植油茶的主要区域选出优良单株,着重从单株的植物学主要性状、果实主要性状、经济性状差异性、茶油脂肪酸组成及含量、脂肪酸间的相关性等方面具体分析优异单株的农艺性状及其茶油品质.结果表明,植物学性状表现为树高在1.4～8...     

结构方程模型在冬小麦农艺性状与产量关系分析中的应用

为探讨冬小麦主要农艺性状对产量的影响及各性状间的相互作用,采用结构方程模型对2010—2011年度国家冬小麦品种试验中长江上游组(19个品种19个试点)的数据进行了分析,调查性状包括产量(GY)、穗粒数(GNP)、基本苗(BS)、单位面积穗数(SN)、生育期(GD)、千粒重(TGW)和株高(PH)。其变异系数为GYGNPSNBSPHTGWGD;与产量的相关程度(相关系数绝对值)为GNPBSSNGDTGWPH;在多元回归分析中对产量的效应为SNGNPTGWBSGDPH;在结构方程模型中对产量的综合效应(直接效应与间接效应之和)为BSGNPTGWSNPHGD。结构方程模型既体现了主要农艺性状对产量的直接效应,也体现了对产量的间接效应,并且作为先验模型,可结合作物生理特性解释主要农艺性状对产量的影响。本研究结果表明,应重视大穗多穗兼顾型冬小麦品种的选育。     

岭头单丛茶加工过程中香气变化研究

岭头单丛茶香精油含量由鲜叶的12.40,经加工逐渐增加到成茶的64.87。香气化合物组成则在做青结束时种类最多,而以成茶最少。鲜叶以芳樟醇及其氧化物、丁基甲酚、3、7-二甲基-1、5、7-辛三烯-3-醇、香叶醇等香气组分为主。晒青叶橙花叔醇大量增加,（顺）-茉莉酮、α-法呢烯、吲哚、香叶醇等香气组分亦增加,芳樟醇及其氧化物、α-萜品醇等香气组分减少。做青过程中香气组分呈不规则变化。杀青叶芳樟醇及其氧化物、3、7-二甲基-1、5、7-辛三烯-3-醇大量增加,香叶醇、（顺）-茉莉酮、α-法呢烯、橙花叔醇等香气组分亦增加,吲哚、丁基甲酚等减少。成茶以芳樟醇及其氧化物、橙花叔醇、香叶醇、（顺）-茉莉酮、3、7-二甲基-1、5、7-辛三烯-3-醇、己醛、吲哚、（反）-2-己烯醛、（顺）-3-己烯基己酸酯等香气组分为特征香气。     

利用回交法快速选育高油酸花生新品系

以普通花生品种花育22为母本、高油酸花生品种开农176为父本杂交得到F1杂种,筛选油酸含量高于60%且同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的F1为杂交父本,以花育22为轮回亲本(母本)连续回交得到BC1F1~BC4F1代回交种。利用近红外光谱仪测定F1及BC1F1~BC4F1籽粒的油酸、亚油酸含量,选择油酸含量大于60%的种子,用刀片切取种子小部分子叶提取DNA,以F0.7/R3为引物进行PCR扩增及测序,根据测序峰图差异表现筛选出同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的种子作为下一代回交的父本。切去部分子叶的种子切口用石蜡封闭,播种前浸泡于40℃温水中催芽,对12 h后未露白的种子用100 mg L–1乙烯利浸泡4 h后再转入40℃温水浸泡至24 h,发芽率可达到98%。2013年春季开始杂交,2016年春在青岛播种BC4F2代种子,取幼苗期幼叶鉴定基因型,筛选出基因型为aabb的单株,收获时选留农艺性状类似于花育22的优良单株,再利用近红外光谱仪测定所选单株油酸含量,获得油酸含量在70%以上、油酸亚油酸比值大于7.0的单株24个。这些单株与花育22相比,农艺性状基本相同,称为改良花育22高油酸花生新品系。     

大豆品质及农艺性状的QTL分析

以河北省粮油作物研究所选育的高蛋白大豆冀豆12号为母本,高油大豆冀黄13为父本所获得的F9重组自交系的148个株系为试验材料,构建该群体的连锁图谱,并对品质性状(蛋白质含量、油分含量),产量相关性状(株高、底荚高、分枝数、主茎节数、有效荚、无效荚、单株粒重、单株粒数)进行调查及QTL分析,结果表明,10个性状共检出15...     

Identification of QTL for oil content,seed yield,and flowering time in oilseed rape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis>)

A genetic map was constructed with 353 sequence-related amplified polymorphism and 34 simple sequence repeat markers in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The map consists of 19 linkage groups and covers 1,868 cM of the rapeseed genome. A recombinant doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 150 lines segregating for oil content and other agronomic traits was produced using standard microspore culture techniques. The DH lines were phenotyped for days to flowering, oil content in the seed, and seed yield at three locations for 3 years, generating nine environments. Data from each of the environments were analyzed separately to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these three phenotypic traits. For oil content, 27 QTL were identified on 14 linkage groups; individual QTL for oil content explained 4.20–30.20% of the total phenotypic variance. For seed yield, 18 QTL on 11 linkage groups were identified, and the phenotypic variance for seed yield, as explained by a single locus, ranged from 4.61 to 24.44%. Twenty-two QTL were also detected for days to flowering, and individual loci explained 4.41–48.28% of the total phenotypic variance.     

花生重组近交系群体的遗传变异与高油种质的创新

花生是世界上食用植物油脂的重要来源之一, 提高含油量是花生育种的重要目标。以不同遗传背景的亲本远杂9102与中花5号杂交构建的花生重组近交系(recombined inbreed lines, RIL)群体, 进行含油量的系统测试和DNA多样性分析。结果表明, RIL群体家系的含油量范围(50.85%~62.11%)大于两个亲本的差异, 最高含油量家系比高油亲本中花5号高5个百分点以上。通过SSR技术分析RIL群体的DNA多样性, 发现家系间存在较大的遗传变异, 杂交重组产生的超亲高油种质分布在不同类群中, 含油量高低与荚果大小和青枯病抗性无明显连锁关系。鉴定获得了3组SSR遗传距离为0、含油量和主要农艺性状相似但青枯病抗性不同的家系。农艺性状和抗病性等鉴定试验筛选出了3份含油量高、农艺性状优良、高抗青枯病的新种质并已进入品种比较试验。     

Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus inbred lines based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism and its relation to hybrid performance

Significant heterosis for seed yield in oilseed rape has created interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The DNA‐based marker protocol, sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to determine genetic diversity among oilseed rape maintainer and restorer lines. This measure was used in an attempt to establish an association between genetic distance and heterosis in hybrids for various agronomic traits. A total of 118 polymorphic loci were generated by 18 SRAP primer combinations. Based on the polymorphism generated by the markers, calculated similarity index values ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Cluster analysis grouped 10 maintainer and 12 restorer lines into three groups, with the exception of two maintainer lines, PM5 and PM9, which fell outside these groups. The grouping of the lines was largely in agreement with the available pedigree data on their origin and agronomic performance. Analysis of variance among inbred lines and their resulting F₁ hybrids over two locations revealed significant differences for plant height, days to maturity and seed yield, but not for oil content. Substantial mid‐parent heterosis was observed only for seed yield, and ranged from 26% to 169%. All hybrids surpassed their respective inbred lines for this trait, except for a single cross combination of related lines. In general, crosses of lines located in different clusters yielded more than those from the same clusters. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the genetic distance of the parents and seed yield in their hybrid, and their derived mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis. The correlation coefficient between genetic distance and yield (0.64) indicated a moderately strong relationship, so it is possible that some of the SRAP markers might be linked to quantitative trait loci for seed yield.     

Selection for Oil Content in East Indian Lemongrass

The response of oil content to phenotypic selection was studied in a population of lemongrass raised from seeds of a clonally propagated variety SD-68. During November-December 1982, 400 plants were evaluated for oil content. Five per cent of the evaluated plants were selected for high and low oil content and were separately intermated in isolated polycross (PC) blocks in November 1983-February 1984. The populations derived from high and low oil PC blocks were evaluated, along with the unselected parental population and OD-19, a variety used as a local check, in a randomized complete block design, during October 1984, January and May 1985 for leaf yield, oil content and citral content in oil. The high oil PC population had a significantly higher oil content than the unselected parental population and the local check OD-19, during all the three seasons. The low oil PC population had a significantly lower oil content than the unselected parental population in January and May 1985. Over seasons, the high oil PC population had 0.15 per cent higher oil content than the unselected parent population. Realized heritabilities for high and low oil content were 0.52 and 0.50, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the different populations for leaf yield in all the three seasons and for citral content in October 1984. In January and May 1985, the differences in citral content were not related to the differences in oil content.