缓控释氮肥对水稻生长发育及氮素利用的影响

速效氮肥对农业生产具有重要作用,但也存在用量大、损失途径多、损失量高等特点,造成了一系列环境问题。相较而言缓控释氮肥养分释放缓慢,可减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用效率,应用于水稻也能够一定程度地增加产量。施用缓控释氮肥对水稻的影响是全方面的,从稻田氮素损失、氮素吸收利用到产量形成均产生不同的影响。本文概述了缓控释氮肥对稻田氮素损失、水稻氮素利用、器官生长、群体变化及产量形成的影响,探讨了水稻上施用缓控释氮肥产生不同效应的原因,阐述了缓控释氮肥在水稻上应用存在的问题及改进措施。     

缓控释氮肥一次性施用对水稻甬优12产量及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间进行缓控释氮肥一次性施用对水稻产量及氮肥利用率影响的试验。结果表明,缓释氮肥一次性施用的水稻产量较常规施肥增产2.3%~8.5%;施用缓释肥的水稻籽粒氮含量显著高于常规施肥,氮肥表观利用率为24.7%~30.5%,显著高于常规施肥的18.3%~20.1%。表明缓释氮肥可以用于水稻一次性施肥。     

缓控释氮肥与尿素配施对水稻产量及氮肥效率的影响

以普通尿素施作基肥和2次追肥(简称一基二追)常规施肥模式为对照(CK),研究缓/控释尿素和普通尿素不同时期配施对水稻产量及其构成因素、含氮量和施肥效率等指标的影响。试验结果表明,与CK相比,缓/控释尿素和普通尿素不同时期配施在株高、收获指数、千粒重、氮素内部利用方面与前者无显著差异,但显著提高了氮肥偏生产力。基肥中氮肥占80%来源于缓释肥,孕穗拔节期追肥氮肥占20%来源于尿素处理显著提高了水稻穗长、每穗粒数、籽粒和秸秆中氮含量。缓/控释尿素一次基施或与普通尿素不同时期配施的产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮素内部效率与CK相近,总产量均超过7 000 kg·hm^-2,实现了高产高效简化的施肥目标。     

氮肥深施对水稻生长和产量的影响

[目的]为氮肥在巢湖流域水稻生产中的合理施用提供参考。[方法]试验设全程深施、基肥深施、面施和不施氮肥4个处理,采用完全随机排列研究了氮肥深施对水稻生长和产量的影响。[结果]拔节期和抽穗期,不同处理的根冠比和根系干重的大小关系为：全程深施〉基肥深施〉面施。成熟期,不同处理的根冠比和根系干重的大小关系为：全程深施〉面施〉基肥深施。与不施氮肥处理相比．面施、基肥深施和全程深施处理的单位面积有效穗数分别提高了39．9％、40．5％和39．4％,每穗粒数分别增加了5．1％、5．7％和10．3％。与面施处理相比,基肥深施和全程深施处理的每穗粒数分别增加了0．6％和5．8％;全程深施处理的千粒重增加了5．5％。施氮处理较不施氮处理增产43．0％～52．5％,全程深施处理较面施处理增产6．7％。[结论]氮肥深施可以促进水稻的生长发育,提高水稻的产量。     

缓控释肥不同配比对水稻秀水33产量与氮肥利用率的影响

设置缓控释氮占总氮20%、40%、60%的3个不同配比缓控释氮肥处理,用氮量为216 kg·hm^-2,和常规施肥处理,用氮量为270 kg·hm^-2,同时设置不施氮肥对照,研究缓控释肥与速效氮肥配比不同对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,在氮肥用量减20%的条件下,缓控释肥一次施用相较于常规施肥仍可维持水稻产量;与常规施肥相比,施用缓控释肥可以增加水稻有效穗;缓控释肥60%处理的氮肥表观利用率最高,而缓控释肥20%、缓控释肥40%处理与对照没有显著变化。缓控释肥在水稻生产上有省工节本的作用。     

缓控释氮肥减施对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

本试验以济麦22为供试品种,设置6个氮肥梯度处理,即施氮量(N)分别为0(T1)、72(T2)、126(T3)、180(T4)、234(T8)、250(T9)kg/hm2,其中优化施氮(T4)和传统施氮(T8和T9)为对照,并设置等量优化施氮量的一次性基施硫加树脂尿素(T5)、树脂包膜尿素(T6)和热固树脂尿素(T7)...     

不同缓控释氮肥对冬小麦产量及氮素利用率的影响

为了探讨适宜河北省低平原区冬小麦一次性施肥生产的缓控释氮肥类型,选取4种不同控释期的缓控释氮肥以及普通尿素作为氮源,研究了不同控释期氮肥对河北省低平原区冬小麦产量以及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:控释期60 d的氮肥处理较尿素优化施肥处理和农民习惯施肥处理可提高冬小麦产量,但差异未达到显著水平;而其他控释期氮肥处理的冬小麦产量均低于尿素优化施肥和农民习惯施肥处理。控释期60 d的氮肥处理在小麦返青期后土壤硝态氮含量始终保持较高水平,可以满足作物各生育期对氮素的需求;而控释期40 d的氮肥处理土壤硝态氮在小麦生长前期较高、后期较低,控释期90和120 d的氮肥处理土壤硝态氮在小麦生长前期较低,均不能满足作物整个生育期对氮素的需求。控释期60 d的氮肥处理冬小麦氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用率均为最高。综合分析认为,该区冬小麦生产上一次性底施控释期60 d的缓控释氮肥较为适宜,小麦产量为6 159.2 kg/hm~2,氮肥利用率可达35.6%。本研究结果可为河北省低平原区中低产田缓控释氮肥的选择及优化一次性施肥技术提供理论依据。     

不同缓控释肥对小麦产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

为探索不同缓控释肥对小麦的节肥增产效果,通过大田小区试验,在山东省泰安市邱家店镇黄沟岗村设置不施氮(CK)、常规氮优化施肥(OPT)及5种缓控释肥一次性施入7个处理,研究不同施肥处理对小麦氮素吸收、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与不施氮对照相比,施用氮肥增产显著。(2)自制控释氮肥和鲁西缓释掺混肥料处理产量显著高于其他处理,分别比OPT处理增产11. 4%和10. 2%;高塔有机硅缓释肥处理则显著低于其他施氮处理。(3)不同缓控释肥处理小麦秸秆和籽粒含氮量差异不显著,但秸秆生物量差异较明显,以鲁西脲甲醛复合肥处理最高。(4)自制控释氮肥和鲁西缓释掺混肥料处理氮肥利用率显著高于其他施肥处理,比OPT处理分别增加37. 3%和35. 3%。本试验条件下自制控释氮肥和鲁西缓释掺混肥料为适合当地土壤条件及小麦栽培使用的缓控释肥类型。     

不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,比较了不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同控释氮肥处理水稻增产和提高氮肥利用率的效果不同。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理水稻产量和氮肥利用率显著高于其他处理。不同控释氮肥处理比普通氮肥处理显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,增幅为7.23～14.83个百分点。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理比其他处理提高了水稻总粒数和结实率。因此,硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理在该地区水稻施用效果最佳。     

不同类型缓控释肥对水稻南粳9108氮素利用的影响

[目的]研究3种缓释肥施肥处理和农民常用施肥处理间氮肥的综合利用情况,,更好地展现不同肥料之间的性价比.[方法]采用收集氨气的方法,土壤总氮径流失量计算是通过稻田排水前后水位差值计算出径流量然后将水样进行分析,总氮采用碱性过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法进行测定.[结果]缓释肥的氮肥利用率高达60％～70％,是传统肥料利用率的1倍多.相比常规肥料缓释肥不仅减少了人工施肥次数,还可显著提高氮肥利用率和吸收率从而减少氮肥的损失.[结论]硫包膜缓释肥前期释放快后期乏力,树脂包膜缓释肥前期释放慢后劲强,缓释掺混肥释放较为均匀因此表现最为稳定.而常规施肥肥料施肥快易溶于水造成大量的径流和挥发不利于肥料的利用和环境的保护.     

侧深施用控释肥对机插中稻生长、产量及氮肥农学效率的影响

针对水稻生产中化肥施用量大、施肥方式不合理及肥料利用率低等问题,以‘九香粘’品种为材料,在5种不同施肥处理下进行随机区组小区试验,研究了侧深施用控释肥对机插中稻生长、产量及氮肥农学效率的影响。结果表明：较对照,采用侧深施用控释肥处理的水稻茎蘖数显著增多,植株器官干物质重和收获指数均较高,有效穗、穗粒数、结实率、产量和氮肥农学效率提高显著,株高和千粒重差异不明显,侧深施用控释尿素、控释尿素减氮20%和控释复合肥处理的平均增产率分别为9.98%、7.53%和8.37%,氮肥农学效率分别提高34.57%、57.62%和29.02%。处理效果以控释尿素最好,控释复合肥优于常规尿素。机插中稻侧深施用控释肥可改变机插中稻群体质量,促进产量形成,提高产量和氮肥农学效率。     

Effects of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer rate and type on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Chuanxi Plain,China

This paper investigates the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of machine-transplanted rice cultivated using mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer in the rice–wheat rotation region of Chuanxi Plain, China. It provides theoretical support for N-saving and improves quality and production efficiency of machine-transplanted rice. Using a single-factor complete randomized block design in field experiments in 2018 and 2019, seven N-fertilization treatments were applied, with the fertilizer being surface broadcast and/or mechanically placed beside the seedlings at (5.5±0.5) cm soil depth when transplanting. The treatments were: N0, no N fertilizer; U1, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting; U2, 108 kg N ha^–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting, and 72 kg N ha^–1 as urea surface broadcast manually on the 10th d after transplanting, which is not only the local common fertilization method, but also the reference treatment; UD, 180 kg N ha^–1 as urea, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M1, 81.6 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 38.4 kg N ha^–1 as controlled-release urea (CRU), mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M2, 102 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 48 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M3, 122.4 kg N ha^–1 as urea and 57.6 kg N ha^–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting. The effects of the N fertilizer treatments on rice yield and NUE were consistent in the 2 yr. With a N application rate of 180 kg ha^–1, compared with U2, the N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) and yield under the UD treatment were 20.6, 3.5 and 1.1% higher in 2018, and 4.6, 1.7 and 1.2% higher in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea alone (U1, U2 or UD), the NRE, NAE and yield achieved by M3 (combined application of urea and controlled-release urea) were higher by 9.2–73.3%, 18.6–61.5% and 6.5–16.5% (2018), and 22.2–65.2%, 25.6–75.0% and 5.9–13.9% (2019), respectively. Compared with M3, the lower-N treatments M1 and M2 significantly increased NRE by 4.0–7.8% in 2018 and 3.1–4.3% in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea surface application (U1 or U2), the yield under the M2 treatment was higher by 4.3–12.9% in 2018 and 3.6–10.1% in 2019, respectively. Compared with U2, the NRE and NAE under the M2 treatment was higher by 36.9 and 36.3% in 2018, and 33.2 and 37.4% in 2019, mainly because of higher N uptake. There was no significant difference in the concentration of nitrate in the top 0–20 cm soil under U1, U2 and M2 treatments during the full heading and maturity stages. During the full heading stage, U2 produced the highest concentration of nitrite in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil among the N fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, mechanized deep placement of mixed urea and controlled-release urea (M2) at transplanting is a highly-efficient cultivation technology that enables increased yield of machine-transplanted rice and improved NUE, while reducing the amount of N-fertilization applied.     

速效氮与缓控释氮配比一次性侧深施对双季稻产量、氮素利用率及氮素损失的影响

为探究在机插同步一次性侧深施肥作业方式下的速效氮与缓控释氮合理配比,保证水稻产量,提高肥料利用率,降低氮素流失,实现水稻的清洁化生产,采用田间小区试验,设置7个处理,分别为CK:不施肥,T1:农民习惯施肥(施N量早稻150 kg·hm~(-2),晚稻165 kg·hm~(-2)),T2～T6:机插同步一次性侧深施肥(施N量早稻105 kg·hm~(-2),晚稻132 kg·hm~(-2)),其中T2～T6处理的缓控释氮分别占总氮的0%、10%、20%、30%、40%。结果表明:在早稻季,各处理间产量差异不显著;晚稻季,T3～T5处理的产量间差异不显著,T6处理产量显著低于T4和T5处理;与T1处理相比,T2～T6处理的氮肥吸收利用率提高了8.08～14.10(早稻)个和6.68～26.61(晚稻)个百分点。与T2处理相比,早、晚稻T3～T6处理氨挥发累积量分别降低了5.20%～38.20%、29.41%～35.60%,田面水总氮平均浓度下降了20.90%～38.22%、7.39%～29.14%,田面水铵态氮平均浓度降低了26.26%～46.09%、42.57%～45.61%,其中T4处理早、晚稻不减产,肥料吸收利用率达到37.93%(早稻)、61.32%(晚稻),氨挥发累积量、田面水总氮平均浓度和铵态氮平均浓度分别下降37.00%、30.48%、31.88%(早稻),35.58%、12.88%、52.58%(晚稻),综合效果最好。研究表明,在湖南双季稻生产中,采用机插同步一次性侧深施肥作业方式,缓控释氮占总氮的20%较为合适。     

秸秆还田与氮肥管理对稻田杂草群落和水稻产量的影响

为了研究秸秆还田和氮肥管理对稻油轮作夏季稻田杂草群落分布特征和水稻产量的影响,试验设5个处理：常规施肥NPK+秸秆不还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀NS,CK）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀S）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀SA）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为7：2：1（F₁SA）;常规施肥PK,N减量15%+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₂SA）。记录杂草种类、数量、密度、生物量等指标,并于2016年9月底进行水稻实收测产。结果表明,与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草总密度分别降低50.3%、29.2%、20.3%和6.8%,秸秆还田可以有效降低稻田杂草密度、生物量和杂草多样性;与F₀S相比,F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草发生数量和发生密度差异不显著,但禾本科和莎草科杂草不同程度地减少,柳叶菜科和玄参科杂草显著增加,配施秸秆腐解剂对农田杂草种类影响显著。在秸秆腐解剂和不同施氮措施下,与F₀SA相比,F₁SA和F₂SA处理杂草种类、生物量增加,杂草相对密度降低,但差异不显著;各处理间优势杂草种类和种群数量减少,但F₂SA处理下生物多样性指数明显高于F₀SA和F₁SA处理。与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的水稻产量分别提高7.13%、16.55%、17.80%和10.67%,其中F₁SA处理作物产量增幅最高。研究表明,秸秆还田和氮肥管理能有效降低稻田杂草的发生密度、总生物量和和生物多样性,有利于提高水稻产量。     

Effects of slow or controlled release fertilizer types and fertilization modes on yield and quality of rice

There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer (S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs (polymer-coated urea (PCU), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and urea formaldehyde (UF)) and two fertilization modes (both S/CRF and common urea (CU) as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer) on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control (CK). Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer>both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer>S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.     

Function of controlled release fertilizer in maintaining high agronomic use efficiency and minimizing environmental pollution in rice field of southern China

Development and use of controlled release fertilizer （CRF） in southern China, potential advantages of CRF in increasing rice yield and nutrient use efficiency were introduced, as well as its role of minimizing rice field＇s environmental contamination was discussed. Meanwhile, some suggestions were proposed.     

控释氮肥对辣椒产量及氮肥利用率的影响

控释氮肥对辣椒产量及氮肥利用率影响的试验结果表明:在等量氮磷钾养分条件下,控释氮肥对辣椒有增产、改善品质和提高氮肥利用率效果,与施用普通尿素相比,产量可增加10.1％～11.8％,维生素C含量增加7.4％～8.6％,辣椒单果重和果长分别提高2.5％～4.6％和4.8％～6.8％,氮肥利用率提高10.1～12.4个百分点.在田间试验中,控释氮肥2在辣椒生产上显得更有优势,具有一定的应用前景.     

化肥减氮及有机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤养分含量的影响

本文旨在研究等磷、钾量条件下,化肥减氮及有机肥不同用量配施对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响,试验共设6个处理,分别为T1∶80%N+20%有机肥;T2∶80%N+40%有机肥;T3∶70%N+60%有机肥;T4∶70%N+80%有机肥;T5∶60%化肥+100%有机肥;CK：100%N+0,对水稻生育期株高、群体动态、产量、构产因子以及秋季土壤养分含量进行分析,结果表明：1化肥减氮20%时,不会对水稻造成明显减产,且当有机肥配施量为500kg·mu-2时,水稻籽粒产量最高,为775.19kg·mu-2,比CK增产17.20%;2有机肥的施用能提高水稻基本苗,对水稻穗长有显著提高效果,对空秕率影响较大,对枝梗数影响最小;3化肥减氮+有机肥配施可以提高土壤肥力,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量。     

控释氮肥用量对环渤海潮土区棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以常规施肥方法为对照(CK),在大田条件下研究控释氮肥对棉株主茎功能叶叶绿素含量、氮素在棉株地上部的累积分配、棉花产量及构成因素、棉花纤维品质、氮肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在等氮量条件下,施用控施氮肥处理的籽棉、皮棉产量显著(P<0.05)高于CK,且氮肥利用率、贡献率、农学效率亦显著(P<0.05)高于CK。这说明,在本试验条件下施用控释氮肥能提高肥料的利用效率。施用常规氮素投入水平80%的控释氮肥即可实现与CK同样的产量,这一用量水平可作为环渤海潮土区棉花施用控释氮肥的参考值。     

全量麦草还田和不同施氮量对水稻的影响

通过研究3种施氮量、2种稻作方式对2个常规粳稻产量及其群体发育特性的影响,结果表明:全量麦草还田处理的产量、成熟期LAI、成穗率、总颖花量、孕穗后群体茎蘖数随施氮量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,以武运粳7号施氮270kg/hm2的产量水平最高,与其他处理间差异均达极显著水平。麦草不还田处理的产量、LAI、成穗率、总颖花量、群体茎蘖数、高峰苗随施氮量的增加而增加,且以300kg/hm2处理的产量水平较高。采用240kg/hm2和270kg/hm2施氮水平时,全量麦草还田处理的产量、成穗率、总颖花量显著高于麦草不还田处理,但施用300kg/hm2处理则相反。因此,可以在生产上推广应用全量麦草还田方法。