泉阳林业局森林资源现状与林地保护利用措施

本文分析了吉林省泉阳林业局的森林资源现状及存在问题,并针对这些问题,提出了增加森林面积、提高森林质量以及科学实施林地保护利用的措施。     

中国人工林展望:林木培育、木材质量及其合理利用(英文)

随着天然林保护工程的实施 ,我国木材资源结构正在进行由主要利用天然林木材到利用人工林木材的转变 .由于人工林木材所含幼龄材比例相当高 ,木材资源结构的变化反过来必将对我国的木材加工工业及林产品工业带来一系列影响 .该文综述了我国木材资源的现状 ,比较了人工林幼龄材与天然林成熟材的木材基本特性 ,探讨了人工林木材性质特征与营林培育的关系 ,阐述了木材质量与不同最终用途之间的关系 ,并对加强开展人工林木材性质的研究提出了几点建议     

Anthropogenic disturbances and status of forest and wildlife in the dry deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India

The advent of modern forces and the changes in socioeconomic patterns of forest dwellers have increased the pressures on the forests. In order to mitigate such pressures and also to protect the forests and wildlife the model of protected areas networks has shifted and enhanced such pressures in the unprotected natural forests due to several reasons. Being a low profile category of protected status and continuous human settlements, the present study highlights the case of dry deciduous forests of Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh state of India. The major objectives of this study were to quantify the status of forests and wildlife and also to determine the extent of anthropogenic disturbances faced by the dry deciduous forests of central India. Transect and silent drive count methods were used for sampling wildlife and quadrat method was used for sampling vegetation. Besides, the local uses of various forest produces were also studied in view of understanding the people dependency on forests. The forest vegetation, in the study area, was pre-dominated by Shorea robusta, which had Madhuca indica, Diospyrus melanoxylon and Buchnania lanzan as the major companion species. The forest had either the high girth class mature tree species or the saplings. The low vegetation cover and density were due to the high anthropogenic pressures mainly in the form of heavy livestock grazing and collection of ethnobotanically important species. The study though reveals that the area is not rich in wildlife and the forest is fragmented, the area still supports some important species, which include many rare and endangered plants and animals. The findings of this study have been discussed in view of the management and conservation of the forest and wildlife in the dry deciduous forests.     

Diversity and regeneration status of Sarkot Van Panchyat in Garhwal Himalaya, India

We investigated the floristic composition, phytosociological and regeneration status of Sarkot Van Panchyat (community forest) in Chamoli district of Garhwal Himalaya. A total of 52 plant species of 46 genera and 26 families were recorded, which included 12 trees, 18 shrubs and 22 herb species. Quercus leucotrichophora was dominant tree species in sapling and seedling layers, followed by Lyonia ovalifolia and Rhododendron arboreum.Out of 12 tree species, 7 species in seedling stage and 8 species in sapling stage were recorded in the study area. The 44.41% species in the study area showed good regeneration status, 16.66% species were fairly regenerating,and 8.33% species showed poor regeneration status, while 33% species were not regenerating. Number of individuals from lower girth classes (0 10 cmand 10 30 cm) showed decreasing trend with the increase in size of girth class. Shannon index (H) for trees, shrubs and herbs was recorded as 1.82,2.24 and 2.41 respectively. Simpsons index (CD) was recorded as 0.21, 0.12and 0.12 for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively. The forest should be divided into compartments for better management purpose and each compartment should be closed for five years to assist regeneration and enrichment planting may also be carried out for sustainable management.     

Diversity,structure and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of Kerala in peninsular India

A survey was conducted in 17 selectedthaluks (revenue sub-divisions) of Kerala state to elucidate the floristic structure, composition and the extent of similarities and diversities in the composition of homegardens of Kerala, with particular reference to small (below 0.4 ha), medium (0.5 to 2 ha) and large (>2.0 ha) holding size categories. Besides attempts wer also made to characterize the potential of homegardens to supply commercial timber and fuelwood. Two hundred and fifty two farmers were selected through a stratified random process. In addition to gathering general information on crop and livestock production enterprises, all scattered trees and shrubs (15 cm girth at breast height) on the homestead and border trees except palms and rubber were enumerated.There was tremendous variability both in the number of trees and shrubs present and species diversity of the selected homesteads in different provinces. The small, medium and large sized holdings also exhibited profound variability in the number of woody taxa and individuals present. In total, 127 woody species (Girth at Breast Height (GBH) 15 cm) were encountered. The mean number of woody taxa found in the homegardens ranged from 11 for Pathanapuram to 39 in Perinthalmanna. Floristic diversity was higher in the smaller homesteads. It decreased with increasing the size of holdings. Mean Simpson's diversity index for the homesteads ranged from 0.251 (Kochi) to 0.739 (Kottarakkara) suggesting that floristic diversity of homegardens was moderate to low compared to a value over 0.90 for the species-rich evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The Sorensen's similarity indexes suggested a moderately high degree of similarity for the different tree species encountered in the homesteads of Kerala.No clear cut planting pattern was discernible in the homegardens of Kerala. The homegarden trees and shrubs were either scattered throughout the homestead or on farm boundaries. Farmers tend to prefer timber trees such as ailanthus (highest frequency) and teak besides fruit trees such as mango, jack, cashew and the like. Major homegarden species were represented in all diameter classes. The diameter structure, however, exhibited a slightly skewed (+) distribution pattern, having the highest frequency in the 20–30 cm classes ensuring adequate regeneration status and in that process making homegardens a sustainable as well as dynamic land use system.Standing stock of timber and firewood in the homestead of differentthaluks are presented. Average commercial standing stock of homesteads ranged from 6.6 to 50.8 m³ ha^–1 and fuel wood volume was of the order of 23 to 86 m³ ha^–1. Implicit in the high commercial timber volume and fuel wood volume is that a substantial proportion of the society's wood demands are met from the homesteads. Palms, however, constituted the dominant component of standing commercial timber and fuel wood volumes accounting as much as 63% and 72%, respectively, of the total wood in these categories.     

NTFPs and Their Commercialization Issues from the Perspective of Rural Livelihood and the State of Forest Resources: A Study of the Ranibundh Forest Range in West Bengal,India

Forests provide a source of livelihood to all classes of rural people, especially in tribal dominated areas. With the advent of joint forest management concepts and commercial earning prospects from non-timber forest products (NTFPs), it was expected that forests would be best preserved by the villagers who depend on them for a substantial part of their livelihoods. However, in the case of the Ranibundh block in the Bankura district, it was observed that the predominance of private agencies in marketing channels of NTFPs, together with risk of eviction, loss of customary right to access forest resources, low employment prospects, and lack of training about proper management of NTFPs have led to the failure in motivating the forest dwellers to prevent degradation of forest resources. It is suggested that government agencies, producer institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other strong institutional entities can promote forest preservation when complemented by the granting of forest rights to rural people, the extension of training facilities, and alternative employment prospects.     

美国森林健康及林产品产出与生态服务

美国是林业经济发达国家之一, 美国林业发展经验具有重要的现实参考价值。基于文献资料和统计报告数据, 分析了美国森林资源、森林健康、林产品与森林生态服务状况等, 对美国林业未来发展方向进行了展望。     

国内外人工林深加工技术现状、问题及发展趋势

我国是一个人工林生产大国。随着中国木材工业由应用天然林资源向应用人工林资源的历史转变,加强人工林深加工及高效利用技术的研究具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。本文在分析国内外人工林木材深加工技术现状基础上,提出了我国人工林加工工业存在的问题,预测了今后十年人工林深加工及高效利用技术的发展趋势。     

Plant diversity and phenological pattern in the montane wet temperate forests of the southern Western Ghats,India

Plants diversity and phenological pattern of the trees were monitored in a montane wet temperate forest (shola) in the     

Species Composition,Distribution, and Diversity of Woody Species in a Tropical Dry Forest of India

We investigated the composition of tropical dry forest woody species at adult, sapling, and seedling stages, in terms of plant diversity, distribution, and importance value index (IVI), and identified the dominant and ubiquitous species in the five study sites having variable edaphic properties. Species varied markedly in the composition and IVI at different sites. The semi-evergreen species, Shorea robusta, was dominant at the wettest site at all the three growth stages; at the driest site, highly deciduous species Lannea coromandelica was the dominant adult species and Nyctanthis arbortristis the dominant sapling and seedling species. Soil moisture content (SMC) altered the distribution of about 8% of the adult species. ANOVA indicated significant site-wise differences in the Shannon-Wiener index, Whittaker’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, and β-diversity for the woody species at all the three stages. The Shannon-Wiener index, Whittaker’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, and β-diversity were greater in seedlings as compared to adult and saplings of tree species. These variations in species composition and distribution are evidently on account of different levels of SMC as well as habitat heterogeneity as indicated by β-diversity which was independent of SMC.     

海南霸王岭山地原始林与伐后林中木质藤本与支持木的多样性及其相互关系

研究海南霸王岭热带山地雨林原始林与伐后林的物种多样性及木质藤本与支持木的关系。结果表明:原始林中树木的物种丰富度和多度低于伐后林(P<0.05),而木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度在原始林与伐后林间无显著差异;原始林中树木的平均附藤率和平均每木附藤数均高于伐后林(P<0.05),而平均每藤攀附支持木个体数表现为伐后林高于原始林(P<0.05);在原始林中树木胸径与平均每木藤本数间呈显著的三次函数关系,伐后林中树木胸径与平均每木藤本数间呈显著的幂函数关系;树木高度与平均每木藤本数在2林型中均呈显著的三次函数关系。     

Comparison of socio-economic and ecological benefits of bamboo and trees: the perspectives of local communities in south-western Ghana

Natural forests are disappearing in many tropical countries, resulting in loss of biodiversity and erosion of forest-dependent livelihoods. The maintenance and restoration of forests as well as a search for alternative natural resources that can concurrently improve the environment and enhance incomes of local communities has become crucial. Bamboo is suggested as a resource, which could substitute trees for socio-economic and ecological purposes in developing countries in the (sub)tropics. However, the relative importance of bamboos and trees for socio-economic and ecological purposes in bamboo-growing communities is not yet studied. Here, we present a study conducted to compare the socio-economic and ecological benefits of bamboo and trees from the perspectives of three bamboo-growing communities in the Wassa East District of Ghana. The compared benefits were ranked on a five-point Likert scale and significance of differences was tested at the 95% confidence level. For socio-economic benefits, trees were ranked significantly higher than bamboo for domestic energy, medicinal use and commercial harvesting; however, furniture, building and construction were not significantly different. For ecological benefits, bamboo was ranked significantly higher than trees for erosion control and riverbank protection. Trees, on the other hand, were ranked significantly higher than bamboo for biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen generation. The results imply that transforming bamboo into suitable products to meet communities’ energy needs could alleviate pressure on trees in natural forests.     

冰雪灾害对南方森林可燃物及火行为的影响

冰雪灾害后,实地调查湖南省娄底市、长沙市、湘潭市、株洲市等受冰雪灾害影响的马尾松、杉木、枫香、樟树和毛竹林及新发生的森林火烧迹地,设置野外样地,采集样品.室内测定分析含水率、可燃物载量等因子,计算火蔓延速度等火行为参数.结果表明:冰雪灾害造成森林内大面积灌木和草类冻枯冻死,森林中有效可燃物负荷量在短期内成倍地增长,可燃物厚度增加,连续性变强.在调查的7个样地中,最低载量为12.23 t·hm-2,最高达到了50.26 t·hm-2.森林火烧迹地火行为非常复杂,火强度在1 500～9 000 kW·m-1之间,平均火强度超过3 500 kW·m-1,具有高强度火灾的特征;蔓延速度为111.67～972.71 m2·min-1;火烈度都超过50%,具备大火的特征.     

贵州山区布依族村寨森林资源可持续利用与管理实证研究

采用社会经济调查分析方法,对贵州山区布依族村寨森林资源产权演变进行实证研究,探讨了传统文化(非正式制度)和林地产权制度(正式制度)变化在布依族地区森林资源管理中所起的作用,并提出布依族村寨森林资源可持续利用与管理的政策建议。     

基于防火的杉木幼林生物质能持续利用探讨

对杉木人工纯林,杉木-马尾松、杉木-木荷、杉木-马尾松-木荷人工混交林的可燃物负荷量和生物质能进行了调查测定。结果表明:4个林分的可燃物负荷量和生物质能由高至低的顺序依次为:杉木-马尾松混交林、杉木-马尾松-木荷混交林、杉木人工纯林和杉木-木荷混交林。     

国有林区林地资源重新配置与使用的对策研究

分析了现行林地资源配置的弊端,提出了首先进行商品林林地资源重新配置,然后进行公益林地资源重新配置的思路和对策;论述了与新的配置格局对应的两类林地的规划与使用制度。     

大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成

以2011—2012年大兴安岭的44块固定样地调查数据为基础,以常用的林分空间结构参数(角尺度、大小比、混交度、林分空间结构指数和林分空间结构距离)为切入点,对大兴安岭主要森林类型的林分空间结构特征及最优树种组成进行研究。结果表明:天然落叶松林、针叶混交林以及针阔混交林的林木水平分布格局均表现为随机分布,而白桦林则为明显的聚集分布;4种林型中树木的生长整体处于中庸状态,落叶松处于明显优势地位,其他伴生树种则处于不同程度受压状态;落叶松混交程度随着其优势程度的增加而降低,其他伴生树种则具有较高的混交度,整体上天然落叶松林、白桦林的树种空间隔离程度较低,而针叶混交林、针阔混交林的林分平均混交度相对较高;大兴安岭4种主要森林类型林分空间结构的优劣表现为针阔混交林针叶混交林天然落叶松林天然白桦林;天然落叶松林最优的树种组成为8落,其次为7落。     

热带山地次生雨林生态系统的水文学过程及养分动态*

在小集区技术和定位观测综合实验测定的基础上，研究分析了尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统３年间的水文学过程、水质的动态变化、营养元素积累。结果表明：水量及营养元素的输入、再分配和输出量主要集中在雨季在５～１０月份，两者月动态变化特征密切相关，年降水输入营养元素的７８％被森林生态系统积累。     

凤凰山林场建设的问题,成因及对策

分析探讨了国营凤凰山林场建设中存在的问题、成因及其对策。     

广西公益林补偿管理现状、问题与对策

针对广西公益林补偿管理的现状和存在的问题，提出公益林补偿管理的对策措施，即落实公益林的林权、降低管理成本、变补助为补偿、按公益林类型确定补偿标准、建立补偿的监督评价机制等。